In the history of ancient feudal dynasties, China and Vietnam maintained a delicate relationship. The change in the name of Vietnam reflects the changes in the relationship between the two countries.
After Vietnam became independent from China in the 10th century, the Vietnamese feudal dynasty called itself "Da Viet", while the Chinese feudal dynasty called it " Annan ".
▲ Vietnam has various self-proclaimed
since Ding Dynasty ( Da Quyue ). But in 1802, Vietnam ( Nguyen Dynasty ) proposed to the Qing Dynasty to change the country's name to "South Vietnam". "Nanyue" was the name of a Lingnan separatist regime in Chinese history.
After a fierce textual exchange between the Qing and Vietnam, the Qing Dynasty decided to reverse the name of "South Vietnam" and "Vietnam" became the new country name, replacing the "South Vietnam" plan and the "Annan" country name that had been used for more than 800 years.
So, why was "Annan" changed to "South Vietnam", and "South Vietnam" finally became "Vietnam"?
▲ A brick from the 10th century in Vietnam, with the words "Da Viet Army City Brick"
1. Lingnan and South Vietnam
During the Pre-Qin Dynasty, many primitive tribes were distributed from northern Vietnam to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their production tools and weapons were This kind of flat perforated stone ax is called "Yue" (or "戉"), "Yue" is taken from the Yue, and these primitive tribes are named "Baiyue Tribe".
▲ Baiyue Tribal Distribution Map
After Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, he began to conquer Baiyue in the south in 219 BC. Because of the tenacious resistance of the Baiyue tribe and the harsh climate in the area, it took the Qin army five years to incorporate the Lingnan area into the Central Plains Dynasty, and set up Nanhai County, Guilin County , and Xiang County to rule Lingnan.
The Qin Dynasty was tyrannical and soon perished. Zhao Tuo, the captain of Nanhai County, took the opportunity to expand his territory, occupied Guilin County and Xiang County, blocked the road to the Central Plains, and established the "Nanyue Kingdom" in 204 BC, with its capital in Panyu (today's Guangzhou).
The Han Dynasty unified the north of Lingnan and implemented a parallel system of prefectures and states. The Han Dynasty indirectly ruled the prefectures and states. The Nanyue Kingdom occupied Lingnan and directly formed a north-south confrontation with the Han Dynasty.
▲The parallel system of prefectures and states in the Western Han Dynasty, with many prefectures and states
Zhao Tuo was originally an officer from the Central Plains (from Hebei) and led the Central Plains soldiers and immigrants to garrison in Lingnan where the Baiyue tribe was densely populated. There are fewer Han Chinese here, and Yue people account for the majority. In order to maintain his rule, he ordered the "harmony of Baiyue" internally, accepted the title of "King of Nanyue" from the Han Dynasty externally, and declared himself a vassal to the Han Dynasty.
Under the loose ethnic policy and stable rule, the Baiyue tribes surrendered to the South Yue Kingdom one after another. The Central Plains people and the Baiyue tribes intermingled, and the two sides gradually merged. Lingnan not only retained its own characteristics, but also developed.
▲The initial territory of the South Vietnam Kingdom
The Han Dynasty persuaded Zhao Tuo that "he should not forget his identity as a Han Chinese", so Zhao Tuo professed his vassalage to the Han Dynasty, and the two sides communicated with each other in border markets to recuperate.
In 180 BC, Empress Lu came to power. She consolidated her rule internally and attacked the princes and kings externally. Empress Lu announced the closure of checkpoints and markets with South Vietnam, and relations between the two parties deteriorated sharply. Zhao Tuo announced his break from the vassal relationship with the Han Dynasty and called himself the "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam". He sent troops to conquer the Changsha Kingdom, which had surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and defeated the Han reinforcements. The South Vietnam army subsequently withdrew.
The Nanyue Kingdom became famous for repelling the Central Plains army in the Southern Barbariansland. Small countries around them joined in succession. The Nanyue Kingdom further expanded its power and continued to confront the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains.
▲The South Vietnam Kingdom became famous in the First World War, and its territory expanded
In 111 BC, relying on decades of recuperation, the Han Dynasty attacked and destroyed the South Vietnam Kingdom in one fell swoop, and established the Jiaozhi Governor in the territory of the original South Vietnam Kingdom to rule.
In the century-long confrontation between the north and the south, the term "South Vietnam" has geographically referred to the Lingnan area that the Yue Kingdom once had jurisdiction over. For example, "Hanshu: Geography" has "Today's Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu , Nanhai , Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan are all Guangdong (tong ' Yue ')."
▲Jiaozhi Governor
The word "South Vietnam" has also become a symbol of separatism and opposition to the Central Plains dynasty. In the future, the name of the Lingnan regime will generally be derived from one or both of the two characters "Nanyue". For example, the Northern and Southern Dynasties Li Ben separatized Jiaozhi and was called the "Emperor of South Vietnam".
In ancient Vietnamese history books, such as " A Brief History of Vietnam " and "Annan Chronicles", the South Vietnam Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of the unification of Vietnam.
Today’s disputes over the founding of the ancient Vietnamese nation generally revolve around the Luo Yue (Vietnamese, Hung Kings, etc.) and the South Vietnam Kingdom in ancient mythology. Some Vietnamese also call the South Vietnam Kingdom " Zhao Dynasty ", which is consistent with the later Vietnamese feudal dynasties such as Din Dynasty, (former) Le Dynasty, Li Dynasty , and Chen Dynasty.
▲The Jiaozhi Governor's Department in the Western Han Dynasty was basically the same as the territorial scope of the South Vietnam Kingdom.
2. From South Vietnam to Annan
The Han Dynasty established the Jiaozhi Governor's History Department in the territory of the original South Vietnam Kingdom, and the Lingnan area was gradually integrated into the Central Plains civilization. From the Jiaozhi Prefectural Department of the Han Dynasty to the Lingnan Road of the Tang Dynasty, the Lingnan region has always been a stable first-level administrative division.
