01
In 121 BC, Hexi Corridor was filled with a bloody smell.
Han Wudi asked Huo Qubing to personally select 10,000 cavalrymen, and swept the Hexi Corridor twice in spring and summer. The Hun Hun Xie King and Xu Tu King were beaten to pieces. The Han army rushed thousands of miles, and the Xiongnu's Jin people sacrificed the heaven were also taken away. When the Huns failed in the battle, there was always someone to take the blame. Yi Zhixie Shanyu ordered Hunxie King and Xiutu King returned to the grassland, hoping to use their heads to soothe the morale of the army. The two princes concluded: "We actually want to kill us, so we might as well surrender to the Han Dynasty. "The news came from
, and Chang'an was shocked. This is the first time that the Xiongnu tribes had been established in the surrender ceremony since " Baideng's siege ". In order to show his solemnity, Emperor Wu of Han decided to hold a surrender ceremony, and the host of the ceremony was Huo Qubing. Although King Xiu Tu temporarily repented and was killed by King Hun Xie on the spot, Huo Qubing killed another 8,000 soldiers who wanted to escape, the surrender ceremony was still in an orderly manner.
Huo Qubing and Hun Xie Wang signed an agreement and shook hands... Both sides said that this was a successful cooperation, and both Han and Hungary will continue to move forward with mutual benefit in the future. The contract is valid for hundreds of years.
King Hunxie was named Luoyin Hou, with a fief of ten thousand households. If it is in terms of rank and status, it is comparable to Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. The 40,000 people he brought were also resettled. The Han Dynasty specially allocated land in Longxi , Beidi, Shangjun, Shuofang and Yunzhong to resettle the Xiongnu people. In order to take care of their emotions, they were still allowed to live according to old customs. What are old customs? It means that the younger brother married his sister-in-law, the son married his stepmother, the tribal leader was hereditary, and the herdsmen were the leader's property... All the customs of the Huns were transplanted to the Han Dynasty.
In other words, the Xiongnu moved inwardly just waiting for dispatch, and their inner self is still the true nature of the Xiongnu. However, the places where the Huns live are also very interesting. If you look at the map, you will find that from Gansu to the east, along Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, , Hetao to Datong, a frontier line is covered with the Huns.
Some things are difficult to stop once they start. A tiny seed was sown in the prosperous era, absorbing the essence of the sun and moon for 400 years, and finally grew into a towering tree in the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Hurricane started at the end of the green. In 48 AD, the Huns split into two tribes in the north and south again. In order to fight for the right to survive, the Southern Huns moved the royal court to Baotou , which was attached to Eastern Han . The imperial court means that if you can make a noise, try not to do anything.
The second year, Emperor Guangwu set up the "General of the Huns' Central Army" and stationed around the Southern Huns' garrison. It is both protection and surveillance, and the Southern Xiongnu took root in the Hetao area. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they had gradually moved south to both sides of the Yellow River. During the Jin Dynasty, the figures of the Huns were already everywhere in the northwest and northern Shaanxi.
Cai Wenji married to Hedong County (Yuncheng, Shanxi) when she was young. After her husband passed away, she could not stand the gossip of her husband's family, so she went home to be a widow. Her home is in Chenliu County , which is equivalent to Kaifeng now. But Cai Wenji was still kidnapped by the Xiongnu Zuoxianwang , and later gave birth to two children, which shows that the Xiongnu already has the ability to enter the Central Plains at any time.
can go to Kaifeng, so it is not far from Chang'an and Luoyang . At this time, the Huns are no longer enemies from afar, but a confidant.
02
A population crisis occurred in the Three Kingdoms era. In 157, the imperial court conducted a census and the data obtained was 56 million people, including 10 million households. Such a huge population base is enough to be called a prosperous era.
Just 30 years later, the world has changed dramatically. Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang City , and there were no chickens and dogs around him. In the years after the capital migrated to Chang'an, the warlords' melee made in the Guanzhong become ruined. Coupled with the Hundred Years of War between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Qiang people and , a large population vacuum appeared west of Tongguan, and Guanzhong lost the conditions for dominance. The Qiang people who were originally active in the northwest moved eastward. Years of war have also greatly reduced the population of the Central Plains, and a rare labor shortage has emerged in history.
214, Cao Cao completely pacified Liangzhou , and general Xiahou Yuan won the reputation of "Tiger Steps Right". The problem is also obvious, there is a shortage of people. If the population is insufficient, there will be less arable land, followed by the lack of reserve troops and lack of taxes. The population and economy west of Tongguan are simply not enough to support the rule of the country, and Guanxi has the important task of resisting Liu Bei . So Cao Cao migrated the northwest Di people to Hanzhong and lived with the Han and Qiang people. Whether unintentionally or helplessly, the nations outside the Frontier further advanced into the Central Plains during the Three Kingdoms era.
In addition to Cao Cao, Shu Kingdom and Wu Kingdom also lack people. The largest population of Shu Kingdom was only 1 million. It was far from enough to support national construction and the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition , and he would bring the people back to Sichuan every time. The so-called " seven-captured Meng Huo " not only makes the Northern Expedition have no worries, but also an important reason, that is, expanding the population under the rule.
