Author: Wei Bohe
wei Bohe (1953—), from Ningyang, Shandong Province, formerly served as a Chinese teacher, principal and secretary of the Party branch of Ningyang No. 1 Middle School. In order to enjoy the special allowance of the State Council expert. After leaving his post in 2007, he was hired at Shandong Foreign Affairs Vocational University (formerly Shandong Foreign Affairs Translation Vocational College ), serving as the Propaganda Minister of the Party Committee, Director of the Institute of Chinese Studies, and Distinguished Professor. He is currently the vice president. Research direction: Chinese traditional culture and contemporary inheritance, focusing on the research of "Wenxin Diaolong" and Qilu culture. He also has extensive and in-depth research on Ningyang's history and culture. He has edited the "Tai'an Regional Culture General·Ningyang Volume", compiled and compiled various versions of the Qing Dynasty " Ningyang County Chronicles ", and published more than 20 related papers. The latest academic research result of the six years, "Collected Works of Huang Entong" (more than 5 million words, five volumes) has been published by Qilu Bookstore .
abstract : Huang Entong is not only a well-official official, works and other famous literary and historical experts, but also has conducted in-depth research on agricultural production technology. After resigning from his post, he attached great importance to agricultural production, compiled a variety of agricultural books, wrote a large number of agricultural poetry and essays, and practiced them to integrate knowledge and action. This is rare among traditional scholars and officials. His agricultural works include both the literature of previous generations compiled and adapted, and the summary of his own practice and folk experience; his emphasis on and promotion of new crop varieties has also achieved significant results. Despite some historical limitations, its agronomical achievements should have a place in the history of Chinese agronomical studies.
Keywords: Huang Entong; agricultural works; agricultural achievements; history of agriculture
4: S-09 Document logo code : A
Huang Entong is like
Huang Entong (1801-1883), whose original name is Pi Fan, whose courtesy name is Qijiang, his nickname is Shiqin , and his nickname is Nanxue , is from Tianfuzhuang, Ningyang County, Shandong Province (now belongs to Jiangji Town ).
In the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), he was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Justice. From then on, he entered the official career. After several relocations, he became famous and was promoted to the governor of Guangdong. He lived from the Qing Dynasty to the early years of Guangxu, and was a personal experience of the "great changes unseen in three thousand years" in Chinese society ( Li Hongzhang's words).
For more than a hundred years, the reason why he has become well-known is mainly because he has personally participated in the negotiations of foreign-related documents such as the Sino-British Nanjing Treaty and subsequent " Five-Port Trade Charter ". The merits and demerits are quite controversial. Those who praise him call him "one of the first pioneers to open his eyes to the world" and a "diplomacy expert"; those who criticize him as a "traitor official" and his crime is unforgivable. In fact, historically speaking, the treaties signed at that time were certainly unequal and humiliating, but are they also inevitable products of China's transformation from the traditional tribute system to the modern and modern treaty system in dealing with international relations! The reason why he participated in the matter was on the one hand because of his superiors' orders and was unable to control himself; on the other hand, during the negotiation process, he also tried his best to save or win some benefits for the Qing Dynasty, which was "fulfilled the mission."
Secondly, due to his academic achievements, he wrote hundreds of volumes of literary and historical works throughout his life. His historical works such as "Article and Evaluation Record", "Zhizhitang Collection" and "Feihong Collection" are enough to establish his status as a famous literary and historical master in modern times. In recent years, the study of his life and thoughts is gradually unfolding.1, but what is little known is that he has also conducted in-depth and extensive research on the field of agriculture that has not been paid much attention to by traditional scholars and officials. He has closely linked it with the reality of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, practice it in practice, and integrates knowledge and action, and has made great achievements.In recent years, the author has gained a deeper understanding of this in the process of sorting out and editing the "Huang Entong Collection" (read immediately after Qilu Bookstore). He feels that his efforts and achievements in this regard are rare and valuable among the scholars and officials in traditional society.
