In 626 AD, the army of Turkic rushed straight to Jingyang , and the troops pointed directly at Chang'an .
At that time, the Turkic soldiers were only forty miles away from Chang'an, and the cavalry could reach the city with one rush. In this case, Li Shimin was forced to kill the white horse, and then concluded the " Weishui Alliance " with the Turkic Khan.
As we all know, the alliance under the city is often shameful, and they all need to be cut off from the enemy. Li Shimin suffered this humiliation and then prepared wars day and night, and finally launched the battle between the Tang Dynasty and the Eastern Turks.
After this battle, the Turks began to decline and gradually withdrew from the stage of history. In the late Tang Dynasty , it was difficult to find the word Turkic in history books.
So the question is, what happened to the "Turks" who once surpassed , Sui and Tang ? What ethnic groups and countries have they become? Speaking of which, don’t believe it. There are now 182 million "Turkish people", spanning the Eurasian continent.
Today, Jiang Lang will take you to learn about the rise and fall of the Turks.
The peak of the Turks: control the strings of millions, and the pressure on the Sui and Tang
There are many origins of the Turks, such as the So Kingdom theory of Mobei, the Yinyi theory of the Sea God, Pingliang Miscellaneous nonsense, etc. These statements are controversial and are not related to our subsequent articles. So as mentioned in this article, we adopt the opinions of most people, that is, the "forging slave" of Rouran Khanate .
In the middle of the fifth century AD, the Turkic people surrendered to the Rouran Khanate. I would like to say here that the Turks did not integrate into the Rouran Khanate, but joined the Rouran Khanate as a "slave slave". For a century, the Turks did not integrate into the Rouran Khanate, but developed into a tribe with tens of thousands of people.
This tribe has three characteristics: a stable gathering place, advanced wrought iron technology, and its own culture. These three characteristics allowed the Turkic people to gradually unite in everything and gather near Mount Altai.
The stable gathering place can enable Turkish blacksmiths to communicate better with technology, thereby improving the tribe's wrought iron level. At the same time, it can also increase tribal cohesion, so as not to live by water and grass and disperse tribes like other nomadic peoples. Perhaps it was formed unintentionally or perhaps it was formed deliberately. In short, under this circumstance, the development of the Turkic nation has made rapid progress.
There are no more than 100 ethnic groups on the grassland, and there are eighty ethnic groups. Why can the Turkic ethnic groups develop rapidly? The reason is that they mastered advanced wrought iron technology and could create advanced military weapons. At the same time, due to close gathering, the tribe is very cohesive.
We all know that the rise of the Jurchen tribe is mainly attributed to the Eight Banners system established by Nurhaci . Although the Turkic people did not have the Eight Banners system, their profession and culture still united them, thus forming extremely strong combat effectiveness and mobilization capabilities.
A tribe's strength is of course important, but the external environment is also an indispensable factor. The external environment for the rise of the Turkic nation was the decline of the Rouran Khanate and the division of the Central Plains dynasty.
The Central Plains Dynasty was in the Northern and Northern Dynasties period, and had no time to take care of the nomadic peoples in the north, which brought a long vacuum period for the Turks (until the establishment of Sui Dynasty ). In this process, the Turks gradually wiped out the nomadic peoples in the north and built a super large territory. How old is
at its peak? Historical books describe it as: to the east to the Liaohai Sea, to the west to the Caspian , to the north to the Beihai Sea, and to the south to the Amur Henan. The territory of is very large. It is described in the current coordinates: to the east, to the Liaohe in northeast China, to the west, to the Caspian Sea on Azerbaijan , to the north, to the north, to the Berga Lake in Russia, to the south, to the Afghan in Afghanistan .
has a very large territory and a large population. The Turks unlocked the unprecedented achievements of the nomadic peoples "control the string million".
