Beijing Evening News·Five Colors | Author Huang Yi
Recently, an online article titled "Sun Wukong: There is a real person in history" caused a great response. The author said: "In history, Wukong is a real person. Wu Chengen used him as the prototype to create the image of Sun Wukong ." This person is Che Chaofeng, an eminent monk in the Tang Dynasty, who served as a general in the Tang Dynasty army. He has been "he has been practicing martial arts since he was a child, has a high skill and boldness, and is accustomed to using a 36-pound cooked iron stick."
751, Che Chao was ordered to protect the Tang Dynasty's mission to go to the Western Regions. Because he was sick, he stayed in the country of Qibin in Central Asia (now Kashmir). He made a vow during his illness: If he recovered from his illness, he would be willing to become a monk. At that time, Buddhism was prevalent in the Kingdom of Bin, and the Dharma name Che Chaofeng was the Dharma Realm.
764, Che Chaofeng went to northern India to study and brought Sanskrit "Ten Power Sutra", "Ten Levels Sutra", "Dedication Wheel Sutra" and Buddha relics to Kucha (now belonging to Kuqa County, Xinjiang ). In 789, Che Chaofeng returned to Chang'an after traveling for nearly 40 years. He was nearly 60 years old at that time. He gave him the Dharma name "Wukong".
The story of Che Chaofeng is slightly closer to Master Xuanzang, but at that time, there were many eminent monks who went to the Western Regions to seek Dharma. In history, the name "Wukong" was not rare, and Che Chaofeng was not the only one.
Check the source of the online article, which seems to have been rewritten from another online article in 2014. However, the original work is in a deliberate tone, and those who modify it will be considered as a conclusion. Che Chaofeng's deeds are found in the "Biography of the Great Monk of Song Dynasty". They are not a rare book, and they are copied repeatedly, and the mistakes are constantly amplified, which becomes the truth, and the Internet accelerates this process. I believe that in a few years, similar online articles will be hotly hyped. Articles like
have become popular in a cycle because deep in people's hearts, they have the desire to find the prototype of Sun Wukong to comfort their former dreams. With this expectation, you will be hit again and again. In the academic world, "Who is the prototype of Sun Wukong" and "Where is Sun Wukong's hometown" have always been hot topics, but most of the conclusions are untenable.
The image of Sun Wukong in "The Original Purpose of Journey to the West".
Sun Wukong was originally a scholar in white?
From the 19th year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (645) Xuanzang to the late Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (about 1566), the creation process of "Journey to the West" lasted for more than 900 years. In the three-volume "Talk of the Three Treasures of the Tang Dynasty's Book of Sutras" published by Southern Song , there is already "84,000 copper-headed and iron-browed macaque king in Ziyun Cave in Huaguo Mountain".
The book has a simple record, with more poems and fewer stories. It may be the "prompt" of the storyteller at that time. You cannot remember a word of poetry incorrectly, just know the plot and framework. The author's name is not recorded, but it is certain that the author is not familiar with Che Chaofeng, because Sun Wukong appeared in the image of a "scholar in white":
Accordingly, at noon one day, he saw a scholar in white, coming from the east, and bowed to the monk when he met, "All blessings, all blessings! Where are you going now? I'm afraid you are not going to the west to get the scriptures again?"
"Macaque King" took the initiative to join the team to obtain the scriptures and was renamed "Monkey Walker". The book does not specifically write about the history of "Macaque King", but the "Monkey Walker" claims to have "see the Yellow River Qing Nine Degrees" and says, "I am young and have experienced thousands of generations. I know that the monk went back to the West to obtain scriptures twice in his previous life, and was killed on the way." "When I was eight hundred years old, I came here to steal peaches; I have never come here yet." It implies that I have made a big splash in the Peach Banquet.
After successfully obtaining the scriptures, the "Monkey Walker" returned to heaven and became an immortal, and was named "The Great Sage of Steel and Iron Bone" by Tang Taizong .
Yuan people have "Tang Sanzang Journey to the West", and the book has been lost, but in the same period, there is "Pu Tongshi Yeshua", which is a Chinese textbook that records the details of life in the Yuan Dynasty. The book mentions some details in "Tang Sanzang Journey to the West", which is similar to the current version of "Tang Sanzang Journey to the West".
