"The struggle with Zhang Guotao on the Long March road of is the darkest journey in my life." - Mao Zedong
On October 5, 1935, Zhang Guotao held a meeting to establish a new "Central" in Zhuomudi, Lifan County, Sichuan Province.
At the meeting, Zhang Guotao was appointed as the "Provisional Central Chairman" and threatened to expel the party members of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Wentian, Bogu and other four, and issued a "wanted order" for the four.
In order to vilify Mao Zedong and others, Zhang Guotao asked someone to post a cartoon at the venue. On the comic, a huge woodpecker was stretching out his huge beak and pecking at Mao, Zhou, Zhang and Bo.
Zhang Guotao took out this cartoon and said proudly: "Today we had a meeting at Zhuomudi, and the name 'Zhuomudi' is very auspicious. Zhuo Mudiao is a woodpecker! We must peck the borers in the Red Army from the big tree of the revolutionary cause like a woodpecker! "
Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Wentian, and Bo Gu have served as the highest leaders of the Communist Party of China at different times or have been responsible for the general responsibility. Zhang Guotao wanted to "exit them out of the party". It is obvious that he wanted to replace the above people and become the highest leaders of the party.
It is this excessive pursuit of power that made Zhang Guotao, an early important leader of the party, regard Mao Zedong as his mortal enemy, and finally embarked on the road of rebelling against the party.
1,
In October 1918, the 25-year-old Mao Zedong came to Beijing and learned about the then through his teacher Yang Changji's introduction. Li Dazhao, director of Peking University Library . Li Dazhao admired Mao Zedong very much, so he arranged for Mao Zedong as an assistant position in Peking University Library with a monthly salary of eight yuan.
Two years before Mao Zedong came to Peking University , Zhang Guotao was admitted to Peking University School of Science in the autumn of 1916 and became a student in this famous university.
By chance, Zhang Guotao borrowed a book called "New Youth" in the library. After reading this publication, he remembered the names Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.
Since then, Zhang Guotao has read a lot of books on socialism and anarchism, and has close contacts with some famous professors at Peking University at that time, and has made friends with many young talents.
Among these people, there are all kinds of ideology, but Zhang Guotao was able to rely on his outstanding eloquence, brain and mind to get along well with these people, which has also become the capital that Zhang Guotao is proud of.
1919, the May Fourth Movement broke out, and Zhang Guotao actively participated and became a student leader at Peking University.
When he delivered a speech on Tiananmen , Zhang Guotao was proud of. Tao was arrested and imprisoned for a conflict with the police, becoming one of the first group of arrested speakers. This also gave him a great reputation among students.
After Zhang Guotao was released from prison, he was elected as a Beijing student representative and went to Shanghai to attend the founding meeting of the National Student Union. At the meeting, he was elected to be responsible for general affairs, but Zhang Guotao believed that he was a famous student leader in the May Fourth Movement and did not allow him to become the chairman of the Student Union. So he was dissatisfied and refused to accept the position of general affairs director arranged by the Student Union and returned to Beijing.
Zhang Guotao later explained the reason for returning to Beijing: "At this time, my main effort was to complete my university studies and set a foundation for my future. At that time, several famous scholars, Dewey and Rosso, came to Peking University to give lectures, which aroused my interest. I am an enthusiastic listener. ”
2.
One day after returning to Peking University, Zhang Guotao came to visit Li Dazhao, and it happened that Mao Zedong was also at Li Dazhao's home. Li Dazhao introduced to Mao Zedong: "This is Zhang Teli, Comrade Zhang Guotao. "
Mao Zedong also heard Zhang Guotao's name and knew that he was a student leader of Peking University. So he hurriedly came forward and took the initiative to stretch out his right hand to introduce himself to Zhang Guotao, saying, "I am Mao Runzhi, Hunan."
Unexpectedly, Zhang Guotao did not reach out to hold Mao Zedong, but nodded to Mao Zedong, and then sat down thornyly, talking with Li Dazhao as if no one was around, completely leaving Mao Zedong aside.
Zhang Guotao embarrassed Mao Zedong for the first time, which made Mao Zedong remember it freshly.
Many years later, when Mao Zedong talked to Snow about his experience of meeting Zhang Guotao at Peking University, he said with deep emotion: "He looks down on me, a rural bun! ”
Despite this, Mao Zedong still tried to interfere in conversation with Li Dazhao and express his views on the country and nation.
Every time Mao Zedong tried to speak, Li Dazhao would stop his speech and encourage Mao Zedong to express his thoughts. Obviously, Li Dazhao hoped that Mao Zedong and Zhang Guotao could communicate more and even become friends. But Zhang Guotao obviously looked down on Mao Zedong, who was full of Hunan and dressed in shabby clothes, and interrupted Mao Zedong's speech many times.
