During the feudal dynasty period in my country, the main way of dynasty changes was force struggle, but there was also a relatively gentle method, which was "abdication".
Compared with armed uprising overthrow of tyranny, abdication, which was taken by the old regime to take the initiative to "abdicate and give way to the wise", and completed the transfer of power through a smooth transition, greatly reducing the economic and population losses caused by the war, and making it easier to stabilize the political situation.
The abdication between feudal dynasties is completely different from the "abdication system" that was circulated in ancient times. Its real meaning is to complete a ritual.
Because before this, the abdicated person had already been the de facto leader of the regime and had the right to operate the entire country, except that the dragon throne that symbolizes the peak of imperial power has not yet been seated.
In 581 AD, such a abdication ceremony was held between Northern Zhou Emperor Jing and Emperor Wen of Sui . Shangzhu Kingdom , Grand Sima Yang Jian transformed into the founding monarch of the Sui Dynasty , realizing the counterattack from the foreign relative to the founding emperor.
1. Who paved the way for Emperor Wen of Sui to promote?
Among the powers of foreign relatives who have been authoritarian in all dynasties, Yang Jian's situation can be said to be very embarrassing. Other foreign relatives were suspicious because of their domineeringness, but he was only because of his identity as a foreign relative. No matter how good he did, his mind was always cared about by those in power. In contrast, in terms of historical evaluation, others will always be questioned for being wrong in the country, but he has received very good reviews from later generations.
"Sui Shu " records several things, Yuwen Hu During the period of power: " Especially the Emperor Gaozu, he will repeatedly harm him "; Later, someone talked about his appearance: " may not be human, please get rid of ", " Pu Liuru Jian has a negative appearance 2 ”; And his emperor's son-in-law simply said " must-clan and destroy the family ", and even had practical actions: " Because he summoned Emperor Gaozu, he ordered his left and right to say: 'If the color moves, kill it. '"
From Yuwen Hu to Yuwen Yun , and then to court officials who repeatedly slandered, why do they all want Yang Jian's life, but why did they fail to kill him in the end? There is a very important reason for , that is, behind Yang Jian and him are political forces that the Northern Zhou royal family needs to rely on but are also very afraid of.
(I) Guanlong The political influence of the nobles
When the Western Wei was , the actual ruler Yuwen Tai founded Mansion system , headed by eight generals of , among which Yuwen Tai and Yuanxin were considered names, and the other six pm states each supervised two generals, and each general supervised two founding officials.
8 Pillar Kingdom Double Twelve Generals and their descendants gradually formed the extremely influential Guanlong noble group during the Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang dynasties.
They weave a network of interests entangled networks of interests through superiors and subordinates and complex marriages, and Yang Jian is one of them.
Yang Jian's father Yang Zhong is the twelve generals. Yang Jian married the daughter of one of the Eight Pillar Kingdoms Dugu Xin , and his younger brother Yang Zan married Yuwen Tai's daughter. Dugu Xin also had two daughters married the son of the Eight Pillar Kingdom: Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Yu and Li Hu's son Li Bing ...
This relationship network can be described in one word, which can move the whole body. Therefore, the Northern Zhou royal family was always in conflict with the issue of Yang Jian. While fearing the power behind him, they also needed to use his power and ability to consolidate the imperial power. They not only needed to win him over for their own use, but also wanted to find his mistakes and put him to death reasonably.
(II) Internal discord between the Northern Zhou royal family
While Yang Jian was gradually growing up, there was constant suspicion between brothers and uncles and nephews within the Northern Zhou royal family. In front of him, Yuwen Hu and his cousins competed for actual imperial power. Yuwen Yong relied on various pretending to be weak to destroy the arrogant cousin. Then his son was suspicious of the remaining brothers, which directly led to the withering of the Northern Zhou royal family.