In the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), 49-year-old Huang Entong retired from her job and returned to her hometown to support her parents. She has lived in the countryside for 34 years until her death. In the past 30 years, in addition to reading and writing and conducting historical research, he also devoted great energy to the sunny rain with the peasants, paying attention to spring planting and autumn harvest, and the good harvest of the year. In the event of famine, he actively participated in the release of millet to provide hunger and disaster relief. He has a deep feeling about the backwardness of local agricultural production and has tried his best to change this situation. To this end, he compiled many special books on agriculture and wrote a large number of literary works on agriculture. It can be said that in the second half of his life, the research and practice of agronomical science occupied a very important position.
Among Huang Entong's works that can be found, there are four monographs on agriculture. They are: 1. Five volumes of "Serpentium Records" were excerpted from the Ming Xu Guangqi "HTM4 Agricultural Affairs Complete Book ", compiled in the first year of Xianfeng, and there is a copy of the same year's private school; 2. Fourteen volumes of "Agricultural History Records" were excerpted from the "Agricultural History Records" in the third year of Xianfeng, and there is a copy of the same year's private school; 3. Seven volumes of "Hegan Zhuyu", which are monographs on raising quail technology, and the time of writing and publishing is to be tested; 4. Two volumes of "Remember of Effects of Elimination of the Glossom", which are monographs on the control of locusts, compiled in the sixth year of Xianfeng, and there is a copy of the same year's private school. It is not difficult to see that these monographs are different from previous works by literati and doctors in history who only talked about the importance of agriculture, and are mainly focused on the technical level. The purpose of his compilation of such works is not to "create the famous mountains and pass on the people", nor to enrich the writings, but to enjoy themselves, but to take practical value as the main orientation, and to take the gentry and people with certain cultural knowledge in the countryside as the readers' object. It has a clear intention and important role in disseminating agricultural scientific and technological knowledge, developing agricultural production in the hometown, and improving the lives of farmers in the hometown.
This article mainly relies on Huang Entong's relevant works, and try to make a preliminary examination of his agricultural achievements.
Huang Entong is like
1. The organization and inheritance of previous agricultural technologies
In an era of low productivity levels, any important production technology needs to go through a long-term development process. As a traditional agricultural country with a history of 5,000 years, the development of agricultural production technology is even more so. Before the modern industrial revolution affected China, the development of traditional agricultural technology was extremely slow and even stagnant. Its inheritance was mainly carried out by word of mouth between generations, and there were few changes in the relationship between the two. In some areas, for some reason, several previous generation technologies or crop varieties grown have even been forgotten and interrupted for a long time. In this case, it is more important to organize and inherit the technical achievements of the previous generation.
The Ming Dynasty scientist Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) once compiled the "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs" with great energy, but only completed the first draft during his lifetime. It was not revised and published by his disciples Chen Zilong (named "Wozi, 1608-1647) and others six years after his death (1639). The book is divided into 12 items, with a total of 60 volumes and more than 500,000 words. The 12 items include: 3 volumes of agricultural book, 2 volumes of field production, 6 volumes of agricultural work, 9 volumes of water conservancy, 4 volumes of agricultural equipment, 6 volumes of arboriculture, 4 volumes of sericulture, 2 volumes of wide variety of sericulture, 4 volumes of planting, 1 volume of pastoral care, 1 volume of manufacturing, wasteland 18 volumes, which are of great essence to traditional Chinese agricultural technology. However, this book is as Huang Entong said in "Aboutique of the Records of Agricultural Books": "It is because the book is determined by the book. The book has not been determined at all, but it has not been determined at all. Chen Wozi, after he took the manuscripts and divided them into books, and collected them into books, and repeatedly complained, and often it has it. Not only did the man who was wise and had no way to correct it, but even those who were determined to learn to grow up like us would sigh, so they would not look at the pavilion." [1] (Volume 11, p102) In other words, the book mainly played a role in collecting documents, and its practical value was not high, and its practical role in agricultural development was also limited at that time.