▲The Tang Dynasty regarded "Tao" as the first-level administrative region
However, the western part of Lingnan region has high mountains and dense forests, a humid and hot climate, and the southern part has inconvenient transportation with the Central Plains. Most of the immigrants settled in the Pearl River Delta plain area, making the area closer to the Chinese civilization in the Central Plains.
During the Tang Dynasty, immigrants from the Central Plains in Lingnan had already shown the characteristics of "more in the east and less in the west, more in the north and less in the south".
With Nanning and Wuzhou as the boundary, Lingnan Road is divided into three parts. The eastern area is basically an inland state dominated by Han people, the central area is a mixture of Jizhou and inland Han states, and the western area is mostly dominated by indigenous tribes. Jisizhou .
The Tang Dynasty established the military-administrative "Annan Protectorate" (today's central and northern Vietnam) on Jidi Prefecture in the west of Lingnan to strengthen the control of the Jidi area, which was subordinate to Lingnan Road.
▲The jurisdiction of the Annan Protectorate
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty continued to have internal strife and foreign troubles, so it set up military and political "Jiedu Envoys" within the territory to strengthen the central government's local management. These Jiedu envoys in turn established themselves as kings, which evolved into the future feudal vassal states and dismembered the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty's Jiedushi envoy on Lingnan Road was divided into two. One was the Qing Navy's Jiedushi envoy, which managed the entire Lingnan Road. The Annan Protectorate has a separate administrative department under the jurisdiction of Jinghaijunjiedushi.
is also a military envoy. The Qing Navy has a larger management scope and higher authority than the Jing Navy.
▲ Jiedu envoys from various places dismembered the Tang Dynasty
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Qing Dynasty's military governor of the original Lingnan Road (his ancestor was from Henan) established himself as king and established the Southern Han Dynasty, the capital of Guangzhou Panyu. However, the Southern Han Dynasty initially took "Dayue " as its country name. "Yue" is ultimately related to the "South Vietnam Country".
Compared with the Nanyue Kingdom, the Southern Han Kingdom was a Han-separated regime in Lingnan.
However, only the upper-class rulers of South Vietnam are Han, and the local Vietnamese make up the majority. Therefore, the upper-class Han rulers of South Vietnam do not seek to go north to unify the Central Plains, but only want to live in Lingnan.
During the Southern Han Dynasty, the Lingnan area had been under the management of the Central Plains Dynasty for nearly a thousand years. Especially in Guangzhou, the Han people had become the dominant ethnic group. The Lingnan region had great ethnic and cultural differences during the Nanyue Kingdom and the Southern Han Kingdom.
Therefore, the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty considered themselves qualified to compete in the Central Plains. The Southern Han Dynasty was founded in 917, and the country's name was "Dayue". In 918, it was changed to "Han", and the history books called it "Southern Han".
▲The separatist situation in 918
Another military governor of the former Annan Protectorate of Lingnan Road, Jing Haijun military governor, was weak and in a corner. He was not qualified to be king, but he took the opportunity to separatize Jiaozhi.
html In 3968, the leader of the Ding tribe of Jiaozhi, a wealthy family, ended the internal chaos, unified the entire territory of Jiaozhi and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named "Da Qu Yue", and was known as the Ding Dynasty of Vietnam in history.
At the same time, The Song Dynasty eliminated the Southern Han Dynasty in 971, and the trend of unifying the Central Plains gradually took shape.
But the focus of the Song Dynasty was to eliminate the remaining Northern Han , Southern Tang and Wu Yue regimes. This is where 's great unification lies. Therefore, the Song Dynasty felt that there was no need to "unify" the Jiaozhi area and had no intention of paying attention to the Ding Dynasty. The Song Dynasty needed a stable southern backyard.
In order to find political support and legitimacy of rule, the Ding Dynasty paid tribute to the Song Dynasty and asked for canonization, and the two sides hit it off.
▲The situation before the unification of the Song Dynasty in 971
In 1973, the Song Dynasty granted Ding the title of "Prince of Jiaozhi County", which meant that Ding was just a princess of Jiaozhi County. At this time, the relationship between the two parties was not considered a vassal relationship, but closer to the relationship between the central government and local vassal towns. The Song Dynasty called the Ding Dynasty "Jiaozhi".
Since then, the title of the king of Jiaozhi has been continuously upgraded. Generally, he was titled "King of Jiaozhi County" during his lifetime and posthumously titled "King of Nanyue" after his death.
The Song Dynasty officially granted the title of "King of Nanyue", and the title of "King of Nanyue" has become part of the official system of the Song Dynasty. Moreover, most of the people who were named "King of South Vietnam" have passed away and have become the titles of the deceased.
In addition, "Yue" and "Guangdong" are often interchanged in ancient history books. "South Vietnam" can also be used as "Southern Guangdong", which is the collective name of Lingnan and Jiaozhi regions geographically.
In order to distinguish it during the Song Dynasty, "Nanyue" was used as the title of the late king of Jiaozhi, and "Nanyue" referred to the Lingnan and Guangdong areas (no longer including Jiaozhi). After stabilizing Jiaozhi, the Song Dynasty concentrated on dealing with the pressure from the northern minorities, but in the end it was unable to recover.
▲The situation in 1069
In 1127, the Song Dynasty had crossed south under the pressure of the Jin army. After recuperating his efforts, Song Xiaozong (the second emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty) decided to regain the Central Plains. The first thing he did was to seek peace in the south.
In 1164, Song Xiaozong granted the king of Jiaozhi (Li Dynasty) the title of "King Annan", and the country's name also changed from then on to "Annan Kingdom". The name "Annan" comes from the "Annan Protectorate" in the Tang Dynasty, and also means "the peaceful south".