Han is insufficient and can only recruit outsiders. The famous Wu general He Qi has been stationed in Zhejiang and Fujian for many years. At that time, the southeast was not yet developed, and there were only the Yue people , which were spread all over the mountains and fields. What did He Qi do here? Of course, it is to expand its territory to the south and then capture the Yue people as slaves.
280, Sima Yan destroyed Wu. The Three Kingdoms era, which had been divided for a hundred years, was finally reunified.
03
299, the prince Xima Jiang Tong published the "On the Movement of Rong": "All these can be issued and sent to their own domain, comforting their thoughts of living in the country, and explaining the worries of China. We would like to benefit China to pacify the virtues of all directions forever."
Jiang Tong's view is very simple. The court should find a way to let the surrounding nomadic peoples return to their hometown. On the one hand, it can soothe their homesickness, and on the other hand, it can relieve the worries of the Central Plains.
At that time, the population crisis of the Jin Dynasty was already very serious. There were only a few thousand Qiang and Di people who migrated to Guanzhong. However, after hundreds of years of reproduction, they had already flourished and had a comparable number of Han people. Most of Shanxi was occupied by the Xiongnu and Jie people. As for Hebei, it is the territory of the Xianbei people. Murong Fu's ancestors were entrenched in Liaoning, while The ancestors of the Northern Wei Dynasty were in Inner Mongolia.
The living environment of the Central Plains dynasty has never been so severe, so Jiang Tong's "Theory of Moving Rong" was born. This article also received praise from countless celebrities and represented public opinion. Sima Zhong said: "Come on, take a shower and go to bed." Sima Zhong has a low IQ and never cares about things. Maybe someone else rejects Jiang Tong. It’s not that I don’t want to do it, but I really don’t have the ability to do it.
As mentioned earlier, it was still customary for the Huns to migrate to the mainland. They occupied a piece of land within the dynasty, but did not participate in the borough of the court and were not considered formal citizens, so they did not have to bear any social obligations, and the local government could not control them. There is no tax or military service, but crime is frequent.
Do you want to give an example? good. " Han Shu " and "Three Kingdoms" often involve someone slaughtering and looting... They all blatantly came out to rob and kill people, but they are not considered a crime? Can the court take charge? I can't control it. The internal organization of the Xiongnu, Qiang and Di is still tribal, and the hereditary leader has all the power of the tribe. As long as he is willing, the herdsmen will ride on horseback and become a cavalry army. They were not included in the direct management scope of the imperial court, but only existed in an autonomous model, and their autonomous regions were gradually expanding. By , Western Jin , a large number of autonomous regions had appeared on the north bank of the Yellow River.
In addition to the Hu nobles, many lower-class herders actually live a miserable life. They can't find a good job, so they don't expect to join the government or join the army. The government will not accept it at all. They can only find jobs that contribute more and make less money, such as helping people farm, being servile servants, and being slaves to nobles. Even so, they would be beaten and scolded for no reason. The nobles sometimes let their servants perform at banquets to make everyone laugh.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains was a gunpowder barrel. The population ratio of Hu and Han is almost the same. The north is an autonomous region full of uncontrolled areas, and the lower class of Hu people live in dire straits. Just a little spark will detonate.
04
290, Emperor Wu of Jin Sima Yan died. The pre-planned will be the joint assistance of Yang Jun and Sima Liang . They represent two forces in the court: the royal family and the gentry. Yang Jun was born in Hongnong Yang family , a family of the "Four Generations and Three Dukes" in the Han Dynasty. After the development of the Three Kingdoms, he has become a lush and old gentry. In addition, he is the father of the queen and has a unique status.
Sima Yi Seize the regime, and the support of the aristocratic families is crucial. If they lose their support, it will be a blink of an eye to another emperor. But if you don’t suppress it, it will be a quick time to change the emperor.
In order to fight against the aristocratic families, Sima Yan supported the royal family. He granted all the direct relatives of the Sima family titles such as kings, dukes, and marquis, and sent family members to guard all places, hoping that they could compete with the aristocratic families.
The royal family or the gentry, no matter which party they support, is decentralized for the court. Once the power is decentralized, it will be difficult to take it back, which will often lead to a war for power and profit. For example, Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms , Separatist vassal states, Rebellion of the Three Feudals, and of course Rebellion of the Eight Kings .
Yang Jun was very dissatisfied with the will, so he colluded with Empress Yang and his party members to modify the will and let himself assist in the government alone. When the revised will was placed on Sima Yan's bedside, he had no choice but to be speechless.
Sima Yan died two days later. Sima Liang was afraid that Yang Jun would kill someone and ran away. Queen Jia Nanfeng quit. She secretly contacted Sima Liang and Sima Wei and asked them to lead troops to Luoyang to attack Yang Jun. The next year, Yang Jun was destroyed by three tribes and Empress Yang was demoted to common people. The gentry and relatives of the foreign countries suffered a great blow.