Mao Zedong once said to Snow I said: "My position was low at that time. For Zhang Guotao, I didn't exist. They were busy people and had no time to listen to a librarian speaking southern dialect..."
3.
Shortly after this meeting, Mao Zedong left Beijing and returned to Hunan, and established a communist group in Hunan, which was valued and appreciated by Chen Duxiu.
1921, Mao Zedong received a message asking him to rush to Shanghai to attend the founding meeting of the Communist Party of China. Know. After receiving the notice, Mao Zedong and He Shuheng set out from Changsha to attend this great conference.
On the evening of June 29, Mao Zedong and He Shuheng secretly boarded the small steamer to Shanghai from the Xiaoximen Wharf of Changsha. Out of confidentiality, neither of them told their friends that they were going to attend a great conference. Therefore, the only one who saw them off on the same day was Mao Zedong's newlywed wife Yang Kaihui.
Yang Kaihui was carrying a small suitcase in his hand, which contained Mao Zedong's changing clothes and his favorite fermented black pepper and Yang Kaihui specially cooked several tea eggs that can keep the road safe.
Most of the representatives of the First Congress of the Party are young people, the oldest He Shuheng is only 45 years old, and the youngest Liu Renjing is only 19 years old. The average age of the representatives is 28 years old, which happens to be Mao Zedong.
At this conference, Zhang Guotao met Mao Zedong again. Unlike the arrogance he had at Li Dazhao's house last time, this time Zhang Guotao actually took the initiative to greet Mao Zedong: "Runzhi, thank you all the way! "Then he recalled the meeting between the two at Peking University with great interest.
The reason why Zhang Guotao did this is very simple. As a host of the National Congress, in Zhang Guotao's eyes, Mao Zedong, a recorder, could not threaten his position.
made a "humble" attitude at the right time, which could win over and confuse other representatives who were not familiar with him, and let him He can successfully climb to the core leadership position of the Party.
As Zhang Guotao expected, at the First National Congress, he was elected to the Central Bureau and was in charge of organizational work.
Zhang Guotao later recalled his impression of Mao Zedong to his confidant He Wei: "Mao Zedong was wearing a cloth gown, like a white-faced scholar, and he could never get rid of the rustic spirit of Hunan. His understanding of Marxism is no better than that of Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming.
did not make specific claims at the conference; but he was chatty and was willing to design traps when chatting with others. If the other party was not careful and fell into it, and there was a self-contradictory embarrassment, he smiled proudly. ”
The third meeting between the two was at the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Guangzhou in 1923. At this conference, Mao Zedong was elected as a member of the Central Bureau and entered the core of the Party’s leadership for the first time, while Zhang Guotao was defeated.
But at the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in January 1925, Zhang Guotao was elected as a member of the Central Bureau and returned to the Central Committee. After the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong went to Hunan for inspection and wrote "Analysis of All Classes in Chinese Society" and "Announcement Report on the Hunan Peasant Movement".
After the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, according to the arrangements of the Party, Zhang Guotao and Zhou Enlai went to Nanchang to prepare for Nanchang Uprising, while Mao Zedong went to Hunan to lead Autumn Harvest Uprising . From then on, until 1935, the two never met again.
Just when everything was ready in the Nanchang Uprising, Zhang Guotao stepped down. His proposal to stop the uprising, fight back to Guangdong with Zhang Fakui, and then develop a revolution from south to north was naturally boycotted by Zhou Enlai and others.
Zhou Enlai, who has always been gentle, rarely slapped the table and shouted at Zhang Guotao: "Do you agree with it or should you stop us?"
yun Daiying also stood up and accused Zhang Guotao and said: "The mistakes of Communist International and Chen Duxiu killed the Chinese revolution and ruined thousands of comrades. Now Nanchang riots are in full swing. We are ready and we will stop our actions. If you shake people's hearts again, we will defeat you!"
Zhang Guotao saw that everyone was against him, so he had to say dejectedly: "Okay, I obey the majority of the majority, you decide!"
4,
In June 1935, the Red First and Fourth Front Army met successfully in Maogong, Sichuan. On June 25, Mao Zedong arrived at the entrance of Lianghekou early. Soon, Zhang Guotao rushed to Lianghekou surrounded by a large number of guards.
After Mao Zedong saw Zhang Guotao, he took the initiative to walk up and hug Zhang Guotao, and said happily: "Comrade Guotao, our family has finally reunited!"
Zhang Guotao also showed great enthusiasm. He hugged Mao Zedong enthusiastically, shook hands with Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Wentian, Bo Gu and others one by one, and said enthusiastically: "Thank you for your hard work!"