(Turkish) controls strings and millions, and Rongdi is powerful, which has never been seen in ancient times. ”—"New Book of Tang "
This is the Turkic period during the Tang Dynasty, and it is also the most intuitive record of describing the power of the Turkic in historical books.The Huns was just controlling the strings at that time, while the Turks reached a million. In front there were 300,000 Huns fighting against Han Dynasty , and behind there was the "invincible" Jurchen tribe. Through the combat power of the two tribes in the front and back, we can indirectly understand the combat power of the nomadic peoples, and at the same time we can also experience the power of the Turks.
In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, and the early Tang Dynasty, the Turks were almost invincible, and the regime established by the farming nations also adopted good policies for the Turks. Whether it is the Sui Dynasty or the Tang Dynasty, there are a lot of records of people who are intimate with the Turks.
These people seriously encouraged the Turkic arrogance, so that the Turkic people once wanted to imitate Northern Wei , compete for the Central Plains, and drink horses Yellow River . Of course, these people were helpless. After all, even Li Shimin had to avoid the edge at that time. Li Yuan was so scared that he wanted to take the bucket and run away (moving the capital).
The decline of the Turks: East-West split, the scenery is no longer
The peak period of the Turks surpassed the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the peak period of the Turks did not last long and began to decline. The main reason for the Turks' downward trend was the division between the East and the West, and the Central Plains dynasty began to attack the nomadic peoples.
At that time, the relationship between the Eastern Turkic Shaboluo Khan and the Western Turkic Abo Khan was very tense. After all, it was related to huge inheritance, and everyone wanted to fight for it. Friends familiar with history know that when dynasties have no enemies, internal friction becomes the most deadly danger, especially nomadic peoples. Powerful dynasties often suddenly break into pieces and fall into a long period of internal friction. For example, the Xiongnu split the southern and northern Huns; the Turks split the eastern and western Turks; Mongolian Empire split the four major Khanate countries.
The conflict between the East and West Khan is very big, and just at this time, Yang Jian is constantly adding fuel to the fire, splitting and provoking the relationship between the East and West Turks. After Yang Jian's continuous efforts (provocation), the East and West Turks officially split in 583 AD and a long civil war began.
The development of a thing takes time, and similarly, decline also takes time. The Turks began to split in 583 and were able to defeat the Tang Dynasty until 626, which shows how rich the Turks' family background is.
But it is undeniable that the Sui Dynasty promoted the division of East-West Turks and the Sui Dynasty's three campaigns to the Turks, accelerating the decline of the Turks. If it weren't for Yang Guang that dispersed the Sui Dynasty, the Turks would have declined faster. But unfortunately, there is no if in history. During the separatist period of the late Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty, the princes of the Central Plains attacked each other, and the Eastern Turks ushered in a golden period of development.
Khitan , Shi Wei, Tuyuhun , Gaochang are all servants, Dou Jiande , Xue Ju , Liu Wuzhou , Liang Shidu , Li Gui , Wang Shichong , etc. rise up and follow them. This is the situation at that time. The princes from the north bowed to the Eastern Turks and kept giving money to the Turks.
After the unification of the Tang Dynasty, this situation improved. It was precisely because of this that the Eastern Turks, who were not supplemented with wealth, began to raid Jingyang and forced Li Shimin to sign the Weishui Alliance.
After the Wei River Alliance, Xueyantuo turned against the Eastern Turks, Li Shimin enthroned Xueyantuo Khan and sponsored Xueyantuo to suppress the Eastern Turks. During this process, the Eastern Turks also began to decline. Due to the constraints of the Western Turks and Xueyantuo, the Eastern Turks were unable to resist the suppression of the Tang Dynasty and their decline was very fast.
As the saying goes, "Disaster never happens alone." Just when the Eastern Turks were in decline, natural disasters fell on the grassland. A heavy snow covered the grassland and crushed the social economy of the Eastern Turks. Countless cattle and sheep froze to death, and people also lost their lives due to the severe cold. The Eastern Turks are in a desperate situation.