Huang Entong's approach is to excerpt some of the content that has a direct guiding role in local production from it, and re-edited it based on practicality and popularity, so that it can serve local agricultural production. Since he himself is a historian, his observations and discussions on certain crops or agricultural technologies are also derived from the perspective of historians, tracing the source and flow, thus improving the persuasiveness of the treatise. For example, regarding sericulture production, he said in his "Preface to the Record of Sericulture Records":
In ancient times, silkworm affairs and farming affairs were equally important, and it was a dereliction of duty for women who did not have silkworms. From the emperor and the princes, they must have a house. Later, the wife and wife worshipped the mulberry and loved the silkworms and advocated it for the people. It was published in "Hils and Rites ", which was very prosperous. The old land of Xuyan on the left and right mountain has been used for silkworms since ancient times, and the first place of Huaixiang was established, mulberry soil was developed, and the woven texts and woven silk, and listed various square objects. Taishi Gong 's "Caili" also said, "Thousands of mulberry trees between Qi and Lu, the man and the marquis of thousand households were , etc.." The Han Dynasty established three garments in Qi (now weaving) and took them to the emperor. The benefits of mulberry silkworms are very high. From Dianwu to cross south, he became Rongsuo. Later, the wars in the north and the south fought, and the people were in peace, and the old customs gradually lost, and the silkworm's achievements were also abandoned. Therefore, the legacy of the law was introduced to , Jiangnan , and the Heji period was so far away. I traveled to Wu and Yue, and went to the mountains and seas. Wherever I went, I looked at the customs and customs. There were many leisurely shadows in the wilderness, and there were sounds of mail in the room, so the fresh ones were not about sericulture. I beg for the rest of my country and asked all the elders, and I would consider it as a slow plan. There were children from a wealthy family and a cold girl from a banyan family. She was very happy when she heard about the victory. She held a basket to do it, but she was reckless and had no one to get it. Occasionally, it is not worth the effort. The reason why the good is not clear and the reason is rarely explained. The Tang Dynasty seeks horses, which is indeed a pity. During the rest of the province, I took the "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs" compiled by Xu Wendinggong, the former Ming Pavilion master, and read it in detail. Unfortunately, the search and collection are rich, and there are few tailorings. They are often repeated and intricate, with the beginning and end inverted. It is rare for a few people in the world to find their moral ridges. It is a carefully proofreading, re-parsing, and redundant recording of the key points, and compiled into a book. It is a five volume, with a total of thirty-six items and eighty-six items. The pros and cons of silkworm affairs, the order of order, the categories of mulberry trees, the appropriate arbor skills and the recipes of picking and stroking are clear and perfect. After experiencing the sunny class, he would study with Tian Weng Yesou to teach his family and work hard together. I dare not say that I restore the old customs of mulberry soil and broaden the legacy of "Caijian" to make it more beneficial to the livelihood of the square. [1] (Volume 11, p102)
This article proves with historical documents that sericulture production turned out to be a long tradition in the north, especially in Shandong. developed to its peak during the Han Dynasty. Sima Qian said, "Qilu's thousand acres of mulberry and hemp,...these are all like Qianhuhou" [2] (Volume 129 " Biography of Merchants and Breedings ", p3272), which shows that the benefits of sericulture are extraordinary. However, since the late Jin Dynasty, the north was in chaos, the economy was recession, and the sericulture industry also withered, and the technology of planting and raising silkworms was interrupted, and it still did not recover until the late Qing Dynasty. Huang Entong has worked in Jiangsu and Guangdong for many years. He was impressed by the scene of "the wilderness is full of leisurely shade, the room is full of roars, and the fresh ones are not about sericulture as urgent". After returning home, he organized and edited it based on the "Silks" door of the "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs" and wrote the book "Silks Records" to facilitate farmers to learn and master it and try to revitalize sericulture production in their hometown. In fact, the sericulture industry has indeed developed in Ningyang since then, becoming the main source of income for local farmers outside of grain production. This is a great act of good for developing the economy and improving people's livelihood; its good intentions and sense of responsibility are also awe-inspiring.
According to this idea and format, he also compiled content suitable for agricultural production in the north from the "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs" and compiled it into the "Full Book of Agricultural Books" for 14 volumes. He still follows the principle of "the work of agricultural books, so the basic ability of teaching people's affairs is to understand it easily and understand it, so that it is simple and feasible" [1] (Volume 11, "Following the Book of Agricultural Books", p102), and strives to adapt to the readers' cultural level and give full play to their practical value as much as possible. In the late Qing Dynasty, internal and external troubles were frequent and wars remained frequent. Under such a social background, the actual effect of the book was difficult to compare, but it should have played a certain positive role in inheriting the agricultural production experience of previous generations and promoting the development of local agricultural production.Based on this, Huang Entong is not only a hero in the local agricultural development, but also a hero in Xu Guangqi's "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs".