▲The situation in 1142
Annan's status also changed from a vassal town to a vassal state of the Song Dynasty, and a suzerain-vassal relationship was formally established.
Under the suzerain-vassal relationship, the Song Dynasty reflected the legitimacy of its emperor as the "co-lord of the world" by accepting tribute from vassal states and canonizing its monarchs. It can also use vassal states as buffer zones to resist barbarian attacks.
The king of Annan must be canonized by the suzerain country to have legitimacy. When a rebellion breaks out in Annan, it can request the protection of the suzerain state. In times of peace, it is not under the direct rule of the suzerain state.
However, Annan has been influenced by the Central Plains culture and Confucianism for a long time. In its own "Chinese system", the monarch of Annan always used " Dai Viet " as his country name internally, and called himself " Dai Viet Emperor ". In the face of the larger "Chinese system" of the dynasty, they called themselves "Annan Kingdom " and "Annan King ", forming a special discourse system of "internal emperor and external king".
▲"Chinese System"
In short, during the Song Dynasty, Annan (Li Dynasty) had formally established a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. "Annan" has been the name given to Vietnam by successive dynasties in the Central Plains for a long time. Vietnam generally refers to itself as "Dai Viet" internally, but there are also two names used together.
Both parties actually know it well, but the two discourse systems go hand in hand.
▲On the rubbings of the stele "Annan Holy Ancestor Dayue Guoshi" of the Later Le Dynasty (1642), "Annan" and "Dayue" are both used
3. The split and unification of Annan
The feudal dynasties established in Vietnam successively included the Dinh Dynasty , Former Li Dynasty , Li Dynasty, Chen Dynasty, Hu Dynasty , Later Li Dynasty, Nguyen Dynasty, distinguished by the surnames of the founders. Under the influence of suzerain-vassal relations, the replacement of new dynasties in Vietnam requires the canonization and recognition of the Central Plains dynasty.
In 1400, the powerful officials of the Chen Dynasty usurped the throne and established the Hu Dynasty. The king of the Hu Dynasty deceived and the Ming Dynasty that the descendants of the Chen family were extinct and obtained the title of "King Annan".
After the Ming Dynasty learned the true situation, Emperor Zhu Di sent troops to attack the Hu Dynasty in the name of restoring the Chen Dynasty, and changed the Annan Kingdom back to Jiaozhi. Because the descendants of the Chen family were extinct, direct rule was established.
Since 939, only the 20 years from 1407 to 1427 will still show Jiaozhi on the map of China.
The direct rule of the Ming Dynasty did not last long. In 1427, the Li family of Annan, a wealthy family, defeated the Ming army, established the Later Li Dynasty, and promulgated the " Peace" "Wu Dagao" stated that the Annan Kingdom began with Zhao Tuo, and had long since become independent from the Central Plains Dynasty: "Guangdong Zhao (Zhao Tuo), Ding Li, Chen Zhizhao founded our country, and each emperor was on the same side as the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties."
Later, the Li Dynasty followed The compiled history book "The Complete Records of Dai Viet History" extends the Annan Kingdom to the ancient mythical Emperor Yan, the Dragon King, and the Hung King, but it still regards the "Nan Yue Kingdom" as the orthodox dynasty of Annan.
Due to the gap in actual national power and the need for legitimacy, the Later Le Dynasty had to request canonization. The Ming Dynasty also continued the tradition and named the monarch of the Later Le Dynasty "King Annan" in 1436, indicating that the Later Le Dynasty had obtained the suzerain emperor. Recognize and inherit the Annan Kingdom.
▲The territory of the Later Le Dynasty (red)
From the Dinh Dynasty to the early days of the Later Le Dynasty, Vietnam has always maintained a unified state, and its territory remains in the central and northern parts of today's Vietnam.
At the end of the Hou Le Dynasty, Vietnam fell into a century of division. In 1518, the powerful ministers of the Later Li Dynasty usurped the throne and established the Mo Dynasty. The two major families of the Hou Li Dynasty, the Nguyen family and the Zheng family, refused to submit to the Mo Dynasty. Both sides used the name of the Hou Li Dynasty to fight against the Mo Dynasty. Soon, the Nguyen family died, and the Zheng family took control of the entire Later Li Dynasty.
The Zheng family was afraid of the descendants of the Nguyen family and asked the Nguyen family's sons to manage Hue in central Annam and the southernmost Guangnan Province at that time. Hue, Guangnan area was the territory of the former Champa State, and Annam had just occupied it. The two places have experienced war, and there are still some survivors of the occupied city. The situation is chaotic, and the Zheng family regards it as "tasteless".
