During the reform movement of Wu's adulthood, foreigners favored Emperor Guangxu and the reformists, opposing the Empress Dowager Cixi and the stubborn party, so an internal affairs issue occurred in international relations. Later, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao fled overseas and was protected by foreigners. They launched a royalist meeting while fleeing, inspiring foreigners and overseas Chinese to support Guangxu . In this way, the Queen Mother of the Cialis and the stubborn party hated foreigners. The Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to abolish Guangxu and establish Puyi (jun Baoqing), the son of King Duan, as the emperor. The stubborn elements such as Gangyi, Chongqi, , Xu Tong, and Qi Xiu wanted to control power under the new king, so they encouraged the destruction and establishment. However, the ministers of various countries in Beijing expressed dissatisfaction, so their xenophobia became even more advanced.
Items of solidarity cannot call on the world by relying solely on the abolition and establishment of the Party. The reason why the movement they led can be expanded is because they are also patriots. From the Opium War to the Gengzi year, the oppression and indignation that have been suffered in the past sixty years, they feel that China should fight against the war quickly, otherwise the country will die. We should not think that the stubborn elements are unpatriotic. Since the Opium War, they have always opposed surrender and strongly advocated the War of Resistance. In the year of Wuxu, after the resumption of power, she refused to cede Sanmenwan to Italy. She ordered the officials guarding the territory in Zhejiang to prepare for the War of Resistance. Later, Italy actually gave up his request. The stubborn party felt that it was right to deal with foreigners with toughness.
Foreigners not only occupy land in China, but also preach. This layer is particularly resentful of the stubborn elements. They think that Confucius and Mencius's teachings are holy religions, while foreign religions are heretics and cults. The most ignorant fools in China all know that they respect their parents and respect their masters. Foreigners have no father or king. For thousands of years, foreigners have learned China, and there is no reason for Chinese learning from foreigners. This view was very common at the time. For example, the Grand Secretary Xu Tong was a close disciple of Dali scholar Woren . He was also a famous Neo-Confucianist. Among the people at that time, he was a decent gentleman. He and his comrades wanted to protect Chinese culture and fight with outsiders. They feel that to eliminate the roots of grass, and to exclude heresy, they must expel foreigners.
But China and Japan have even been defeated, how can they go to war with the whole world for a while? The diehards thought they could rely on the people and use the people or the "people's hearts" or "people's spirit" to the outside world, from Lin Zexu , Xu Guangjin , Ye Mingchen , and all the way to the Queen Mother of the Cities, Zai Yi, Gangyi, and Xu Tong. Anyone who advocates suppressing the barbarians feels that 400 million compatriots have victory but no defeat. After the Sino-Japanese War, the folk Boxer appeared in Shandong, and the diehards felt that the Boxer was exactly the force they needed.
Yihe (also known as Heju) was originally Dadaohui , and its essence is no different from the famous bandits in China. At this time, the big sword will be targeted specifically for foreigners, especially missionaries. The people have been angry with foreigners for many years. Foreign missionaries are inevitably biased towards believers, and some believers are inevitably bullied by the power of foreigners. Many religious temple fairs among the people respect God, and Christians are unwilling to cooperate. This also causes conflicts between church and non-confucians. There are still various rumors among the people that the purpose of priests coming to China is nothing more than dig out the Chinese people's minds and pills; and another preaching to steal the baby's brain marrow and Virgin Red Pills. Folk life is very painful, so all the sins are attributed to foreigners. Foreigners, Chinese people who are attached to foreigners, as well as careers related to foreigners such as churches, railways, electric wires, etc., are all defeated. The Boxer Rebellion people were confident that they were blessed by ghosts and gods, and foreign guns could not kill them. Shandong Governor Li Bingheng and Yuxian encouraged them before and after, so they disturbed Shandong with the slogan of helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying foreign .