2. Summary and refinement of practical experience
A major natural enemy of crops is locust . locust plague has often appeared in thousands of years of Chinese history, and history has been endless. In the late Qing Dynasty, locust plagues occurred many times in Shandong, especially in southwestern Shandong, and the harm was serious. As Huang Entong said: "In the sixth, seventh and eighth years of Xianfeng, there were locusts every year, and was a big deal after the first treatment of " [3] (Volume 3, "Shut Locusts", p125-126). Huang Entong has witnessed the raging process of locust plague with her own eyes many times, and has directly participated in locust hunting activities more than once. He wrote many poems and essays about the treatment of locusts and specially compiled the book "Records of Removing the Treasures". His five-character poem "Catching the Wild" written in the Xinyou year (1861) in Xianfeng said:
Xinyou 0 Look at the ninth month, and the south locusts cover the sky. Their tail flew northward, half of which stopped Wenhui. The sand dike is like a luxuriant mound, and the crowds gather around it. At that time, the thief had just retreated, and the world was filled with sorrows. I want to seize the powerlessness, and let the fields wander. Qiujia appeared early, Su Mai Chu drew. If you are greedy, you will not be able to tell the wheat from the mermaid. The male and female hug each other and the remaining seeds become embryos (the locusts are wrapped in membranes, and the middle will be filled with the uterus). The snow in winter cannot be killed, and there are piles of sand (it is that the snow in winter can be fast, and the locusts are buried in the sand as usual. Some people say that snow can kill locusts, and the poems on the slope also say "A thousand feet into the ground", which is all conjecture). If you crawl and dig, you will feel that the sky net is restored (digging a child is also a method, but it is impossible to dig). This spring is bitter and drought, and the wind is full of yellow. The dry wheat does not cause waves, and the grains are even more irritated. The rain is raining, and the cuckoo is roaring like thunder. The seedlings gradually grow and grow, and the green hair is ripped. The demon suddenly became angry, and ten thousand eggs were cut open. Wan Wan is unknown, and he is very talented. The morning is full of Xiban, and the evening is coming from Xundong. If you sit down and see the harm to the land, you will be the only one who will be punished. It is the case that the arrests and attacks are the ones that are the ones that are now. The bell rings the bell to gather the strength and call the child. The elm willows tied up with a long broom, and the sound of the team was noisy. The troops used military tactics and the chief supervised them to urge them. Digging the trench to prevent escape and escape, and attacking and breaking (this ditch is a method of catching ditches, detailed in my book "Records of the Removal of the Gate"). Talk to the elders diligently, and try hard not to sigh. Now the war is gone, and the famine is always sad. Be careful when blocking the river, and eliminate the problem, it is better to be able to do it first. Don’t wait for your teeth to be strong, and cut the grass like cut; don’t wait for your wings to be formed and your thighs are full of green. Fortunately, the people were restless and built high and high-rise buildings (they were built and raised). The king's army won many victory, and the rebellious party was defeated. It’s so hard to kill all of you! After everything is done, we should work harder. [4] (Volume 1, p190-191)
This year, Shandong experienced the Nian Army Rebellion, and the people had already suffered from war. After the autumn, the new wheat was just unearthed, and locusts spread from the Weishan Lake in southern Shandong, which triggered a battle to destroy locusts. According to Huang Entong's poem, this battle to destroy locusts formed a "people's war" and achieved the expected results. In the practice of locust-killing, Huang Entong corrected the wrong understanding of his predecessors, improved the measures to eliminate locusts, and played a positive role.