▲The position of Hue and Quang Nan in today's Vietnam
In the subsequent development, the Zheng family destroyed the Mo Dynasty, and the Nguyen family conquered the remaining Champa State and established the Nguyen ruler in Guangnan. Both parties nominally respected the queen. The emperor of the Le Dynasty formed a confrontation between the north and the south, which was known in history as the "Zheng-Nguyen Controversy". In the history of ancient feudal dynasties, China and Vietnam maintained a delicate relationship. The change in the name of Vietnam reflects the changes in the relationship between the two countries. After Vietnam became independent from China in the 10th century, the Vietnamese feudal dynasty called itself "Da Viet", while the Chinese feudal dynasty called it " Annan ". ▲ Vietnam has various self-proclaimed since Ding Dynasty ( Da Quyue ). But in 1802, Vietnam ( Nguyen Dynasty ) proposed to the Qing Dynasty to change the country's name to "South Vietnam". "Nanyue" was the name of a Lingnan separatist regime in Chinese history. After a fierce textual exchange between the Qing and Vietnam, the Qing Dynasty decided to reverse the name of "South Vietnam" and "Vietnam" became the new country name, replacing the "South Vietnam" plan and the "Annan" country name that had been used for more than 800 years. So, why was "Annan" changed to "South Vietnam", and "South Vietnam" finally became "Vietnam"? ▲ A brick from the 10th century in Vietnam, with the words "Da Viet Army City Brick" During the Pre-Qin Dynasty, many primitive tribes were distributed from northern Vietnam to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their production tools and weapons were This kind of flat perforated stone ax is called "Yue" (or "戉"), "Yue" is taken from the Yue, and these primitive tribes are named "Baiyue Tribe". ▲ Baiyue Tribal Distribution Map After Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, he began to conquer Baiyue in the south in 219 BC. Because of the tenacious resistance of the Baiyue tribe and the harsh climate in the area, it took the Qin army five years to incorporate the Lingnan area into the Central Plains Dynasty, and set up Nanhai County, Guilin County , and Xiang County to rule Lingnan. The Qin Dynasty was tyrannical and soon perished. Zhao Tuo, the captain of Nanhai County, took the opportunity to expand his territory, occupied Guilin County and Xiang County, blocked the road to the Central Plains, and established the "Nanyue Kingdom" in 204 BC, with its capital in Panyu (today's Guangzhou). The Han Dynasty unified the north of Lingnan and implemented a parallel system of prefectures and states. The Han Dynasty indirectly ruled the prefectures and states. The Nanyue Kingdom occupied Lingnan and directly formed a north-south confrontation with the Han Dynasty. ▲The parallel system of prefectures and states in the Western Han Dynasty, with many prefectures and states Zhao Tuo was originally an officer from the Central Plains (from Hebei) and led the Central Plains soldiers and immigrants to garrison in Lingnan where the Baiyue tribe was densely populated. There are fewer Han Chinese here, and Yue people account for the majority. In order to maintain his rule, he ordered the "harmony of Baiyue" internally, accepted the title of "King of Nanyue" from the Han Dynasty externally, and declared himself a vassal to the Han Dynasty. Under the loose ethnic policy and stable rule, the Baiyue tribes surrendered to the South Yue Kingdom one after another. The Central Plains people and the Baiyue tribes intermingled, and the two sides gradually merged. Lingnan not only retained its own characteristics, but also developed. ▲The initial territory of the South Vietnam Kingdom The Han Dynasty persuaded Zhao Tuo that "he should not forget his identity as a Han Chinese", so Zhao Tuo professed his vassalage to the Han Dynasty, and the two sides communicated with each other in border markets to recuperate. In 180 BC, Empress Lu came to power. She consolidated her rule internally and attacked the princes and kings externally. Empress Lu announced the closure of checkpoints and markets with South Vietnam, and relations between the two parties deteriorated sharply. Zhao Tuo announced his break from the vassal relationship with the Han Dynasty and called himself the "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam". He sent troops to conquer the Changsha Kingdom, which had surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and defeated the Han reinforcements. The South Vietnam army subsequently withdrew. The Nanyue Kingdom became famous for repelling the Central Plains army in the Southern Barbariansland. Small countries around them joined in succession. The Nanyue Kingdom further expanded its power and continued to confront the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains. ▲The South Vietnam Kingdom became famous in the First World War, and its territory expanded In 111 BC, relying on decades of recuperation, the Han Dynasty attacked and destroyed the South Vietnam Kingdom in one fell swoop, and established the Jiaozhi Governor in the territory of the original South Vietnam Kingdom to rule. In the century-long confrontation between the north and the south, the term "South Vietnam" has geographically referred to the Lingnan area that the Yue Kingdom once had jurisdiction over. For example, "Hanshu: Geography" has "Today's Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu , Nanhai , Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan are all Guangdong (tong ' Yue ')." ▲Jiaozhi Governor The word "South Vietnam" has also become a symbol of separatism and opposition to the Central Plains dynasty. In the future, the name of the Lingnan regime will generally be derived from one or both of the two characters "Nanyue". For example, the Northern and Southern Dynasties Li Ben separatized Jiaozhi and was called the "Emperor of South Vietnam". In ancient Vietnamese history books, such as " A Brief History of Vietnam " and "Annan Chronicles", the South Vietnam Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of the unification of Vietnam. Today’s disputes over the founding of the ancient Vietnamese nation generally revolve around the Luo Yue (Vietnamese, Hung Kings, etc.) and the South Vietnam Kingdom in ancient mythology. Some Vietnamese also call the South Vietnam Kingdom " Zhao Dynasty ", which is consistent with the later Vietnamese feudal dynasties such as Din Dynasty, (former) Le Dynasty, Li Dynasty , and Chen Dynasty. ▲The Jiaozhi Governor's Department in the Western Han Dynasty was basically the same as the territorial scope of the South Vietnam Kingdom. The Han Dynasty established the Jiaozhi Governor's History Department in the territory of the original South Vietnam Kingdom, and the Lingnan area was gradually integrated into the Central Plains civilization. From the Jiaozhi Prefectural Department of the Han Dynasty to the Lingnan Road of the Tang Dynasty, the Lingnan region has always been a stable first-level administrative division. ▲The Tang Dynasty regarded "Tao" as the first-level administrative region However, the western part of Lingnan region has high mountains and dense forests, a humid and hot climate, and the southern part has inconvenient transportation with the Central Plains. Most of the immigrants settled in the Pearl River Delta plain area, making the area closer to the Chinese civilization in the Central Plains. During the Tang Dynasty, immigrants from the Central Plains in Lingnan had already shown the characteristics of "more in the east and less in the west, more in the north and less in the south". With Nanning and Wuzhou as the boundary, Lingnan Road is divided into three parts. The eastern area is basically an inland state dominated by Han people, the central area is a mixture of Jizhou and inland Han states, and the western area is mostly dominated by indigenous tribes. Jisizhou . The Tang Dynasty established the military-administrative "Annan Protectorate" (today's central and northern Vietnam) on Jidi Prefecture in the west of Lingnan to strengthen the control of the Jidi area, which was subordinate to Lingnan Road. ▲The jurisdiction of the Annan Protectorate After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty continued to have internal strife and foreign troubles, so it set up military and political "Jiedu Envoys" within the territory to strengthen the central government's local management. These Jiedu envoys in turn established themselves as kings, which evolved into the future feudal vassal states and dismembered the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty's Jiedushi envoy on Lingnan Road was divided into two. One was the Qing Navy's Jiedushi envoy, which managed the entire Lingnan Road. The Annan Protectorate has a separate administrative department under the jurisdiction of Jinghaijunjiedushi. is also a military envoy. The Qing Navy has a larger management scope and higher authority than the Jing Navy. ▲ Jiedu envoys from various places dismembered the Tang Dynasty After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Qing Dynasty's military governor of the original Lingnan Road (his ancestor was from Henan) established himself as king and established the Southern Han Dynasty, the capital of Guangzhou Panyu. However, the Southern Han Dynasty initially took "Dayue 1. Lingnan and South Vietnam
2. From South Vietnam to Annan
Compared with the Nanyue Kingdom, the Southern Han Kingdom was a Han-separated regime in Lingnan.