Zhou Xuandi Yuwen Yun was an emperor who did not understand politics and was not aware of being a human being. He did not trust the royal family, did not trust the relatives, and was also suspicious of court officials. He directly placed himself against everyone.
life is also completely aimed at the king of the deceased country. He indulged in alcohol, licentious, ineffable, and violent. In order to seek pleasure, he simply passed the throne to his child of a few years old.
As a relative of the foreigners, Yang Jian was facing the situation at that time: his royal family could be suppressed by the emperor's son-in-law, and his son-in-law could be given away by his son-in-law. In the end, this ridiculous emperor even killed himself, and the power was sent to him step by step, and he just needed to avoid his son-in-law's clumsy plot.
2. Emperor Wen of Sui’s personal abilities and efforts
The strong family background and the collective decline of the Northern Zhou royal family undoubtedly created excellent opportunities for Yang Jian to rise to power. However, if Yang Jian did not have the ability to match the throne, it would be difficult to guarantee that he would not become the next Wang Mang . In that case, he would only enjoy the throne.
But Yang Jian not only dares to change the dynasty, he also has enough ability to make the country stronger.
(I) Yang Jian's outstanding personal ability
After Yang Jian founded the Sui Dynasty, he created several miraculous historical achievements: ending the chaotic times of hundreds of years after the end of the Han Dynasty, and reunifying the world; at the beginning of the founding of the country, economic development reached a height that no one in the prosperous Tang Dynasty could reach, and the stored food was not finished until Li Shimin years after his reign; in terms of culture, the national and folk books collections reached the highest level in history.
Internally, he is a master who makes the economy take off and the people's livelihood rich. He is also a " Saint Khan " with outstanding achievements. The Turks were divided into two parts, and the Eastern Turks were both part of the East and West, and both of them were attached to them. For Tuyuhun , he first defeated and then married, changing the humiliating "marriage" to "grant marriage", which also maintained a good relationship; other foreign tribes either surrendered or surrendered when they saw the power of the Sui Dynasty.
also has a "imperial examination system" that has been passed down for thousands of years and created an equal competition mechanism for scholars. It was also initially implemented in the hands of Emperor Wen of Sui and Emperor Yang of Sui . Although the original intention of setting up the imperial examination system was to try to get rid of the power monopoly of the Guanlong aristocratic forces as much as possible, it gave later dynasties more channels to explore talents and also gave ordinary people the opportunity to participate in state management.
This is Yang Jian’s historical performance after the change of dynasty. So how did he do during his period as a minister?
"Book of Sui" records: " in Jiande, he led 30,000 naval troops to defeat Qi troops at Heqiao. Next year, he will be promoted to the state of the country from the emperor. With Yuwen Xian defeated Qi Rencheng Wang Gao Feng in Jizhou , except for Dingzhou General Manager. "
Although Yang Jian obtained an official position based on his father's honor, he also made real achievements in martial arts.
In terms of civil governance, the same is recorded in the Book of Sui: " every visit, and the Heng was appointed to guard the custody. At that time, the emperor made the "Sacred System of Punishment" and its law was profound. Emperor Gaozu used laws and regulations to cultivate rules, but it was not the way to promote transformation, so he would not accept them. " Emperor Xuan of Zhou was in the tour, and Yang Jian was responsible for staying in Kyoto. Regarding the laws during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, he also proposed that the laws were too strict and unfavorable to education, and advocated lenient and kindness in the world, but unfortunately Yuwen Yun did not adopt them.
After Yuwen Yun's death, the young Emperor Jing could not manage the government. Yang Jian, as the empress's father, the prime minister, the government affairs, ", then, Emperor Gaozu admired the government, the laws were simple, and the people were frugal, and the world was pleased. " formed a strong contrast with the panic of the people under Yuwen Yun's rule: " During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the criminal affairs were ruled by the criminal affairs. The hearts of the people are harsh, and no one has a solid ambition."