In the later article "Talking about Locusts", he also analyzed the natural and social reasons for the frequent locust plagues in the local area and offered suggestions for local governments. What is even more rare is that he also compiled the locust control techniques explored in the practice of locust-killing practice into a book, named "Records of Effects of Deletion of Teng", which was engraved and published by a private school, and distributed to farmers. Téng, originally refers to "Teng Snake", which is a kind of flying snake mentioned in ancient books, and here it refers to locusts. In the preface of this book, Huang Entong wrote: "This is the service, and I witnessed the situation. Zhou Zhitian’s father and old man know the pros and cons. Because he listed the matters on his leisure day, he wrote them into two volumes, called "Records of Removal of the Tun", which is about the use of the hasty work in another day. The results of the test will be effective.This is a big guide to encourage the people to arrest themselves, so that they can be simple and quick, and not delay any delays. All the official methods should be kept silent. Even if they are humble, there is no high opinion, those who pay attention to civil affairs may have gained this! ”[5] (Volume 5, "Preface to the Removal of the Gate", p168)
Most of the traditional scholars and officials in the past despise agricultural technology as insignificant, and farmers who knew the importance of agricultural technology did not have the ability to organize relevant technologies into books and pass on future generations. As a scholar-official who was once a high-ranking official, Huang Entong was able to humbly ask farmers for advice, realizing that the control of locusts must rely on the vast number of farmers, and the focus is on preventing problems and writing locust control technology into a monograph, which is a commendable move.
3. Promotion and promotion of new varieties of agricultural and sideline industries
Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the population has increased dramatically, forming a sharp contradiction with limited land. How to solve the food and cost of the growing population has become a top priority. Before the advent of modern agricultural science, the response measures people could take at that time were committed to intensive cultivation, but due to the backwardness of technology and tools, the yield that can be increased is actually limited; on the other hand, it must also be relied on the introduction and promotion of new crop varieties. Through Huang Entong's works, we see that he attached great importance to the introduction and promotion of new crop varieties and the redevelopment of crops that had been in history and were later interrupted in the local area. He spared no effort to promote this. Some crops were planted in large areas in Ningyang. Because he was not only a prestigious gentry, but his family was also a larger landlord. Any new varieties he thought were valuable could be tried on his own land and then made an appearance. Therefore, it undoubtedly played a strong role in promoting the economic development of local rural .
Sweet potato (commonly known as "taro" and "sweet potato" in Ningyang) was originally called sweet potato, also known as sweet potato and red potato. The mutated variety is called sweet potato, native to the tropical regions of the Americas. After discovering it, it was brought back to Spain and was transmitted to Luzon (now the Philippines). It was introduced during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. In the country, Xu Guangqi's "Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs" records in detail the cultivation method of sweet potatoes, saying that it has "twelve victories". He wrote the famous "Sweet Potato Shu" to the emperor, and after being approved, it was introduced in many places across the country. In the 17th year of Qianlong (1752), the Qing court issued an edict to vigorously promote planting across the country, and Shandong became one of the main production areas. Ningyang had "been everywhere" from the early years of Xianfeng. At that time, the population increased dramatically, and sweet potatoes became one of the people's staple foods, and living people were counted, so they were later called "The most successful imported product".
Huang Entong was deeply happy about the large-scale planting of sweet potatoes in Ningyang, and for this, he wrote "Shuituo Ge Tou·Sweet Potato" to sing the story. The lyrics say: "Sweet potatoes are sweet potatoes, and the wild old man salivates. New steamed kettle stew, the fragrance is wonderful and powerful. Originally from Luzon, Nanyang, to Ou, Min and Wu and Yue, and to Dongshan. The Qing Dynasty compiled Yuan Hu Ji, and the twelve victories were noisy. Break the yellow trunk, beat the bird's eye, and the drama is fresh. It has a root and a slight vein, and it is like a jadeite planted in a blue field. The story goes that taro is big and the fat squat is mistaken for the fat squat, and the jade squat is recorded as the fairy of the slope. No bees can make honey, but the duckweed can be sweet. ”[6](p211) vividly describes the spread history, growth status and delicious taste after the harvest.
Ningyang has a lot of sandy soil, suitable for planting peanuts (commonly known as "peanut fruit" and "changsheng fruit" in Ningyang, abbreviated as "changsheng fruit"), but there is no history of planting peanuts in the past few thousand years.