However, only the upper-class rulers of South Vietnam are Han, and the local Vietnamese make up the majority. Therefore, the upper-class Han rulers of South Vietnam do not seek to go north to unify the Central Plains, but only want to live in Lingnan.
During the Southern Han Dynasty, the Lingnan area had been under the management of the Central Plains Dynasty for nearly a thousand years. Especially in Guangzhou, the Han people had become the dominant ethnic group. The Lingnan region had great ethnic and cultural differences during the Nanyue Kingdom and the Southern Han Kingdom.
Therefore, the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty considered themselves qualified to compete in the Central Plains. The Southern Han Dynasty was founded in 917, and the country's name was "Dayue". In 918, it was changed to "Han", and the history books called it "Southern Han".
▲The separatist situation in 918
Another military governor of the former Annan Protectorate of Lingnan Road, Jing Haijun military governor, was weak and in a corner. He was not qualified to be king, but he took the opportunity to separatize Jiaozhi.
html In 3968, the leader of the Ding tribe of Jiaozhi, a wealthy family, ended the internal chaos, unified the entire territory of Jiaozhi and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named "Da Qu Yue", and was known as the Ding Dynasty of Vietnam in history.
At the same time, The Song Dynasty eliminated the Southern Han Dynasty in 971, and the trend of unifying the Central Plains gradually took shape.
But the focus of the Song Dynasty was to eliminate the remaining Northern Han , Southern Tang and Wu Yue regimes. This is where 's great unification lies. Therefore, the Song Dynasty felt that there was no need to "unify" the Jiaozhi area and had no intention of paying attention to the Ding Dynasty. The Song Dynasty needed a stable southern backyard.
In order to find political support and legitimacy of rule, the Ding Dynasty paid tribute to the Song Dynasty and asked for canonization, and the two sides hit it off.
▲The situation before the unification of the Song Dynasty in 971
In 1973, the Song Dynasty granted Ding the title of "Prince of Jiaozhi County", which meant that Ding was just a princess of Jiaozhi County. At this time, the relationship between the two parties was not considered a vassal relationship, but closer to the relationship between the central government and local vassal towns. The Song Dynasty called the Ding Dynasty "Jiaozhi".
Since then, the title of the king of Jiaozhi has been continuously upgraded. Generally, he was titled "King of Jiaozhi County" during his lifetime and posthumously titled "King of Nanyue" after his death.
The Song Dynasty officially granted the title of "King of Nanyue", and the title of "King of Nanyue" has become part of the official system of the Song Dynasty. Moreover, most of the people who were named "King of South Vietnam" have passed away and have become the titles of the deceased.
In addition, "Yue" and "Guangdong" are often interchanged in ancient history books. "South Vietnam" can also be used as "Southern Guangdong", which is the collective name of Lingnan and Jiaozhi regions geographically.
In order to distinguish it during the Song Dynasty, "Nanyue" was used as the title of the late king of Jiaozhi, and "Nanyue" referred to the Lingnan and Guangdong areas (no longer including Jiaozhi). After stabilizing Jiaozhi, the Song Dynasty concentrated on dealing with the pressure from the northern minorities, but in the end it was unable to recover.
▲The situation in 1069
In 1127, the Song Dynasty had crossed south under the pressure of the Jin army. After recuperating his efforts, Song Xiaozong (the second emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty) decided to regain the Central Plains. The first thing he did was to seek peace in the south.
In 1164, Song Xiaozong granted the king of Jiaozhi (Li Dynasty) the title of "King Annan", and the country's name also changed from then on to "Annan Kingdom". The name "Annan" comes from the "Annan Protectorate" in the Tang Dynasty, and also means "the peaceful south".
▲The situation in 1142
Annan's status also changed from a vassal town to a vassal state of the Song Dynasty, and a suzerain-vassal relationship was formally established.
Under the suzerain-vassal relationship, the Song Dynasty reflected the legitimacy of its emperor as the "co-lord of the world" by accepting tribute from vassal states and canonizing its monarchs. It can also use vassal states as buffer zones to resist barbarian attacks.
The king of Annan must be canonized by the suzerain country to have legitimacy. When a rebellion breaks out in Annan, it can request the protection of the suzerain state. In times of peace, it is not under the direct rule of the suzerain state.
However, Annan has been influenced by the Central Plains culture and Confucianism for a long time. In its own "Chinese system", the monarch of Annan always used " Dai Viet " as his country name internally, and called himself " Dai Viet Emperor ". In the face of the larger "Chinese system" of the dynasty, they called themselves "Annan Kingdom " and "Annan King ", forming a special discourse system of "internal emperor and external king".
