text | Documentary in the movie
Edit | Documentary in the movie
Preface:
Syracuse is one of the earliest settlements in New Greece. The Greeks spent a considerable period of time infiltrating northward and towards the Aegean Sea. They drove the flock of sheep and drove the heavy carriages, and migrated southward with their families, passing through the Helesponte Strait and the Bosphorus Strait into the Black Sea.
The currents of Helesponte are usually disadvantageous, and the seasonal winds blowing from the Northeast in summer (now known as wind winds) are level 5 for sailboats descending from the Black Sea – but the opposite is true for those who want to enter the Black Sea.
When the beautiful Iron Sali Grassland, the silver-covered Mount Olympus and the azure Aegean Sea reflected in the eyes of these migrants, they finally found a place in their hearts and decided to settle here.
, which later became known as the Black Sea, was euphemistically called the "Hospital Sea" by the Greeks, so it was no surprise that the Greeks established permanent settlements in this area.
starts with Helesponte (Cestus, Abidus), then Propontes (now Marmara Sea : Sicikus, Perinzas), and then Bosphorus.
There are many magical stories circulating in the middle.
The origin of Greek civilization
The Greeks established two cities, namely today's Istanbul (in Europe) and Kadikoy (in Asia).
The mother city of these two new Persphorus cities is Meghala in the middle of Greece, a neighboring city that is usually disturbing.
Megala has few settlements established abroad, but the places it finds are very prosperous.
In the west, 750 Sicily to 725 in Meghala Hyblaya on the east coast of Sicily was one of the first new Greek permanent settlements, its name comes from the combination of the mother city and the friendly Sicily king Hyblon.
In the seventh century, the Meghalis in Sicily proposed a grid-planned civic center, with meticulously excavated buildings and funeral remains demonstrating extensive trade links and widespread high prosperity.
It is supposedly this success story that involves a great emphasis on long-distance maritime trade, encouraging people to repeat its attempts on the road to the Black Sea, where farmland available will be relatively limited, but the opportunities to take advantage of transit trade are almost unlimited.
However, the first of these two cities did not make the most of the wonderful natural resources of the Golden Horn in Europe, as one had predicted.
It is built on the opposite Asian side, called Carl Katon or Carl Sidon - which creates a lovely myth that these Mediterranean settlers must be blind: blind to the attractions of later Byzantine sites.
Today, both are actually part of the same city of Istanbul, connected directly by ferries and indirectly through grand bridges spanning the Bosphorus River.
This is not the earliest building of the Bosphorus River in history—the honor of creation was Ancient Greek architect and designer Mandroclus, who was from Samos and was employed by Persian Great King Darius I (reigned from 522-486 AD).
Darius was very happy with his boat bridge, so he threw many gifts on Mandrocles.
Mandrocles was very satisfied with himself, so he commissioned himself to create a painting dedicated to Hera, the patron saint of his hometown island, with the following commemorative text:
After crossing Bosphorus full of fish to Hera, Mandrocles won the crown for himself and the glory for Samos in order to commemorate his work on the bridge.
And the bridge of Mandroclus has been from the Asian side, for hostile purposes (making Darius not all successful invasion of Europe) and demolished once its unique purpose, today's Bosphorus Bridge attracts traffic mainly from the East, trying to attract Asia into Europe and support a completely peaceful exchange.
Byzantine founding
After the founding of Byzantine—traditionally in 688 or 657—we rarely or at all heard of the politics of the city until 499 it was part of the “Ionian Uprising” (499-494).
Fortunately, Byzantine did not share the tragic fate of the leader of the uprising, but when Persians When he returned from Asia to another bridge in Europe in 480, it could only send out the necessary troops - to fight on the Persian side. In fact, more Greeks fought for or at least against the Persians, rather than against them.
Victory of the loyal Greeks, however, in 479 AD, in Plataya and Mikal, heralded the liberation of Byzantine from the Persian Empire.
In fact, as long as Spartan remained interested in the liberation movement in pursuit of Asia, Byzantium The court would serve as the headquarters of the Allied forces.
But with Sparta's formal recall of the Regent Bausania (who disobeyed orders in the least Spartan way, he returned to Byzantium in his personal capacity and fell into accusations of sympathy for Persia), Athens took over control and direction of the anti-Persian movement; Byzantium became one of its many allies, agreeing to pay 15 silver coins a year.
Byzantium's importance to Athens is mainly due to its ability to manage and tax the annual trading of wheat and other major goods. Ships, from Ukraine, southern Russia, Crimea to Athens and other Aegean regions.
A revealing documentary inscription found in Athens may have been established in the early 420s, on the one hand, involving Athens’ relationship with the northern Greek city of Meton and Macedonia kings.
has two points to the Byzantine “Greek Bridge Guard”, who are responsible for deciding which Greek cities (except Athens) have the right to obtain how much transportation of Black Sea grains at any time. Other information mentions a fixed tax, collected by tax collectors who are also in Byzantine, on goods passing through both directions along the Bosphorus.
