Finally, we will introduce the unequal treaty signed by Nanjing Treaty , "Humen Treaty ", "Wangxia Treaty ", "Wangxia Treaty ", "Hupu Treaty ", and the signing time and its impact on the Qing government, and its impact on the Qing government,
The process before the First Opium War
1839, on April 22, 19th year of Daoguang (June 3, 1839), Humen cigarette removal officially began. Humen cigarette removal ended on June 25, 1839, and lasted a total of 23 days. Destroy 19187 boxes and 2119 bags of smoke, with a total weight of 2376254 kilograms. The ban on smoking directly damaged the interests of the British bourgeois . The British government quickly decided to launch a long-standing war of aggression against China. "Humen cigarette removal" also became the fuse for foreign powers to launch the Opium War
In July 1839, the Lin Weixi case occurred in Tsim Sha Tsui village in Kowloon, Hong Kong. British sailors killed the farmer Lin Weixi in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Elliot rushed to the scene of the accident. In order to conceal the truth, he instructed another villager Liu Yasan to give the deceased 1,500 silver dollars to the family of the deceased in exchange for concealing the cause of death. Lin Zexu believes that the case is strange and ordered Xin'an County Minister Liang Xingyuan to investigate and deal with it. The truth was revealed. Lin Zexu asked Eliu to hand over the murderer, but Eliu agreed to compensate the family of the deceased on the grounds that Consular Judgment Right , but refused to fight the death of the murderer and demanded to try the murderer himself
Hong Kong
1839 August 15, Lin Zexu ordered the ban on all trade, sent troops into Macau, and further expelled British people from abroad. This matter thus became the fuse of the Opium War
On October 1, 1839, British Cabinet British Cabinet made a case on the grounds that business was blocked and the lives of British people were threatened. The decision to "send a fleet to China Sea " was, although according to Chinese law, the British had no right to store opium on Chinese territory
September 5, 1839 Eliu Send missionaries Guo Shili and Lin Zexu , demanding the lifting of the ban and the restoration of normal trade relations. Lin Zexu flatly rejected. At 2:00 pm, Eliu issued an ultimatum, Lin Zexu still ignored it. At 3:00 pm, the British warship first opened fire on the Chinese ship, but it was only a skirmish and was not large in scale. After a brief armed conflict, due to the decrease in the source of opium and the soaring prices, the two sides resumed trade
Zuo Lin Zexu (August 30, 1785 - November 22, 1850), Elli (1801-1875), Guo Shili (1803-1851)
November 1839 British Navy and the Chinese navy successively had armed conflicts, Lin Zexu reported to the court that the "seven battles and seven victories." In fact, because the British navy did not suffer too much losses due to the strong ships and the powerful guns, the Qing army used its terrain to force the British army to retreat. This battle was also known as the "Handle 3 Official Battle ", which laid the groundwork for the greater Opium War in the future
On January 5, 1840, Lin Zexu According to the order of Daoguangdi , it announced the official closure of the port and forever cut off trade with the UK. On January 8, the British Captain "Wora Suspicion" announced that from January 15, the Guangzhou Port and the Pearl River Estuary will be blocked. On January 16, Queen Victoria delivered a speech in parliament, saying that he was paying close attention to the interests of the British in China and the dignity of the country.The incidents in China have caused the interruption of the trade relations between our subjects and the country
Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782-February 25, 1850)
1840, the British government appointed Yilu and Elilu is the plenipotent representative of the chief and deputy, Yilu is the commander-in-chief of the British army
Yilu (1784-1863)
In April 1840, British Parliament held a fierce debate on this. Under the influence of Queen Victoria, the military operation was finally passed by 271 votes to 262. The British government has never officially declared war, believing that military operations are just a revenge, not a war. In June, a mobile fleet of more than 40 British ships led by Yilu and 4,000 soldiers (including the 18th Royal Irish United, the 26th Scottish Rifle Wing, the 49th Bangladesh United, the Bangladesh Corps and the Madras Corps) set off from India to the Chinese sea, marking the official beginning of the First Opium War. The fleet has 16 warships (3 of which are large warships equipped with 74 cannons), 4 steam warships and 28 transport ships. After the war broke out, Britain continued to reinforce from the mainland. In addition to the ships that were replaced back to China, by the end of the war in August 1842, there were 25 British warships invading China, 15 steam ships, and more than 60 hospital ships, surveying ships and transport ships. At this point, the outbreak of the First Opium War 1. In the Opium War, China was defeated, and the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing in China, which was also the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history. The Opium War changed the nature of China's social nature, China's territorial integrity and independent sovereignty began to be seriously damaged, and China's self-sufficiency feudal economy began to disintegrate. 2. The Opium War also has certain positive significance and role in the development of China's social development. The Opium War forcibly opened the door to corruption, backwardness and closure in China. China's feudal and autocratic years have been confined to a limited land, living a self-sufficiency and closed life. Especially in the late stage of , the closedness, backwardness and corruption were prominent. 3. Although the Western powers used uncivilized means such as opium and cannons to open the closed door to China, the closed door of China was opened after all, which to a certain extent promoted China's historical process. 4. After the Opium War, due to the signing of the Nanjing Treaty, Guangzhou, Xiamen , Shanghai, Ningbo and Fuzhou were opened as commercial ports. A large number of businessmen also emerged in China. Although these businessmen are still dependent on foreigners, they are the earliest businessmen in China who have business awareness, which has promoted the development of Chinese business. 5. The Opium War opened China's doors and also brought some foreign civilizations and technologies, especially some foreign progress and open democratic ideas and liberal propositions. The Chinese people have also begun to gradually realize the Western world Inequality Treaty signed after the outbreak of the Opium War "Treaty of Nanking", also known as " Nanjing Treaty