▲"Chinese System"
In short, during the Song Dynasty, Annan (Li Dynasty) had formally established a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. "Annan" has been the name given to Vietnam by successive dynasties in the Central Plains for a long time. Vietnam generally refers to itself as "Dai Viet" internally, but there are also two names used together.
Both parties actually know it well, but the two discourse systems go hand in hand.
▲On the rubbings of the stele "Annan Holy Ancestor Dayue Guoshi" of the Later Le Dynasty (1642), "Annan" and "Dayue" are both used
3. The split and unification of Annan
The feudal dynasties established in Vietnam successively included the Dinh Dynasty , Former Li Dynasty , Li Dynasty, Chen Dynasty, Hu Dynasty , Later Li Dynasty, Nguyen Dynasty, distinguished by the surnames of the founders. Under the influence of suzerain-vassal relations, the replacement of new dynasties in Vietnam requires the canonization and recognition of the Central Plains dynasty.
In 1400, the powerful officials of the Chen Dynasty usurped the throne and established the Hu Dynasty. The king of the Hu Dynasty deceived and the Ming Dynasty that the descendants of the Chen family were extinct and obtained the title of "King Annan".
After the Ming Dynasty learned the true situation, Emperor Zhu Di sent troops to attack the Hu Dynasty in the name of restoring the Chen Dynasty, and changed the Annan Kingdom back to Jiaozhi. Because the descendants of the Chen family were extinct, direct rule was established.
Since 939, only the 20 years from 1407 to 1427 will still show Jiaozhi on the map of China.
The direct rule of the Ming Dynasty did not last long. In 1427, the Li family of Annan, a wealthy family, defeated the Ming army, established the Later Li Dynasty, and promulgated the " Peace" "Wu Dagao" stated that the Annan Kingdom began with Zhao Tuo, and had long since become independent from the Central Plains Dynasty: "Guangdong Zhao (Zhao Tuo), Ding Li, Chen Zhizhao founded our country, and each emperor was on the same side as the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties."
Later, the Li Dynasty followed The compiled history book "The Complete Records of Dai Viet History" extends the Annan Kingdom to the ancient mythical Emperor Yan, the Dragon King, and the Hung King, but it still regards the "Nan Yue Kingdom" as the orthodox dynasty of Annan.
Due to the gap in actual national power and the need for legitimacy, the Later Le Dynasty had to request canonization. The Ming Dynasty also continued the tradition and named the monarch of the Later Le Dynasty "King Annan" in 1436, indicating that the Later Le Dynasty had obtained the suzerain emperor. Recognize and inherit the Annan Kingdom.
▲The territory of the Later Le Dynasty (red)
From the Dinh Dynasty to the early days of the Later Le Dynasty, Vietnam has always maintained a unified state, and its territory remains in the central and northern parts of today's Vietnam.
At the end of the Hou Le Dynasty, Vietnam fell into a century of division. In 1518, the powerful ministers of the Later Li Dynasty usurped the throne and established the Mo Dynasty. The two major families of the Hou Li Dynasty, the Nguyen family and the Zheng family, refused to submit to the Mo Dynasty. Both sides used the name of the Hou Li Dynasty to fight against the Mo Dynasty. Soon, the Nguyen family died, and the Zheng family took control of the entire Later Li Dynasty.
The Zheng family was afraid of the descendants of the Nguyen family and asked the Nguyen family's sons to manage Hue in central Annam and the southernmost Guangnan Province at that time. Hue, Guangnan area was the territory of the former Champa State, and Annam had just occupied it. The two places have experienced war, and there are still some survivors of the occupied city. The situation is chaotic, and the Zheng family regards it as "tasteless".
▲The position of Hue and Quang Nan in today's Vietnam
In the subsequent development, the Zheng family destroyed the Mo Dynasty, and the Nguyen family conquered the remaining Champa State and established the Nguyen ruler in Guangnan. Both parties nominally respected the queen. The emperor of the Le Dynasty formed a confrontation between the north and the south, which was known in history as the "Zheng-Nguyen Controversy".
▲ Zheng Ruan dispute
In 1771, the three Ruan brothers in the Xishan area ( Xishan Ruan , not Guangnan Ruan, no connection) launched a peasant uprising, eliminated the two Ruan and Zheng regimes, and established the Xishan Dynasty. The remnants of the Nguyen clan in Quang Nam still resisted in the Jiading area (now Ho Chi Minh City ).
▲The dark and yellow colors are controlled by the Tay Son Dynasty, and the green ones are controlled by Nguyen Phuc Anh.
At the end of the 18th century, internal turmoil broke out in the Tay Son Dynasty. With the help of the French, Nguyen Phuc Anh, a descendant of the Nguyen family in Guangnan, , based in the south, launched the Northern Expedition to eliminate Tay Son. North Korea, unified Annan in 1802.
Ruan Phuc Anh took revenge on the Taishan Dynasty, realized the great cause of the Ruan family's resurgence, ended more than two hundred years of chaos in Annan, and expanded the territory of Annam. Nguyen Phuc Anh can already boast that he is “unprecedented and unprecedented”.
But the reality of founding the country poured cold water on Nguyen Phuc Anh.
In terms of the relationship between monarch and minister, Ruan is still a minister of Li. Nguyen Phuc Anh cannot be as unscrupulous as the Nguyen family (grassroots) in Tay Son. The banner of the post-Lé Dynasty that Nguyen Phuc Anh once held high has now become the biggest political burden in establishing a new country, and he has to prepare for political public opinion.
▲The Nguyen Dynasty expanded its territory. The picture shows the territory of the Nguyen Dynasty in 1840
4. Unification: Annam, South Vietnam or Vietnam
Nguyen Phuc Anh was not in a hurry to proclaim himself an emperor and build a country at the beginning. On the one hand, he was worried about political baggage; The intervention of the Qing suzerainty.