(II) Yang Jian's ambitions
"Book of Zhou" records that Emperor Xuan of Zhou passed away. Empress Yang learned that " Liu Fang, Zheng Yi and others were given the resignation of the government after their edicts". Although she did not participate, the power could be in her own home. She was quite happy, but "the post- found that her father had different pictures, and her intentions were quite unfair, and she expressed her expression." It can be seen here that before Emperor Jing of Zhou ascended the throne, Yang Jian had already begun to control the state's rights.
At this time, Yang Jian, as the father of Emperor Xuan of Zhou (although Yuwen Yun had five queens, but Yang Lihua was the original wife and had the highest status), was responsible for the positions of the Supreme Pillar Kingdom, the Great Front, Duke of the Kingdom , Yangzhou , and the Zuo Prime Minister, and was naturally "entrusted with important tasks" by the new emperor.
Then he took over the power, went to the palace, went to the court without going to the court, prepared the ceremony of the nine tins, etc., and finally gave in three ways and was decreed, becoming the founding monarch of the Sui Dynasty.
But if the preparation process for Yang Jian's dynasty was calculated from the death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, the death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, the founding monarch of the Sui Dynasty.
But if the preparation process for Yang Jian's dynasty was calculated from the death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, the death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, the ritual of the dynasty was calculated. From now on, that's a big mistake. He has been replacing the world of the Northern Zhou Dynasty a long time ago.
"Book of Sui·Biography" records two people who were close to Yang Jian in the early years, two important military generals from the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, Guo Rong and Pang Huang . Yang Jian had long revealed his ambitions during his dating with them. These two not only kept the secret for him, but also became loyal followers on his way to realize his ideals.
Guo Rong is not a few years older than Yang Jian. He had a good relationship when he was young and often had the opportunity to chat together. Yang Jian once said a lot of rebellious words to Guo Rong : "I look up at the mysterious Xiang, observe people and affairs, the whole life has ended, and I will replace it. "
This bold statement not only did not break up the friendship of the young, but instead made Guo Rong more willing to make friends and follow.
Many years later, Yang Jian became the auxiliary minister of Emperor Zhou Jing and had already put his intentions on the surface, and there was another conversation between the two: " Emperor Xuan died, Emperor Gaozu summoned Rong, stroked his back and said, "Have my words been proved?" ’”
Neither of them had forgotten his ambitions at the time. In the end, Guo Rong was awarded a high-ranking official for "the old Dragon Qian".
Pang Huang was older than Yang Jian and debuted earlier than Yang Jian, but " Huang knew that Emperor Gaozu was very popular, and he deeply accepted ". When Yang Jian left office and returned to Beijing from the governor of Suizhou , Pang Huang went to Xiangyang to greet him, and also said something to Yang Jian: " is very good-looking, and his name is in the Tulu. On the 9th day, I wish to forget my luck. " Yang Jian's reaction was also very good. He smiled and said: "What are you talking nonsense! "
The more they dated, the better their friendship. Later, when Yang Jian asked to send the Bozhou general manager because of suspicion, Pang Huang simply pointed out the matter: " Yan and the elite soldiers of the Dian are now mobilized, the world is insufficient. " Yang Jian replied with Pang Huang's hand and : " It's not possible. " This handshake is without verbal explanation and tolerance.
Yang Jian's ability to change dynasties is inseparable from the political influence of the Guanlong noble group. The innate identity advantage created a lot of convenience for him; it is also inseparable from the conflict between the Northern Zhou royal family. The decadence of the Yuwen family gave him enough political chips; but the most important thing is him. The " Kaihuang Rule " is what he handed over to history. Answer sheet.
Although the Sui Dynasty finally ended in the second generation, the country's reign was only thirty-seven years, no one could easily erase the political achievements of Emperor Wen of Sui Yang Jian to promote the development of the times. More than 300 years of troubled times finally came to his hands. More than 1,000 years of imperial examinations rose from other dynasties. Even the brilliant Tang inherited a large amount of economic and cultural heritage left by him?
References:
"Book of Zhou"
"Book of Sui"