After shook hands with the leaders of the central government one by one, Zhang Guotao held Mao Zedong's hand again and said with emotion: "Old Mao, we have been separated for eight years." ! "
Mao Zedong also said with emotion: "Yes, we broke up in July 1927, and it has been 8 years since then! After we parted, we organized military violence and agricultural violence, and then each created a main Red Army. After going through ups and downs, we gathered at the border of Sichuan and Kang today, which is really touching! ·"
At the welcoming ceremony, Zhang Guotao, on behalf of the Fourth Front Army, welcomed the arrival of the Central Committee and said, "In the future, we must fight and strive for progress under the direct leadership of the Central Committee!"
Is this what Zhang Guotao said in his heart? Obviously not.
When this meeting, Mao Zedong saw that Red Fourth Front Army posted many slogans "Welcome 300,000 Central Red Army ", so he asked the cadres of the Fourth Front Army: "How do you know that the Central Red Army has 300,000 html?"
The cadre told Mao Zedong: "It was calculated by Chairman Zhang." More than 0 years later, Xu Xiangqian recalled: "I felt that the Central Red Army was not that bad at that time. At that time, I felt that the Central Red Army was not that good. There are many. They fought all the way from Jiangxi. The casualties and personnel reduction must be very serious. It is impossible for so many.
But Zhang Guotao said that the Central Red Army was the big brother, and it is certain that it is five times more than us. Now our Fourth Front Army has 80,000 people. According to the five times, the Central Red Army should be more than 400,000. We only raised 300,000, and there is room for room for it."
Zhang Guotao's wishful thinking is that the Central Red Army is so powerful. If he can become the supreme leader, wouldn't he do whatever he wants?
But after the meeting, Zhang Guotao soon discovered that the First Front Army was far inferior to the Fourth Front Army, regardless of its number or equipment. After careful investigation, he found out that there were only more than 86,000 people when the Central Red Army left the Central Soviet Area, but now there are only more than 20,000 people left, and there are not many guns and ammunition left. Where is the 300,000 people he thought?
At that time, the Fourth Front Army commanded by Zhang Guotao had more than 80,000 combat personnel, and sufficient equipment and logistics supplies, which was strong.
Therefore, Zhang Guotao couldn't help but have questions in his heart: Is the front army in front of him still the unit that made the Kuomintang army so devastated? How much combat power does this tired army have? ...
Thinking of this, Zhang Guotao was disappointed, but he felt a sense of pride in his heart, and his mentality began to change. In his opinion, there are many soldiers in the four aspects, so there is no need to take the central government seriously. Even Li De, an adviser to the Communist International, found that from this moment on, "Zhang Guotao put on a master's posture everywhere."
points created division in the central government. Zhang Guotao found Bo Gu in the name of "understanding the situation of the Zunyi Conference ", instigated Bo Gu to Bo Gu that the Fourth Front Army did not agree with the decision of the Zunyi Conference, saying that Bo Gu was the General Secretary approved by the Communist International, and Bo Gu should continue to be responsible in the Central Committee.
What Zhang Guotao did not expect was that although Bo Gu lacked military capabilities, he had strong party spirit. He clearly distinguished right from wrong on this issue. He rejected Zhang Guotao's win-win and temptation and expressed his firm obeying the resolutions of the Zunyi Conference.
Later, after Mao Zedong learned of this situation, he praised Bo Gu as a "very principled and organized person."
5.
After hitting a nail in Bo Gu, Zhang Guotao was determined to show off directly to the Central Committee and Mao Zedong.
At the Lianghekou Conference, after the Central Committee determined the strategic policy of two frontiers to to jointly go north, Zhang Guotao put forward the reason for opposing the northward: "The more you go north from here, the more uncovered the loess and barren mountains, our army is prone to attacks by enemy planes.
Northern Shaanxi and Gansu are vast and sparsely populated, and the food situation is far less abundant than the Sichuan-Shaanxi-Gansu border area. There is Yellow River in southern Ningxia. , the east, west and north are all the Great Gobi Deserts. When we enter there, we are easily blocked by the enemy. Besides, the enemy situation in the north of Songpan is unknown now, and it is very dangerous to go rashly. "
At this meeting, in addition to denying the Central Committee's policy of going north, Zhang Guotao also accused the Central Committee and the Military Commission of the incorrect route and demanded the reorganization of the Military Commission. After the meeting, Mao Zedong found several comrades from the Politburo to discuss countermeasures, and Zhang Wentian proposed to give up the position of General Secretary I served to Zhang Guotao.
Mao Zedong flatly denied Zhang Wentian's idea: "No, the position of the General Secretary cannot be given to him, so the political direction of the revolution will change!"
