In the first month of the 17th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1644 AD), the leader of the peasant uprising army, the King of Chuang Li Zicheng , established his own dynasty in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and launched an attack on the Ming Empire Heart Beijing City . Li Zicheng personally led 100,000 most elite Dashun Army main force, attacked eastward along the defense line of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall , and was invincible all the way. The Ming army surrendered. Except for encountering the defender week at Ningwu Pass, he encountered almost no substantial resistance along the way. In March of that year, Li Zicheng came to the city of Beijing. In just one day, Li Zicheng attacked Beijing with the cooperation of the Ming army. The last king of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Youjian, committed suicide in Meishan (now Jingshan), and the Ming Empire, which ruled China for 276 years, was destroyed.
set off from Xi'an to entering Beijing, it took Li Zicheng three months. The sudden victory overwhelmed Li Zicheng's mind. In addition, Li Zicheng was not ready to rule a country at all. The strong bandit thinking filled the Li Zicheng's group. At the specific operation level, Li Zicheng still tortured the bureaucratic class of Ming Dynasty (to pursue dirty money and help pay). Li Zicheng's various behaviors in Beijing exposed the flaws of his group, especially in handling Wu Sangui's family, which was even more rude and arrogant, directly pushing Wu Sangui to the Qing camp. In the end, Wu Sangui led his 60,000 Guanning Iron Cavalry (the strongest combat force at the time) to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. With the cooperation of Wu Sangui, the Qing Dynasty defeated Li Zicheng on a stone battlefield in Shanhaiguan, and then entered the Central Plains and became the new master of Beijing City.
When the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, it won the hearts of many Ming dynasties under the banner of avenging the Ming Dynasty, so that its rule in the north did not encounter great resistance. Later, through three major battles, Li Zicheng's Dashun regime, Nanming Hongguang regime, and Zhang Xianzhong's Daxi regime, and initially unified the country in 1646 AD.
After the above three wars ended, the regent of the Qing Dynasty, Dorgon , believed that the world was settled, so he introduced a hair shaving order, requiring all the people in the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty to implement shaving and dressing . The Han people, who were deeply influenced by Confucianism, were extremely disgusted with the shaving order of the Qing Dynasty, so the movement to resist the shaving order emerged. Faced with the surging resistance movement of the Han people, Dorgon decided to suppress it strongly, and the so-called "leaving your head but not your hair, leaving your hair but not your hair." Dorgon's high-pressure policy made the Han people's resistance movement more frequent, so a huge anti-Qing and restoring Ming movement kicked off, and the originally calm world was once again trapped in war.
In 1646 AD, Zhu Youlang rebuilt Nanming in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. The year name is Yongli , which is Yongli regime . As the orthodox Zhu Youlang of the royal family of Zhu Ming, his Yongli regime soon became a banner for the Han people to resist the Qing Dynasty. His existence made the Qing Dynasty feel like a thorn in his throat and he wanted to get rid of it quickly. Since then, Zhang Xianzhong led the remaining troops of the Western Army to surrender to the Southern Ming Dynasty, and the power of the Southern Ming Dynasty was revived. Especially in the Battle of Guilin and Hengyang in 1652, the Qing Dingnan King Kong Youde (Guilin was surrounded and killed and died of self-immolation), Prince Jingjin Nikan , known in history as "two famous kings, the world is shocked." After that, the two sides launched a protracted tug-of-war in the southwest region. In the end, the Qing Dynasty gradually compressed the Southern Ming power to the Sino-Myanmar border and the Sino-Vietnam border areas in Yunnan with its huge size.
In 1662 AD, Wu Sangui, a former horseman who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, attacked Yunnan. Zhu Youlang ran away from the Burmese Myanmar . Forced by Wu Sangui's army, the Burmese launched the "Crazy Water Difficulty ", massacred Zhu Youlang's entourage, and handed Zhu Youlang to Wu Sangui. Wu Sangui ended Zhu Youlang's life with a bow string. After Zhu Youlang's death, the last flag of the Southern Ming Dynasty fell and insisted on resisting the demise of the Yongli regime for 16 years.
After the demise of the Yongli regime, some Ming army and Ming dynasty remnants who were unwilling to surrender to the Qing Dynasty fled to Myanmar and Vietnam .The part of the people who fled to Myanmar gradually evolved into the later Kokang tribe , while the part of the people who fled to Vietnam continued to accumulate strength in Vietnam and tried to make a comeback. They used the banner of "Although there are two or three households in the Tang Dynasty, they will restore the old rivers and mountains" in Hanoi, Vietnam. Local overseas Chinese actively participated, and the grand occasion was unprecedented.
As the Qing Dynasty rule stabilized in the Central Plains, the Vietnamese authorities also changed from supporting the revival of the Ming Dynasty to calling the vassal of the Qing Dynasty. Vietnam became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, they began to gradually restrict and ban the anti-Qing forces in their territory, and included the Ming Dynasty residents who fled to Vietnam that year as household registration. This was for the "Mingxiang Society" and also called "Mingxiang people" (meaning to retain the incense of the Ming Dynasty, which was also considered the last touch of affection for the Ming Dynasty). In these "Mingxiang Society", Chinese people can speak Chinese, wear Ming Dynasty clothing with their hair, and build ancestral halls, temples and schools.
After living in Vietnam for more than 400 years, these Mingxiang people ultimately did not differ much from the Vietnamese people in language and culture due to constant mixed race, localization, French colonial education, forced assimilation and other factors. However, in some cultural aspects, the legacy of the Ming Dynasty in my hometown is still maintained.