In the early years of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, Qizhen, a native of Qijiazhuang and a student in the eastern part of Ningyang introduced peanuts to the local area. By the beginning of Xianfeng, it had "connected the fields and connected the strange things" and became one of Ningyang's main crops. Huang Entong strongly supported and enthusiastically promoted this. In the term "Qinyuanchun·Fallen Peanuts", he vividly described the situation of the peanut harvest in sight: "Try planting peanuts, picking pine and sand on the ground, and bringing graves. Gradually scaled and green armor, opening and closing in the morning and evening; the continuous green vines, paving the slanting boundary. It can hide snakes in shallowness, but it can't hide pheasants in deepness, and the wild wheels can't penetrate into different hopes. The ducks were soaked in the rain last night. Don’t worry about the consequences, and the roots are taken from the darkness and the spirit is rich. Look at the yellow and golden flowers, floating in the dew; the white jade particles are condensed, and the ropes are connected to the pearls. The soil is fragrant, the stems are thin, but it looks like a radiant flower. It is frost and cold, so I am so diligent in sifting, but the iron net is still sparse.”[6](p210) The whole poem focuses on describing the cultivation and growth process of peanuts, which is obviously related to the fact that peanuts were still new in Ningyang at that time. The purpose of the poem is to let people understand peanuts and plant peanuts widely. Therefore, its main writing is used to describe and describe, and the author's love for peanuts permeates the lines.
Huang Entong insists on redeveloping and utilizing crops and cultivation techniques that were once lost in history and later lost in the local area. Huang Entong insists on redeveloping and utilizing the sericulture industry's long-term decline and revitalization under its advocacy is as mentioned above. The same is true for the cultivation of ginger.
His "Shuituo Ge Tou·Ginger" wrote: "There is no ginger production here, and it is transported to the south of the Yangtze River. Xuanni did not withdraw, who came to the edge of the Apricot Hall back then? Only Wenlin is good at reading the chapters and sentences of "Lu Lu" and predict that the land can move. After the Huai River and the oranges are transformed, the seeds are gradually connected. Protect the blue fence, arrange the green sword, and pregnant with the yellow ball. The wind is refreshing and dew is moist, and the wheels and do not let the green ridge dry. The soft and red glow is very similar to the smooth makeup, and the fingers are slightly exposed. It tastes spicy when you are old, and you are afraid of getting angry with everyone. "
The author's note said: "My hometown has never produced ginger, so it is sold by the youth. My uncle gave Wenlinlang Qi Taixue Leting because of the article "Lu Lu Lu" that "don't remove ginger food" was written, and he thought that the sacred food must not be far from Wu and Yue. It was the place where our Lu was suitable, so he created the seeds based on his own ideas and achieved something. Over the past thirty years, the spread has become increasingly widespread, and the people have benefited from it. ” [6](p211) The "Qi Taixue" mentioned in the self-note is called Qi Muqing, whose courtesy name is Leting, and whose courtesy name is Jiansheng, was named Wenlinlang, a native of Qijiazhuang, Ningyang. He was brother of Qi Zhenqing, who introduced peanuts, and was a relative of Huang's family. He inferred from the records of "Kongzi "not withdrawing ginger food" in "The Analects of Confucius", and believed that ginger should be native to Lu and should be able to be planted locally, so he tried to plant it in his home and was successful, and later it was soon popularized in the village. The first stanza of the poem describes the successful process of Qi Muqing's thinking, discovering and trial planting of ginger, while the second stanza describes the growth process and management of ginger. The language of the whole poem is popular and lively, and it is fresh and gratifying to read.
Huang Entong not only attaches great importance to sweet potatoes, peanuts, ginger, etc. crop varieties that can be used as fruit belly, but also promotes other crops that can increase income for farmers, and promotes and promotes them in the form of poetry. His hometown is bordered by the Wen River and has many tidal flats, which is suitable for the growth of shrub crops that can be used as raw materials for Qiliu , ash wax strips, and so on. Huang Entong has written "Qinyuanchun·Qi Liu" and "Qinyuanchun·Ash wax strips" for this. [6](p211) Two lyrics for people to sing, and should play a certain role in expanding planting and rationally using crops that can increase farmers' income without occupying arable land. [7]
In addition, Huang Entong also wrote "River Dried Words", which sorted out the professional technology of raising quails to increase farmers' side business varieties and income. Not only that, he has conducted winemaking experiments more than once and developed "Bi Taochun" (using fat peaches as raw materials) [4] (Volume 1, "Bi Tao Peaches are famous for wine" by "Bi Taochun" (using fat peaches as raw materials) [4] (Volume 1, "Bi Tao Peaches are the name of Bi Taos" (wine is the wine of Bi Taos) [4] (Volume 1, "Bi Taos are the wine" Peach Spring, p78), two fruit wines [4] (Volume 1, "The Flowers and Red Wine is the famous Flowers and Red Wine", p78), advocate white wine made with fruit wine instead of grain. These are obviously not only out of his leisure, but also reflect his all-round attention to farmers' lives.