The "Journey to the West" we saw today was created through various versions. The author Wu Chengen read a lot, comprehensively compiled various materials, and wrote vividly. Even if Wu Chengen knew about Che Chaofeng, it was unlikely that he would be written in, because the basic character and plot were based on the predecessors and there was no need to renovate it.
Ming Dynasty edition "Mr. Li Zhuowu criticizes Journey to the West" illustration
Sun Wukong is actually the son of Guan Yu ?
has many speculations about the prototype of Sun Wukong, and there are at least 6 statements, and three are real people.
is Shipantuo's theory.
Shipantuo is from Gansu. He once traveled west with Xuanzang. His image is shown in Dunhuang's " Xuanzang's Prayer to Seek the Past ". It was painted in the Western Xia period and looks like a monkey. Some scholars believe that Shi Pantuo is a Hu person, and Sun Wukong's monk is the pronunciation of "Hu Monk". However, the Hu people in the Tang Dynasty refer to the descendants of Xiongnu . Shi Pantuo is the descendant of Sogdian . Judging from the surname, he is a descendant of Shiguo . Judging from the name, it means "the servant of God", which is obviously different from the descendants of the Xiongnu. Wang Zhenpeng of the Yuan Dynasty painted " Tang Monk's Picture Gallery ", which contains "Stone Pan (should be Pan) Tuo's Horse", and there is no similar plot in "Journey to the West".
The second is Wu Zetian’s saying.
Scholar Liu Haifeng believes that "Wu" and "Wu" are homophones, and "Cong" is the second half of "Zhao". Wu Zetian's father, , warrior , had beards on both cheeks, like a monkey chin, and people at that time called "monkey cheek man". Sun Wukong called himself " Monkey King ", and Wu Zetian's title was "Zetian Great Sage". In " Sansui Ping Yao Zhi ", one of Wu Zetian's prototypes, Monk Danzi, will also become the "seventy-two Taoist methods, all of which have been refined... You can get ladders up, and you can shrink down from the ground... You can disguise your appearance, and you can be confused when you are confused... There are wind, clouds, thunderstorms at any time, water, fire, swords and guns cannot be hurt", you can "scatter beans to become soldiers", and there are white cloud caves, "stone beds, stone benches, stone chairs, stone tables, stone bowls, stone urns and other things". However, these "evidences" are more like the result of plagiarism between the Ming Dynasty novelists.
The third is Guan Yu's son Guan Suo said.
has nothing to do with history. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" only mentioned it four times, which shows that the author is not sure whether he exists. Scholar Jin Wenjing According to the rap lyrics of " Huaguan Suo Biography " in the Ming Chenghua version, he read it in conjunction with "Journey to the West" and found that Guan Suo also "is not long at the top and bottom, four feet and five feet" and "a figure that is not as big as the boxer", and his deeds overlap with Sun Wukong. However, Sun Wukong already existed in the Southern Song Dynasty's "Talks of the Three Treasures of the Tang Dynasty's Suo", and Guan Suo may not have been created yet.
Sun Wukong breaks into the water curtain cave, and is painted by Yuegang Fang in the New Year.
Sun Wukong has little relationship with India
There are three other types of gods.
is the Indian "Divine Monkey" Hanuman said.
Hu Shi, Chen Yinke advocates this theory. In "Ramayana", Hanuman's deeds are recorded. He can fly out of India with one step, and can be big or small. After being swallowed by the Eagle God, the short HUNUMAN mutates into a giant. The Eagle God becomes bigger at the same time, and Hanuman instantly becomes smaller and escapes from the Eagle's ears. But the book only mentions the essay, and the image is shriveled and far from being able to match Sun Wukong.
There are many records of "monkey demons" in Chinese history. Han Dynasty Jiao Yanshou's "Yi Lin" record: "Nanshan Da Yan (sound Rujue, big monkey), stealing me to charm my concubine, I dare not chase her." Tang legend has " Bujiang Zong Baizhu Zhi ", which describes the white monkey as a stolen and snatching the wife of the general Ouyang He .
These "monkey monsters" are both good and evil, and are similar to Sun Wukong's personality. However, the ancients believed that "monkey monsters" were lustful, while Sun Wukong was half a man and half a woman, and hated lustful people.
second is without Zhiqi said.