Therefore, Byzantine is a major node in the Athenian Empire network.
No wonder in the final stage of the Peloponnesian War and its direct consequences, when Spartans finally received a decent fleet (thanks to a large amount of Persian subsidies), Byzant The Court Empire became a major war target.
Spartans
An important part of the victory of the Spartans in 404 was the dissolution of the Athenian Empire, and their once huge fleet of 300 ships reduced to a maximum of 12.
But the Spartans were not against the Empire, and in order to serve their own newly expanded Aegean Empire, they built the most powerful outside Ministry posts ("fixed").
Therefore, the occupation of Byzantium between Sparta and the revived Athens (due to Persia, changing its position against the now hostile Sparta)
continued until the late 390s and early 380s--until the naval power of Athens became threatening again in the Persians, which reminded of its fifth-century empire, including its control of Byzantium and thus the re-imposition of trade taxes.
Thus, the Persians re-supported With Sparta, Sparta managed to stop Helesponte in the form of Persian-friendly Admiral Antasidas, thus threatening the hunger of Athens again.
immediately followed by the peace of the king in 386, the peace of Antasidas, under which Byzantine control from Athens.
However, there was still a powerful pro-Athenic element in the Byzantine Empire and supported by the official representatives of the Athenians in the city of Philinus.
may be that he led the Byzantine side in negotiations, so that his city would allege his city with Athens in 378/7, "the same conditions as Ji'an City."
For most of the fifth century, the islanders of Keos were loyal members of the Athenian Empire, although their constitution was oligarchical rather than democratic. But by 384, when they were once again allied with Athens, they, as citizens of a democratic city, sympathized with Athens ideologically and strategically, and were stimulated by Sparta's blatant abuse of the king's terms of peace.
Byzantine is likely to be in the same situation.
Social War
As we can see, Thebes also became a democracy in 378, and in the summer of the same year, the three democracies—Chios, Byzantine and Thebes—are merged with the other three cities (Mitirin and Messimner of the Lesbos, and the city of Rhodes) as six founding members of the Second Naval Union of Athens, a clear anti-Spartan Union (and the first alliance was initially anti-Persian and only later became anti-Spartan Union).
First of all, the new Athens alliance flourished and developed, with a huge number, with a maximum of about 75 states, large and small. This is because Athens provides leadership where it needs to, and it does seem to comply with the promises it signed after the oath, such as not interfering or infringing on any other legal privileges of its union city.
However, as early as 373, there was evidence that Athens gradually—or rebelled in sequence, and thus by 357 the role of Byzantine in incitement was called social war, or Allied war (357-355).
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Another rebellious ally in the mid-350s, it is worth noting that another founder member, Keos, and the failure of Athens in 355 meant the effective end of the alliance as a unit of power.
Byzantine, eventually (for our purposes), rose to the center of hegemony in Macedonia.
As early as 352, Philip passed through Byzantium in a hostile manner, through Thrace by lightning, and to the west coast of Propontis, in a place called Helamtecos ("Hera's Defensive Wall").
But that was just a stunning sound, showing the national flag.
Twelve years later, this is the real thing-Philip first besieged Propontes to Perinthus, and then Byzantium.
It is worth noting that both failed—notice that, not because both are soft targets, but because Philip was Sigk's master, and his previous siege (most famously probably 357 Anfipolis) did not fail.
Since his main opponent at this stage is Athens, his goal is to repeat what the Spartans achieved in the 405/4 and 387/6 matches: suffocating Athens’ wheat lifeline.
If he can't achieve this by occupying these two key cities, he will take more direct action.
He used Hierum at the mouth of the Black Sea as his base, and in the same summer of 340 he managed to capture an entire grain fleet heading to Athens.
Athens immediately had enough reserves and sufficient alternative food sources and could not starve to surrender. But in too short a time, Athens had nothing to do and had to risk a major direct confrontation with Philip in central Greece. The result of the Persian War in the fall of 338 was a loud victory for Philip (and his 18-year-old son, Alexander, commanding the Macedonian cavalry), but the total disaster was Thebes (after garrison in Macedonia), Athens (not garrison, but neutral), at first, Philip's main Athenian enemy, very rich but persuasive ideological democratic de Mostini.
For Demostini, Philip was not only a barbarian, but also a huge disaster for truly enlightened, democratic, well-educated Greekism.
Until the end of his days he fought a constant struggle to awaken the Athenians to completely rebel against their Macedonian monarch.
But when an opportunity finally came, in 323-322, the death of Alexander, the Athenians led the uprising involving some twenty Greek cities, they were no worse than they had in 338 military, and politically, because Macedonia had decided that they had had enough of Athens' nasty "people's power" and immediately terminated it.
The democracy of ancient Greece did not end in 322, but it was a relatively fragile thing afterwards. Demostini symbolically received poison on today’s Poros Calaurea Island, ending his own ending, thus avoiding the worse fate of torture and murder by pro-Maced enemies.