Nguyen Phuc Anh first changed the name of the Yuan Dynasty to " Gia Long ", and stated in the domestic edict that Guo Zuo of the Later Le Dynasty had been destroyed by the rebel Xishan Dynasty, resulting in the country without national unity. The territory of the Nguyen Dynasty was taken from the Tay Son Dynasty, not the Later Le Dynasty. It was he who regained the old territory (Nguyen clan) and eliminated the rebels (Tay Son Dynasty), unified this chaotic situation, and formed a new country from the old and new territories.
▲ Nguyen Phuc Anh unified the territories of the Zheng (orange) and Nguyen (blue) families and established a new country in the Nguyen Dynasty.
A new country name was needed, and Nguyen Phuc Anh was ambitious and wanted to end the conflict between "Da Viet" internally and "Annam" externally. He Hoping to take "Annan" as "South Vietnam" and "Dayue" as "Dayue", he requested the Qing Dynasty to grant him the title of "Nanyue" in 1802.
However, Nguyen Phuc Anh knew that the "South Vietnam Kingdom" was historically opposed to the Central Plains Dynasty. He was afraid that directly raising the country's name of "South Vietnam" would attract criticism, so he made up a reason in the memorial to change the country's name in an attempt to get away with it.
In the memorial, Nguyen Phuc Anh said that his ancestors made their fortune in Guangnan, and their territory gradually covered the Yue Sang Kingdom (a legendary ancient country in southern Vietnam), and then the name "Nan Yue" was established and lasted for more than 200 years. Now the emperor is asking the emperor to grant " South Vietnam" country name.
In other words, Nguyen Phuc Anh told the Qing Dynasty that the name "South Vietnam" was just to inherit the ancestors of the Nguyen family in Guangnan.
▲ Nguyen Phuc Anh, the founding monarch of Vietnam’s last feudal dynasty (Nguyen Dynasty)
However, in history, the South Vietnam Kingdom and the Huns once formed a history of outflanking the Han Dynasty from the north to the south. The proposal of the country name "South Vietnam" aroused the vigilance of the Qing Dynasty. Moreover, "South Vietnam" included a large geographical area in ancient times, including not only Jiaozhi, but also Guangxi and Guangdong. Nguyen Phuc Anh dared to call it "South Vietnam" just after he occupied Annan, that is, Jiaozhi.
In addition, after some investigation by the Qing Dynasty, it was discovered that there was no record of the Ruan family in Guangnan being called "South Vietnam". Classics and history books and merchants from both sides all referred to the regime as "Guangnan".
The Qing Dynasty believed that Ruan Fuying had ulterior motives and immediately notified the border to take precautions.
Emperor Jiaqing rejected Nguyen Phuc Anh's "Nan Yue" country name and ordered him to use the "Annan" country name, and gave two reasons: 1. The scope of "South Vietnam" is too large, and Annan Kingdom is just a corner of the ancient South Vietnam range. Guangdong Guangxi "Everything has been China since the Han Dynasty", and the Annan Kingdom was called South Vietnam, which was "incompatible with the name and reality, and the system is particularly inconsistent."2. The name of the Annan Kingdom was inherited from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and remained unchanged.
▲ Emperor Jiaqing gave the country name "Vietnam"
The new country not only did not have a new country name, but also had to use the country name of the enemy in Xishan, which Nguyen Phuc Anh could not accept. Not only did he refuse to obey the order and let the envoys stay in Guangxi to deal with it, he also sent new envoys to Beijing by sea to apply for the title, insisting on using the national title of "South Vietnam".
After a stalemate, the governor of Guangxi proposed an alternative. He believed that the barren land to the south of the Baiyue tribe (South of Baiyue) was first the ancient Yueshang Kingdom and was later succeeded by the Annan Kingdom, so it was named "South of Baiyue" means "Vietnam". This can distinguish it from "South Vietnam" and does not deviate from the purpose of Nguyen Phuc Anh's request for the title.
▲It is said that the ancient Yueshang country was located in today's Quang Binh Province and Quang Tri Province of Vietnam (black box)
Emperor Jiaqing thought it was feasible, so he gave it the country name "Vietnam ". However, in the edict giving the country its name, the Qing Dynasty only gave one reason, that is, "the south of Baiyue should not be confused with the ancient name of Nanyue."
It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty used the Guangdong and Guangxi regions to explain "South Vietnam", while Ruan Fuying invented a reason why the ancestors of Guangnan called "South Vietnam". In the back-and-forth documents, both parties avoided connecting "South Vietnam" with Zhao Tuo of the South Vietnam Kingdom. stand up.
Nguyen Phuc Anh obtained a new country name and accepted the canonization. In 1804, he adopted the country name "Vietnam", ending the discourse system of different names at home and abroad, and realizing his dream of founding the country.
▲ A rubbing of a Vietnamese inscription in 1805, which begins with "Cishan Prefecture, North of Beijing, Vietnam"
In the mid-18th century, French influence gradually penetrated Southeast Asia, and Vietnam was also colonized by France.
The Sino-French War ended in 1885, Vietnam became a French colony, and the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam ended their vassal relationship.
France divided Vietnam into three regions: Tokyo, Annan, , and Cochinchina. , together with Cambodia and Laos, which were also colonies, formed the French "Indochina Federation", with the capital Saigon (moved to in 1902). Hanoi ).
▲ French Indochina in 1900
France also promoted primary education in Vietnam based on Romaji (Vietnamese Mandarin). Romaji has the characteristics of popular and easy to learn . Eastern and Western knowledge and modern ideas were rapidly spread among the people, and Vietnam's national independence consciousness gradually awakened.
The awakened Vietnamese people and revolutionaries were sad and angry that Vietnam had become a French colony and was divided into three, and they launched a resistance against the French colonists.