Jihai year (25th year of Guangxu, 1899) Yuan Shikai As the governor of Shandong, he was not polite and treated the Boxer Rebellion as a rioter and sent troops to fight against it. The people of the Tuanmen could not stand in Shandong and fled to Hebei in the winter of Jihai. The Hebei Provincial authorities expressed their anti-welcome, so the Boxer Rebellion gained power in Hebei. Yuxian promoted to Zaiyi and Gangyi, such as the Boxer Rebellion, saying how brave and reliable they were.Zai Yi and Gangyi introduced the Boxer Rebellion to the Queen Mother of the Cialis, so the Boxer Rebellion gained power in Beijing. The Empress Dowager Cixi, the relatives and nobles who were desperately abolished, the stubborn scholars and the stubborn patriots, all got together with the Boxer Regiment and united to destroy foreign countries, thinking that if they destroyed foreigners, the public and private goals of their various factions could be achieved. Gengzi year The Boxer Rebellion is a general mobilization of China's stubborn forces.
After four imperial meetings, the Queen Mother of the Cialis declared war on all countries at the same time on May 25th. By July 20, Dong Fuxiang's army, together with tens of thousands of boxers, took their soul-guiding banner, Huntian Banner, Thunder and Fire Fan, Yin and Yang Bottle, Nine-serial Ring, Ruyi hook, Fire Card, Flying Sword and other magic weapons, and only killed one German envoy, and even the embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane could not be defeated. At the same time, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked from Dagukou, occupied Tianjin, and slowly approached Peiping . So the Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled to Xi'an. Li Hongzhang came out to clean up the mess again.
The result of the Boxer Rebellion is " Xin Chou Treaty ". In addition to punishing the culprit and apologizing, the Xin Chou Treaty has three serious clauses:
first, with a compensation of 450 million taels, which will be paid off in 39 years. Before it is paid off, it is based on a 4 cents-percent profit per year, totaling more than 980 million taels. Russia has the most part (China and Russia were still allied countries at that time), accounting for 29%; Germany was second, accounting for 20%; France was weaker by 16%, Britain was strongest by 11%, and Japan and the United States each accounted for 7%.
Second, countries were obtained from Beijing to Shanhaiguan to station troops along the railway line. Later, Japan increased its troops and Tianjin, and used the excuse of the "Xin Chou Treaty". Third, the embassy area in Beijing was designated and expanded, and various countries were left to Beijing to protect the imperial embassy. The clause
is serious enough, but the biggest loss we have suffered is not the various paragraphs of the Xin Chou Treaty, and there are also problems in the three northeastern provinces.
In the year of Gengzi, Russia took advantage of the chaos to send troops to occupy the entire Northeastern provincesHistory of the "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed, Russia refused to withdraw and instead demanded various special rights to China. If China accepted Russia's request, the three northeastern provinces would have been in name only at that time. Zhang Zhidong . Yuan Shikai tried his best to oppose the acceptance of Russia's terms, and Japan, Britain and the United States sponsored them from the side. Li Hongzhang advocated accepting Russia's request, but fortunately he died in the winter of Xinchou, otherwise the three northeastern provinces would be ruined to Russia in his hands!
Japan and Britain saw that the situation was not good, and at the beginning of the year of Renyin (the 28th year of Guangxu, 1902), an alliance treaty was concluded to deal with Russia. Although the United States has not joined, it expresses its favorability. The public opinion in China at that time was to sponsor the alliance. A professor at 天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天天� Seeing that the international situation was not conducive to him, Russia signed a contract with China to withdraw Russian troops in three eastern provinces in three phases. Although the treaty was signed, Russia later changed its mind in the middle, and Japan came out to negotiate with Russia. In the 30th year of the Guangxu period (1904), the two countries failed to negotiate, and a war broke out on our territory.
That time, if Russia won the Russo-Japanese War, , not only our three northeastern provinces, but even Goryeo would become Russia's sphere of influence. If Japan completely defeats Russia, then Goryeo and Northeast China will become Japan's range, and China will not get cheaper.
Fortunately, in fact, Japan only won locally. As a result, the peace-making treaty between the two countries still recognizes China's sovereignty in the Northeast. However, the North Manchuria is the sphere of Russian railways and other economic forces, and the South Manchuria includes Dalian and Lushun, which is the sphere of Japan. In this way, Japan and Russia formed a confrontation, and China was able to gain some benefits from fishermen.