,000 Years of Peace Treaty "
time: August 29, 1842
characters representative: Qing court representative 名 后六 and the UK representative Pudingcha Jazz signed on the British ship Gaohuali anchored on the Xiaguan River in Nanjing , marking the end of the first Opium War
incident. The main contents of the incident:
. The end of the war, the relationship between the two countries entered a state of peace from the state of war . Qing Dynasty government opened five trading ports including Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai, etc., and allowed British consuls to be stationed, and allowed British merchants and their families to live freely and pay compensation.The Qing government compensated the UK 21 million silver dollars, of which 6 million silver dollars were compensated for burned opium, 12 million silver dollars were compensated for British military expenses, and 3 million silver dollars were paid to merchant debts. The payment is clearly paid in four years. If the payment is not paid on time, it is decided that 100 yuan per year should be 5 silver dollars . The Hong Kong island should be severed to the UK. The British army withdrew from the river surface and islands in Nanjing, Dinghai and other places. The original public independent trade system of the Qing government was abolished, and British merchants were allowed to trade freely with Chinese merchants . The taxes paid by British merchants import and export goods, China must agree with the UK. China's tariff autonomy has begun to lose . my country and Britain each released the impact of each other's military and civilians: it began to become an semi-colonial semi-feudal society, and its traditional natural economy began to collapse. China's territorial sovereignty was destroyed, and judicial and tariff autonomy began to be lost
Humen Treaty
"Humen Treaty " was originally called the "Five-Point Trade-Addressed Aftermath Terms", also known as the "Addressed Aftermath Rules" of the "Addressed Aftermath Rules" of the "Addressed Aftermath Rules" of the Great Powers Forced the Qing government to enter into the "Addressed Aftermath Rules" of the "Small Boat Code" of 3
Time: 1843 July 22 and October 8, 1843
Character representative: The imperial envoy of the Qing government The elder and the British minister Pudingcha signed the " Humen Treaty " in Humen, Guangdong, as the main content of the " Nanjing Treaty " attached to the " Nanjing Treaty ":
, obtained from the United Kingdom " Consular Judgment Right" (also known as "' Extraterritorial Rights ', refers to the power of a country's consul to be tried and convicted in accordance with its own laws when a citizen becomes a defendant in a civil or criminal lawsuit in a country of residence) , The UK can rent land, houses and permanent residence privileges at the trade port , UK obtains "one-sided most-favored-nation treatment "Influence: further stipulates the privileges of British imperialism in China, and the judicial sovereignty was destroyed, which became an important means for countries to steal invade privileges in the future. It also made the privileges obtained by Britain in the United States and France in China. The most important thing is the establishment of
Wangxia Treaty
The Wangxia Treaty, also known as the "China-US Five-Port Trade Charter", is "Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire"
Time: July 3, 1844
Character Representative: The Qing Dynasty Governor Qiying of Guangdong and Guangxi and the US envoy Gu Sheng signed the in Macau in Wangxia Village in the main contents of the incident:
. The United States has obtained the cession land obtained by the United Kingdom in "Nanjing Treaty" and the attachments, and all privileges except compensation , American warships can go to China's trade port at any time to "patrol trade" , Americans have the right to "open hospitals" and "build churches" at the trade port influence: to enable the United States to enjoy all privileges except for cede land compensation within the Treaty of Nanjing, expanding the infringement of China's sovereignty. This is also the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States
Huangpu Treaty
Huangpu Treaty (Treaty of Huangpu Treaty) (Treaty of Whampoa, also known as the "China-French Five-Ports Trade Trade Charter: Customs Tariff Rules", was signed by the Qing Dynasty Inequality Treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and the French on Guangzhou Huangpu on October 24, 1844. The
Time: October 24, 1844. Representatives of the People: The coerced Qing imperial envoy, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Qiying and the French Minister La Eni signed the China-French "Five-Port Trade Bureau" on a French military ship "Ajimert" in Huangpu, Guangzhou.Because the treaty was signed in Huangpu, referred to as the "Huangpu Treaty", the main contents of the incident:
. France obtained the same rights of Britain and the United States in China. and allowed the French Catholic Church to freely preach and build cemeteries at trading ports. The local government of the Qing Dynasty was responsible for protecting churches and cemeteries. The influence of the influence of: France obtained the privileges in the "Nanjing Treaty" of China and France, except for cede and indemnity in the "Humen Treaty". It further undermined China's judicial, tariffs, and territorial waters autonomy, and caused a catastrophic impact on China
