"Imperial Examination" was born in the period of Emperor Yang of Sui, developed in the Tang and Song dynasties, and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was not until the 31st year of Guangxu (1905).
Compared with "Search System", "Recruitment", " Nine-rank Zhongzheng System " and other nepotism methods, the imperial examination can be said to be a fair and scientific way to select talents. As long as scholars have real talents and knowledge, they are not afraid of being buried. They can enter the official career through the scientific examination and realize their life ambitions.
Many famous officials, politicians, writers, painters, and educators who left their names in history, such as Han Yu Liu Zongyuan Yan Zhenqing Bai Juyi Ma Guang , Zhu Xi , Zhang Juzheng , Tang Xianzu , Hai Rui , Xu Guangqi , Ji Xiaolan , Zheng Banqiao , Lin Zexu , Lin Zexu , Weng Tonglong, Zhang Zhidong and others are all talented people selected through the imperial examination, and some even passed the top scorer in high school.
However, since ancient times and the present, talented people are a minority after all. Some people who are ignorant but want to enter the government will dig their minds to take advantage of the situation. The most straightforward way of speculation is undoubtedly to find a gunman to take the exam for him.
Modern people must bring their admission tickets and ID cards to enter the examination room. They are essential documents to confirm the identity of the candidate and prevent the substitute. So, there were very few high-tech in ancient times. Without cameras and photos, is it easy to get a gunman to take the exam?
is actually not the case. The ancients' intelligence and talent are higher than we imagined. Their methods of preventing exams on behalf of others are no less than those of modern people. After long-term exploration and summary, the ancients invented three ways to prevent exams on behalf of others.
The first type is the admission ticket system.
When modern candidates take the exam, they must first register and then receive the admission ticket before they are eligible to enter the examination room. In fact, there were similar systems in ancient times, except that the certificate of identity verification by candidates in ancient times was called "floating ticket" , and was called "college examination papers" in the Qing Dynasty, which was equivalent to a modern admission ticket and guarantee letter.
will write the names, hometowns, ages, occupations and other information of the candidates' previous three generations, namely great-grandfather, grandfather, father, teachers, neighbors, etc., as well as information such as their own name, age, physical characteristics and other information. The main function of
"floating tickets" is to prevent people from pretending to their household registration. Whether there is any problem with the floating tickets in
is not up to you. The candidates also need to find two guarantors to prove that the information on the tickets is true. If you take part in the provincial examination or the imperial examination, if you falsify the floating tickets, or if you find someone taking the exam for the exam, then everyone above, including two witnesses, will be severely punished.
The choice of guarantors has conventional rules. Candidates who participate in the "Children's Student Examination" usually find local scholars to serve as local intellectuals, most of which are private school teachers, and the number of scholars in each place is limited. He can tell who is a child or not.
Candidates who participate in the "country examination" usually have the identity of a juren. Candidates who participate in the "morning examination" and "palace examination" will find a higher level of guarantor, more famous, and even famous officials of the current dynasty.
If the candidate is caught, not only will his grades be invalidated, but he will also be fined for many years, and even will not be allowed to take the scientific examination again for the rest of his life. The guarantor will also be punished, and it is possible that even black hat will be taken back.
The ancient floating vote system mainly reflected in two aspects: one is to strengthen effective supervision of candidates by people around them, and the other is to deter the candidates, so that they dare not violate discipline.
The second type is the official name system.
In ancient times, before entering the examination room, candidates had to be asked and checked in detail by a dedicated person. People who specialize in this work were called "recognition officials".
As early as the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the court required every candidate to write his personal detailed physical characteristics on paper before the exam, which was called resume.When entering the examination room, you can recognize the officials and compare them one by one.
Feature characteristics include: how many feet or inches tall, whether you are fat or thin, and you must also have unique signs, such as what type of eyes, nose and mouth belong to, if there are moles, scars, birthmarks, etc. on the face, etc., you must note them.
Recognize the person who clicks his name, whoever has to stand up and report. At the same time, the witness must also speak to ensure that the same person who takes the exam and the information is recorded.
All the cognitive officials must be present before the candidates enter the examination room, and their work cannot tolerate any carelessness. If the official is found to be wrong or deliberately sheltered him and is found out later, not only will he be punished severely, but his family will be affected.
The third type is continuous.
to in the Song Dynasty, as the number of people taking the scientific examination increased year by year, in order to improve efficiency, the court invented the "mutual protection system" . It is stipulated that 10 candidates in the same area are divided into one insurance policy. If one of the candidates has problems, the other 9 people and the guarantor will be punished.
The Song Dynasty not only had high requirements for candidates, but also had high requirements for guarantors. It is stipulated that when selecting survivors, in addition to strictly inspecting household registration, qualifications and other information, it is important to carefully examine the moral qualities of the survivors. If none of the above information is problematic, they are qualified to be survivors.
If the substitute is found, he will be directly shackled and taken outside the examination room to show his or her public. The other nine candidates are never allowed to take the exam. Under such a strict system, the risk of taking the exam is very high, so candidates can only be honest and gain fame based on their true abilities. At the same time, other candidates must be supervised to avoid joining themselves.
By the time of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the relevant systems were even more severe. If a cheater in the exam was found, he would first go to jail for 3 months, and then be sent to the barbarians to serve as a military force. After arriving at the destination, he will be punished and tattooed on his face. His handwriting is a crime committed.
Scholars are all very proud of their face. Who can bear this kind of "treatment"? You can only cut off the idea of taking shortcuts.
The reward and risk of substitute exams in ancient times were very high, and it always made some desperate people eager to try. In fact, cheating in exams in ancient times often occurred in the "children's examination". In the "country examination", "morning examination" and "palace examination", almost no one was willing to take the exam for the exam.
The reason is very simple. Why don’t you take the exam and become an official by yourself if you are talented? It's really not worth it to earn those rewards as a gunman.
Only those scholars who passed the "Children's Examination" have not been admitted to the Juren for many years, and their family is poor and have no other skills, can they become a substitute for the Gunners.