Wuzhiqi comes from "Shan Hai Jing", which means: "Water beasts are good at harming, Yu locked under the military mountain, and its name is Wuzhiqi (Wuzhiqi). " Wuzhiqi is like a monkey. Because of his resistance to authority, he was locked under the well of Tongbai Mountain by Dayu , which means "making a big fuss in the Heavenly Palace". In "History of Chinese Novels ", Mr. Lu Xun believes that Sun Wukong's "sense of change and success" comes from Wuzhiqi, but Wuzhiqi is an evil god, and Wuchengen is a conservative Confucian scholar and will not be rewritten as a positive character.
Third, the son of the old mother in Lishan.
Theater of the late Ming Dynasty Yang Jingxian In "Journey to the West" zaju , Sun Wukong said: "Five little saints: Big sister Lishan Lao Mother, second sister Wu Zhizhi, eldest brother Qitian Dasheng, younger brother Tongtian Dasheng, third brother plays Sanlang."
Lishan Lao Mother is Lishan Lao Mother, Taoist The Saint Ancestor of Yuqing Ziyuanjun , has appeared in many eras. He is the teacher of Qi Xuanwang , his wife Zhong Wuyan ( Warring States ), Xue Dingshan wife Fan Lihua (Tang Dynasty), Yang Zongbao wife Mu Guiying (Song Dynasty), and the fabrication traces are obvious. It should be a meeting.The image of Sun Wukong in
Peking Opera .
native place is a bad debt
Sun Wukong's prototype is vague, and his native place is even more troublesome. According to scholars Zhu Lanzhi and Liu Jing, there are at least 6 statements.
1 is Loufan County, Shanxi. This statement is recorded in the county annals and is strongly advocated by the famous scholar Fushan . In the "Fushan Complete Book·Miscellaneous Notes", it said: "The "Jingle County Annals·People" contains Sun Xingzhe , and they always think it is a joke. When I went to Huai Gan, I heard a tourist argue with him and said: 'Sun Xingzhe is from my hometown. I saw Huaguoshan and Water Curtain Cave. How can I get the fragrance and precious village!' I am so arrogant and said: 'If you do, I will give it to you!'" Loufan was a royal horse breeding office in the Tang and Song dynasties. There was a herdsman who was responsible for raising horses. It should be the source of " Bima Wen " in "Journey to the West".
The second is Shunchang County, Fujian Province, with two thousand-year-old tombstones, one is the book "The Great Sage of the Monkey King" and the other is the book "The Great Sage of the Monkey King".
The third is Quanzhou, Fujian. Japanese scholar Miyoko Nakano believes that the story of "Ramayana" is likely to be transmitted from sea to Quanzhou and then to the whole country. There are two stone pagodas built in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou that were built during the Southern Song Dynasty. To the west is Renshou Pagoda . The four floors of the pagoda have monkey-shaped human statues, wearing golden hoops, and the three words "Monkey Walker" are engraved on the upper left.
4 is Gansu saying. Because Shi Pantuo is from Gansu.
is Lianyungang, Jiangsu. Some scholars believe that many mythological characters and landscapes in "Journey to the West" can be found on Yuntaishan in Lianyungang .
Six is Shandong Taishan. According to local chronicles, some scholars found that on Mount Tai, there are Aolai Guo, Shujing Stone, Naihe Bridge, Nantianmen , Underworld Water Curtain Cave, Gaolao Bridge and other place names. Most of them only appear on Mount Tai. "It is the stage background of most of the stories of "Journey to the West", so Mount Tai should be the hometown of "Journey to the West".
In addition, there are Hubei theory, Henan theory, etc., which may be to strive for tourism resources. The academic value of these statements is not very . Some Japanese scholars have suggested that there are many descriptions of Taoist alchemy scenes in "Journey to the West". Sun Wukong may be a descendant of the alchemist, which is of great research value.
There are 7 people hidden in him
The creation of "Journey to the West" was accumulated over 900 years, so Sun Wukong's prototype may be multi-source. The advantage is that the character has a more three-dimensional and richer personality, and the disadvantage is that people who hold any view can find "evidence" from it.
scholar Wang Xiaojun proposed in "Analysis of the Prototype of Sun Wukong's Image in "Journey to the West"" that Sun Wukong contains five prototypes:
Hero prototype: extremely powerful, invincible, able to take the Ruyi Golden Hoop of the Dragon King Hall in the East China Sea weighing 13,500 kilograms, and created extraordinary achievements.