The Eastern Turks, which were no longer in glory, soon faced multiple suppression. Some tribes that surrendered to the Eastern Turks began to rebel. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty summoned six armies to attack the Eastern Turks. The Eastern Turks were unable to organize a counterattack, so they perished in this disaster. Li Shimin also liked to be the title of " day Khan ".
But the centipede worm dies without being stiff, and the Turks do not perish so quickly. After Li Shimin's death, Ashinahelu began to summon the old Turkic subordinates and rebel against the Tang and go west.After that, Asuna Helu began to establish bases in Western Regions , and constantly attacked the surrounding tribes to strengthen itself.
In order to suppress the Turkic forces in the Western Regions, the Tang Dynasty began to continuously dispatch the surrendered Eastern Turks. They were asked to fight in every few days, and the donkeys in the production team could not resist such a call. These Eastern Turks could no longer bear the dispatch of the Tang Dynasty, so they decided to restore the country and establish the post-Turkish.
The remnants of the Turkic remnants in the Western Regions and the Post-Turkish Khanate both brought considerable trouble to the Tang Dynasty. During the Wu Zetian period, the Post-Turkish Khanate once fought Wu Zetian wanted to marry the Post-Turkish Khanate. Although
is in trouble, the Turkic who once controlled one million is gone. The remaining Turkic forces are divided and gradually declined under the long-term attack.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the Tang Dynasty entered the prosperous era of Kaiyuan , and the court was unprecedentedly powerful. The offense and defense were easy to deal with. The Tang Dynasty continued to suppress the Turkic forces and joined forces with the tribes on the grassland to try to completely strangle the Turkic forces. In the end, it succeeded, and the word Turkic never appeared in Chinese history again, but unfortunately, Xianbei made up for the lack, replaced the Turkic, and became the overlord on the grassland.
The follow-up of the Turks: wildfires cannot be burned, and the spring breeze will produce
Where did the Turks go after they disappeared from Chinese history? I believe everyone is very concerned about this issue.
Some of them integrated into the Xianbei, and then integrated into other tribes with the Xianbei, and even the subsequent integration into Mongolia and Jurchens. In short, there must be descendants of Turkic descendants in northern China, especially Inner Mongolia, , , . However, these descendants integrated into our Chinese culture and did not inherit the Turkic language or culture, so this group of Turkic descendants can be said to have completely disappeared.
, and the other part of the Turkic descendants who left the Eurasian region, did not integrate into other cultures, but inherited the Turkic language and culture, and formed a unique Turkic language system in the historical replacement.
There are more than 40 languages in this language, such as Azerbaijani , Turkmen, Kazakh , Uzbek , Turkish , etc. Their origin was the people who moved westward in the Western Turks. Those people were united with the locals and, after historical evolution, eventually formed one nation after another.
These ethnic groups are mainly distributed in Central Asia, Caucasus , and West Asia. Currently, the number of people using the Turkic language family is as high as 182 million, and "pan-Turkism" has also breeded among these people.
The so-called "pan-Turkism" is a ideology developed by the intellectuals of the Tatars. The main purpose is to call on all ethnic groups that use the Turkic language family to form a whole and establish a large Turkic Khanate.
With the rise of the wave of nationalism, pan-Turkism spread widely in Central Asia, among which Turkish is the most active. In 2009, Türkiye also used "neo-Ottomanism" as a policy of governing the country and diplomacy, and was compatible with pan-Turkism.
Türkiye continues to play the national card, calling on people who use the Turkic language family to unite, and constantly improve their voice, trying to spread Turkey's influence on the Central Asian landscape, and gain the advantage of geopolitical .
Conclusion
really responds to that sentence, wildfires cannot be burned, and the spring breeze blows and grows again. The Turks have had a brilliant record in history. But the dust returns to dust and earth returns to earth, and the former overlord will eventually withdraw from the stage of history. Türkiye continues to spread pan-Turkism, and this behavior is just to gain more voice and influence on geopolitical areas. At the same time, Türkiye's behavior will bring certain challenges to other neighboring countries, especially in ideological .