To sum up, it can be seen that Huang Entong and those traditional literati who only know how to enjoy the fruits of farmers' labor, but are actually away from rural life, and only occasionally make a few poems of "Praise for Farmers" However, he not only attaches great importance to all aspects of agricultural and sideline production, but also participates in it personally, and has been able to invent and create something, producing good economic and social benefits. The Jiangji area in Ningyang is still a famous peanut and ginger production area, and its products are sold in most parts of the country. This is obviously directly related to the enthusiastic introduction and vigorous promotion of Huang Entong and Qi brothers back then.
4. Huang Entong Agriculture Thoughts h The historical limitations of tml6
The above article briefly sorted out Huang Entong's main achievements in agronomy and gave him a positive evaluation. But it is not to be concealed that due to the constraints of the development of the era and the scientific and technological level, Huang Entong's agronomy thought also has obvious historical limitations. This is mainly reflected in two aspects:
First of all, in agriculture and rural development, it still basically remains in traditional concepts and fails to lead the times.We know that Huang Entong had rich experience in diplomatic negotiations with many European and American countries. For this reason, he has read and studied many translated foreign works and has a better understanding of the general trend of the world than his contemporaries. However, his focus at that time was mainly on diplomatic games, as well as on commercial and military competition, and he had no time to take care of the economic development of various countries, including industry and agriculture, and he was not immersed in it, so he was quite distant.
After frustrated in the officialdom and resigned from his hometown, his life and thoughts returned to the traditional agricultural and rural landscape. Historically, his various efforts in agronomy can only be to repair the gaps and fill in the gaps in this pattern. The effect it produces is certainly positive, but it must be limited. This is due to the times and is also subject to the corrupt and conservative system of the Qing Dynasty. Many incumbents have done nothing, and as a retired official, it is naturally even more difficult to achieve great things. As a descendant, although it should not be too demanding of this, on the other hand, it is not advisable to overestimate its agricultural achievements.
Secondly, there are obvious mistakes in the understanding of some natural phenomena. As a traditional scholar-official, under the historical conditions at that time, Huang Entong's main way to understand the world and nature was the traditional "study of things", that is, observation and induction, and he could not use modern scientific and technological means to experiment and analyze, so some of the conclusions drawn were incorrect.
For example, in the investigation of the causes of locust plague, he noticed that locusts mainly spread from the Binhu area, and had a detailed observation of the hatching process from larvae to adults, but he always insisted on the emergence of locusts: "The reason is that it is based on the slums, which are 40,000 reeds and , and fish and shrimps are gathered. The sons left behind are attached to the grass, and they still become fish and shrimps when they get water, and they turn into borers when they lose water. Looking at the mottled texture, the thinness of the claws, the jumping agility, and the fishy nature and taste, we can see that their species are transformed." [4] (Volume 3, "Speaking of the Three Kingdoms". Locusts, P125) "The first birth of locusts is mostly changed from transmission, or from fish zodiacs, or from shrimps. Looking at their shape, color and texture, it is generally similar to shrimps. In the autumn of Yimao, the river broke into copper tiles and flowed northward. The lakes and ponds in the lower reaches were strong and half shallow. Then, there was no snow in winter, and there was little rain in spring. By the summer of this year, they were repeatedly affected by locusts.
fish and shrimps lost water and turned into locusts, and locusts left behind and gave birth to locusts, one to three, three to one, which were all caused by qi." [6] (Volume 5, "Preface to the Elimination of the Gels", p168) It is believed that locusts were transformed from the eggs of fish and shrimps (mainly shrimps). This understanding is obviously derived from appearances, which is inconsistent with the conclusions of biology and genetics and should be a limitation of the times' understanding.