Explorer prototype: When Sun Wukong occupied Huaguo Mountain, he suddenly worried that he would become old and weak in the future. He wanted to seek immortality, so he bid farewell to the monkeys, rode a bamboo raft alone, faced the vast sea, and sought the Tao everywhere. After more than ten years, I found Subhuti Patriarch in the Xiniu Hezhou . Later, on the way to obtain the scriptures, Sun Wukong often forgot the great cause of obtaining the scriptures and explored everywhere to cause trouble.
The prototype of the magician: that is, "Sun Wukong can walk when he is born, and later he worships the Patriarch Subhuti as his master. He not only learns the seventy-two general reforms, but also has a way to heaven and a door to enter the ground, but also learns the ability to turn somersaults and fly the clouds and fog. One somersault is 100,000 miles away." The battle between him and Erlang Shen is the essence of the book.
The prototype of the outlaw: mainly reflected in the "Making a big fuss in the Heavenly Palace" part.
Caregiver prototype: Although Sun Wukong was unruly, he endured Tang Monk's wrong judgments many times along the way, from Huazhai to adventures, he did everything himself. Tang Monk was repeatedly arrested. Although Sun Wukong was shaken, he never gave up.
Different prototypes may come from different writing traditions and may be formed differently. In addition to the above 5 types, there are two other prototypes worth mentioning, namely the scholar-official and the old Chinese medicine doctor.
Sun Wukong looks down on others, often teases his teammates, disobeys authority, but he is not confused about major issues and has the temperament of a Confucian scholar, but few people have noticed that Sun Wukong is also proficient in medical skills.
Qing Pu Ru Wu Kong defeated demons
Wu Chengen hid a joke
In "Journey to the West", there are many details about traditional Chinese medicine, such as in Huaguo Mountain, the book praises Sun Wukong:
Picking flowers in spring for food,
Searching for fruits in summer for life.
Autumn harvest of taro chestnuts delayed season,
winter search for Polygonum multiflorum precision.
This is a health poem. Wu Chengen knew medicine, but he might have found the same bookseller, Hu Chenglong, because of "Journey to the West" and "Compendium of Materia Medica". Li Shizhen could not see the publication of "Compendium of Materia Medica" during his lifetime, but the manuscripts were popular during the stereotype, and Wu Chengen may have read them.
The royal family worshipped Taoism in the Ming Dynasty. Scholar Ma Liwen was a hook, and Zhu Yuanzhang was seriously ill in his later years. Taoist Zhou Dian sent barefoot monks to deliver medicine. "The name of medicine is two pieces of warm medicine, and the other is a piece of warm stone. The prescription for use is to hold a golden box, grind it on the back, and eat a cup of jinkang inside." After Zhu Yuanzhang took it, "It was no different at the beginning. When the first time was taken, the whole body was twitching and squeezing when the lamp was turned on. This is the response to this medicine. When the disease recovered at night, the spirit became stronger every day. After taking it for two seconds, he heard that there was a calamus fragrant cup, a sand elixir at the bottom, and there was a bright red one in another world."
Zhou Dian's elixirs work quickly, and Zhu Yuanzhang once wrote a poem to praise this. Since then, the royal family in the Ming Dynasty has close contacts with Taoism, Taoist medicine has been valued, and alchemy has also been widely circulated among the people.
In "Journey to the West", Sun Wukong was really a doctor. In order to treat King Zhu Zi's "not thinking about tea and food, and being listless", Sun Wukong once hangs silk to diagnose his pulse, saying: "Your Majesty's left hand has a strong and tight pulse, the Guan pulse is stiff and slow, and the Zi pulse is slim (pronounced as slim, meaning that the pulse is floating, big and soft) and heavy." He also made "Wu Jindan" with Zhu Bajie and Sha Seng Night.
The so-called "wujindan" is the main ingredients of pot bottom ash, horse urine, croton . The bottom of the pot is the Chinese herbal Chinese herbal cream, which is used in combination with boy urine, but it is mostly used to treat gynecological diseases. This may be Wu Chengen's "secret meditation", which people who do not understand traditional Chinese medicine cannot see.
Novels cannot be true everywhere, readers should pay more attention to this creative place instead of judging words. (Editor in charge: Shen Feng)