In order to unite Zhang Guotao, the Central Committee decided to elect Zhang Guotao as the vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, and decided to establish a general headquarters to manage the First and Fourth Front Army, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief and Zhang Guotao as the general political commissar. But Zhang Guotao was still not satisfied and still insisted on his "going south plan".
None of the Politburo supports Zhang Guotao's plan to go south. Even Bo Gu, who was not good at command, could see: "Going south to Sichuan Kawaka is like a sparrow flying into a gutter, unable to get in and out, and a dead end..."
Under almost all the opposition from the Politburo, Zhang Guotao still insisted on going south and proposed the separatist proposition of "if one front army wants to go north, the four front army goes south alone."
For the unity of the Red Army, the Central Committee decided to combine the first and fourth front armies, divide the left and right armies to head north together. The central government operated with the right armies, and Zhang Guotao led the left armies to act.
But Zhang Guotao not only did not implement the Central Committee's policy of going north, but secretly ordered Chen Changhao to lead the right army south, while proposing to "completely carry out intra-party struggle", establish the pseudo-central and proclaim himself chairman, and expel the main leaders of the Central Committee from the Party and conspired to resolve the Party Central Committee by force.
In order to educate, save Zhang Guotao and preserve the left army, Mao Zedong showed the mind of a leader. He has been trying to win Zhang Guotao that he abolished the Second Central Committee and returned to the correct position.
After Zhang Guotao led the Fourth Front Army to the south, the left line army reduced from more than 80,000 to more than 30,000 in just one year. After he couldn't make it, he had to cancel the pseudo-central advance north.
After Zhang Guotao arrived in northern Shaanxi, many comrades demanded that Zhang Guotao's crimes be criticized and liquidated. Zhang Guotao was very resistant to this.Under Mao Zedong's patient persuasion, Zhang Guotao finally wrote a review to the Central Committee, admitting that he was false to deny the Central Committee's political line, and in fact, it was to compete for the supreme command of the Red Army. ”
6,
1938, Zhang Guotao fled from Xi'an to Wuhan while worshiping Huangdi Mausoleum and publicly rebeled and surrendered to the enemy.
The defection of Zhang Guotao caused trouble among the young people in Yan'an. Once, Mao Zedong accompanied Cheng Fangwu, Luo Mai and others to check the work of Shaanxi Northern School , when Mao Zedong delivered a public speech on Zhang Guotao's defection at Shaanxi Northern School.
In his speech, Chairman Mao said humorously, "The world's general trend will be together for a long time, and long time will be together for a long time. Zhang Guotao went to worship the tomb, but ended up leaving a small departure. But things in the world have always been bad and good. They cannot be unchanged and solid. There are also opportunist elements and separatist elements in our Communist Party. "
Speaking of this, Chairman Mao pointed to Baota Mountain and said: "The Baota Mountain in Yan'an is a beacon for the people of the whole country. Thousands of patriotic young people risked their lives to break through the heavy blockades of the Kuomintang and came to Yan'an.
But Zhang Guotao looked down on it and said that Yan'an is a chicken bone. It tastes tasteless and it is a pity to throw it away. I said that Yan'an has at least two pieces of meat, one is an unswerving political direction, and the other is a hard and simple work style! ”
Speaking of this, Chairman Mao looked around the venue and asked a question: “Students, why do you have to come to Yan'an to endure hardships voluntarily? "
Chairman Mao's question made the venue active. Some people said to fight against Japan, and some said to participate in the revolution, and they said to say everything.
Chairman Mao said humorously: "Everyone is Zhou Yu beat Huang Gai, willing to fight and be willing to suffer. How can you defeat Japanese imperialism if you can't endure hardship?
Zhang Guotao didn't understand this truth. He was a fake revolution and eventually became a lonely man, miserable and miserable person, heading towards counter-revolution, excluding himself from the party and the people. Therefore, the Central Committee has decided to expel Zhang Guotao from the party! "
At this time, warm applause rang out in the venue. Chairman Mao's easy-to-understand and philosophical speech unraveled the ideological knots of the young people in Yan'an, and let everyone know that although the Central Committee and Mao Zedong failed to fight and save Zhang Guotao, they made the comrades of the Fourth Front Army recognize Zhang Guotao's true face.
When Zhang Guotao finally defected, he did not even take a guard away, which shows that he was already A "miserable and lonely man"!
Reference:
Phoenix.com: "Zhang Guotao in Peking University and the May Fourth Movement"
China Communist Party News Network: "From Embrace to Break-Mao Zedong and Zhang Guotao"
Guangming.com: "Several Special Encounters of Mao Zedong and Zhang Guotao"