Despite the above limitations, Huang Entong is still quite "alternative" compared to the many scholars and officials of that era. It is extremely rare just to devote considerable energy to paying attention to agricultural production and farmers' lives and conducting careful exploration of the specific technical level. The achievements it has made should not be ignored in the history of Chinese agronomical science, and should belong to the cultural heritage we need to inherit. There is no doubt, but it has not yet entered the academic field. The author's article is intended to attract attention, and hopes to attract the attention of relevant experts. If there are any inappropriate aspects, criticism and correction are welcome.
Huang Entong Collection of Essays Wei Bohe
Author's note:
① Since entering the 21st century, Huang Entong has gradually entered the academic research field and has published related works one after another:
foreign negotiations include Jin Xin's "Aftermortgage between Huang Entong and Nanjing Treaty" (" History Teaching " 2005, No. 2), Chen Xiangdong's "About Huang Entong's external concept" (" Journal of Guangzhou University " 2006, No. 9), and Zhang Xiaobo in the research on
Square Chronicles "A preliminary study on the achievements of Huang Entong County Chronicles in the late Qing Dynasty" (Journal of Shandong Agricultural Management Cadre College, 2010, Issue 4); in terms of family background research, Li Jingming's "Exploration on the Huang Family and Grassroots Society in Wennan" (Journal of Mudanjiang Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)); comprehensive research, including Wei Bohe's "A Brief Description of Huang Entong's Political and Academic Activities" (" Contemporary Educational Science " 2016 Supplementary publication), Zhou Shaohua's "Research on Huang Entong's Life Thoughts" (Doctoral thesis, Shanghai Normal University , 2017), and the collection of materials compiled by Ningyang County CPPCC "Ningyang Historical and Cultural Celebrity Huang Entong" (editored by Shang Yong, China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Press, 2016).
The author's "Collected Works of Huang Entong" (five volumes) was compiled by Qilu Bookstore. In addition, more than 10 related research articles such as "Big Brush of Thick Ink Painting Colorful Mountains - Appreciation of Huang Entong Colorful Mountains" ("Modern Chinese (Academic Comprehensive Edition)" 2014 No. 10), "Another Perspective of Interpretation of Zhaojun's Story - An Analysis of Zhaojun's Praise and Commentary of Huang Entong Zhaojun, a poet of the Qing Dynasty" ("Chinese Journal" 2018 No. 3) have been published one after another.
[References]
[1][Qing Dynasty] Huang Entong. Zhizhitang Collection. Printed by the Sixth Year of Guangxu (1880). Shandong Documents Integration Volume 4 Volume 30 [G]. Jinan: Photocopy of Shandong University Press, 2011.
[2][Han] Sima Qian. Records of Historical Records. [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company , 1959.
[3][Qing Dynasty] Huang Entong. Yu Xia Collection. Copy of the first year of Xuantong (1909). Shandong Documents Integration Volume 2, Volume 38 [G]. Photocopy of Shandong University Press, 2010 .
[4][Qing Dynasty] Huang Entong. Feihong Ji. Printed version in the sixth year of Guangxu (1880). Shandong Literature Integration Volume 4 Volume 30 [G]. Jinan: Shandong University Press photocopy, 2011.
[5][Qing Dynasty] Huang Entong. Sequel to Zhizhitang. Printed version in the sixth year of Guangxu (1880). Shandong Literature Integration Volume 4 Volume 30 [G]. Jinan: Shandong University Press photocopy, 2010.
html l4[6][Qing Dynasty] Huang Entong. Autumn Voice [M]. Printed by the Sixth Year of Guangxu (1880). Jinan: Shandong Literature Integration Volume 4, Volume 30 [G]. Jinan: Shandong University Press Photocopy, 2011.
[7] Wei Bohe. A chapter on the people's livelihood - an appreciation of the four agricultural lyrics of Huang Entong [J]. Modern Chinese (Literary Research Edition). 2011 (4): 20-22.
(This article was published in "Agricultural Archaeology" Issue 6, 2018, Issue 6, 2018 Editor-in-charge: Chen Qingsong)
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(Note: This article is published on this headline account with the author's authorization.)