Some people believe that the cause of the "Eight Kings Rebellion" is that Jia Nanfeng's desire for power is strong, but I always have a view: no matter how strong a person's power is, it cannot determine the direction of history. If he changes the direction of history, it must meet a certain specific need. This is how Jia Nanfeng is.
Her husband has a low IQ and his family is not good either. In order to survive and have a future, all she can do is to revitalize the imperial power. At this time, she represents the interests of the Sima family. Jia Nanfeng got rid of Yang Jun, then used tricks to kill Sima Wei and Sima Liang, and then stepped on the steel wire between the royal family and the gentry to maintain a fragile balance, which was supported by Jia Nanfeng's means.
To be fair, the most peaceful era of the Western Jin Dynasty after Sima Yan's death was the 10 years when Jia Nanfeng governed the government.
However, stepping on the wire is a dangerous action after all. Jia Nanfeng's revitalization of imperial power was the most beneficial to the Sima family, but she was a woman and an outsider after all. This abnormal status allowed the Sima kings to see opportunities.
299, Jia Nanfeng abolished the prince. She has no son and the prince is very smart. Jia Nanfeng is afraid that it will be difficult to control in the future, so he wants to change to a prince who is easier to control.
This is a big deal. The prince is the crown prince. How can he be abolished just by wanting it? How many people's lives have been implicated in the prince? The first person to rise up and oppose is the prince's tutor Sima Lun . Of course, avenging the prince is just an excuse, and Simalun's real purpose is to seize power.
balance was broken, and the "Eight Kings Rebellion" entered the stage of the royal family's struggle for power. After that, the country was destroyed and the people were displaced, and the Hu people who moved inwardly were also ready to move.
In fact, there is a key factor behind the "Eight Kings Rebellion" and the Hu people's riots: the poor family.
05
On the surface, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" is the Sima kings fighting for power, so how can they respond to one call? The answer is social structure.
Western Jin Dynasty was the golden age of aristocratic families. They used 9-rank Zhongzheng to stabilize their social status and controlled a large number of advantageous resources such as positions and land. The poor families have no chance to stand out. Only drastic changes such as wars and coups can break a gap in the strict social class and let them see a glimmer of light of the future.
The Sima kings in the "Eight Kings Rebellion" are just representatives. Behind them are countless poor families who are eager to stand out, and people's hearts and desires have become Mars that ignite the explosive barrel. Jia Nanfeng's right-hand assistant Zhang Hua is a poor family; Sima Liang's military advisor Sun Xiu is a poor family; Sima Yi's general Zhang Fang is still a poor family.
Under the inherent order of the Western Jin Dynasty, they did not have a chance. Only by breaking the existing order can they get everything they want. The poor family members were ignorantly pushing the arrival of troubled times, and the gentry inevitably got involved in it, and eventually buried the Sima family.
Not only Han poor families saw the opportunity, but also the Hu people saw the opportunity. The Han people were in chaos. After hundreds of years of accumulation, the population of the Hu people has long been comparable to that of the Han people. The Hu nobles have quite strong strength, so it seems difficult for them to keep themselves in peace. The lower-class Hu people endured years of rolling their eyes and bitterness, which made them hate the Han people and the world. As long as they had the chance, they would not mind venting their resentment.
304, Li Xiong, a Di person, invaded Chengdu and founded the country, and became Han . The Li family originally lived in Hanzhong and went into exile to Sichuan with refugees during the war. Later, they gradually established prestige until they were able to raise troops and establish a country, gradually restoring the territory of the Shu Kingdom.
In the same year, the Huns Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Shanxi. As early as Sima Yan's era, the Xiongnu's resident surrounded Taiyuan and controlled most parts of Shanxi. Liu Yuan raised the banner and gathered 50,000 people in just half a month.
Two years later, Sima Yue appointed Liu Kun as the governor of Bingzhou . The Han people in Shanxi gathered under Liu Kun's command, but they immediately betrayed Liu Kun and the Jin Dynasty and followed Liu Yuan, because they saw that the Jin Dynasty had no way out. Although Liu Kun wrote the poem "Why do you mean to make steel and turn it into softness around your fingers", he really can't change all this.
Shi Le military advisor is Zhang Bin , and he is a character in Zhang Liang . In the system of the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Bin must be buried, and no matter how smart you are, you will never make any progress. Once he followed Shi Le, he finally left his name in history.
The aristocrats and the Hu people played a symphony, and the poor families shuttled back and forth in the middle, trying hard to find their own place. After the gentry went south, the poor families could only cooperate with the Hu people.
Who can blame for all this? It seems to have nothing to do with anyone, and people are struggling in the cage. This is their fate and unscrupulousness at that time.
It's all over. Emperor Wu of Han and Huo Qubing waved the wings of the butterfly, and the careless and small breeze became heavier and stronger, becoming a hurricane swept across the Central Plains in the Western Jin Dynasty. A crack appeared within the Central Plains regime, which amplified the population advantage of the Hu tribe hundreds of times, and finally established more than a dozen countries, splitting the north and south for 300 years.
(excerpted from "The History of Chinese Addiction to First Reading 2" by Wen Boling/Taiwan Strait Publishing House/Publishing)