A member of the Vietnamese revolutionaries wrote in the publication "Vietnam National History Examination" that "my country cannot be lost while my body is still alive, and I hope that our people will miss our country." Other publications calling for the founding of the country to resist the French sprung up, such as "The History of Vietnam's Subjugation" and "New Vietnam".
It can be seen that "Vietnam" has transformed from the name of a feudal kingdom into a name that Vietnamese revolutionaries fought for.
▲ "The History of the Subjugation of Vietnam", its author Pan Pei Chu also absorbed Liang Qichao
After the beginning of World War II, France was occupied by Germany, and Japan took the opportunity to invade French colonies in Southeast Asia and support the last emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy Ascended to the throne and established Japan's puppet regime in Vietnam. Vietnamese revolutionaries turned against Japanese colonial rule.
World War II ended in 1945 and Japan was defeated. Ho Chi Minh delivered the "Declaration of Independence" speech in Hanoi, announcing the establishment of the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" with its capital in Hanoi, and pointed out: "Vietnam enjoys the right to freedom and independence, and has in fact become a free and independent country."
At this time, "Vietnam" has become the name of a modern sovereign country that enjoys freedom and independent rights. Vietnam knew that in order to maintain this right, they also needed to prepare for a French comeback.
▲ In 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam’s independence on the rostrum of Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi
As the victor in World War II, France intended to restore its colonial rule in Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam fought against the French in the Tokyo Colony, and the French retreated steadily.
In 1949, France hurriedly supported Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy to establish the "Vietnam State " and made Saigon its capital, forming a North-South confrontation with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
In 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh dealt a heavy blow to the French colonists in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. France subsequently withdrew from Vietnam, and the United States filled the power vacuum left by France. Vietnam reformed its presidential system and established the " Republic of Vietnam" (South Vietnam).
Regardless of whether it is the Democratic Republic of Vietnam or the Republic of Vietnam, both parties use "Vietnam" as their country name.
▲The "Geneva Agreement" "divided Vietnam into two" at the 17th parallel
In 1975, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam defeated the Republic of Vietnam, which had lost the support of the United States, ending the split. The next year, the "Socialist Republic of Vietnam " was established, and continued to use " Vietnam " as the country name to complete the unification.
In short, during the feudal dynasty, the name of Vietnam was changed to "Jiaozhi", "Annam" and "Vietnam". The feudal dynasty of Vietnam called itself "Dai Viet" and then "Vietnam". Under the anti-colonial struggles of the Vietnamese people and revolutionaries in modern times, "Vietnam" gradually changed from the name of a feudal dynasty to the name of an independent and sovereign country, which is still used today.
▲Today’s map of Vietnam . The name of the Annan Kingdom was inherited from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and remained unchanged.
▲ Emperor Jiaqing gave the country name "Vietnam"
The new country not only did not have a new country name, but also had to use the country name of the enemy in Xishan, which Nguyen Phuc Anh could not accept. Not only did he refuse to obey the order and let the envoys stay in Guangxi to deal with it, he also sent new envoys to Beijing by sea to apply for the title, insisting on using the national title of "South Vietnam".
After a stalemate, the governor of Guangxi proposed an alternative. He believed that the barren land to the south of the Baiyue tribe (South of Baiyue) was first the ancient Yueshang Kingdom and was later succeeded by the Annan Kingdom, so it was named "South of Baiyue" means "Vietnam". This can distinguish it from "South Vietnam" and does not deviate from the purpose of Nguyen Phuc Anh's request for the title.
▲It is said that the ancient Yueshang country was located in today's Quang Binh Province and Quang Tri Province of Vietnam (black box)
Emperor Jiaqing thought it was feasible, so he gave it the country name "Vietnam ". However, in the edict giving the country its name, the Qing Dynasty only gave one reason, that is, "the south of Baiyue should not be confused with the ancient name of Nanyue."
It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty used the Guangdong and Guangxi regions to explain "South Vietnam", while Ruan Fuying invented a reason why the ancestors of Guangnan called "South Vietnam". In the back-and-forth documents, both parties avoided connecting "South Vietnam" with Zhao Tuo of the South Vietnam Kingdom. stand up.
Nguyen Phuc Anh obtained a new country name and accepted the canonization. In 1804, he adopted the country name "Vietnam", ending the discourse system of different names at home and abroad, and realizing his dream of founding the country.
▲ A rubbing of a Vietnamese inscription in 1805, which begins with "Cishan Prefecture, North of Beijing, Vietnam"
In the mid-18th century, French influence gradually penetrated Southeast Asia, and Vietnam was also colonized by France.
The Sino-French War ended in 1885, Vietnam became a French colony, and the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam ended their vassal relationship.
France divided Vietnam into three regions: Tokyo, Annan, , and Cochinchina. , together with Cambodia and Laos, which were also colonies, formed the French "Indochina Federation", with the capital Saigon (moved to in 1902). Hanoi ).
▲ French Indochina in 1900
France also promoted primary education in Vietnam based on Romaji (Vietnamese Mandarin). Romaji has the characteristics of popular and easy to learn . Eastern and Western knowledge and modern ideas were rapidly spread among the people, and Vietnam's national independence consciousness gradually awakened.
The awakened Vietnamese people and revolutionaries were sad and angry that Vietnam had become a French colony and was divided into three, and they launched a resistance against the French colonists.
A member of the Vietnamese revolutionaries wrote in the publication "Vietnam National History Examination" that "my country cannot be lost while my body is still alive, and I hope that our people will miss our country." Other publications calling for the founding of the country to resist the French sprung up, such as "The History of Vietnam's Subjugation" and "New Vietnam".
It can be seen that "Vietnam" has transformed from the name of a feudal kingdom into a name that Vietnamese revolutionaries fought for.
▲ "The History of the Subjugation of Vietnam", its author Pan Pei Chu also absorbed Liang Qichao
After the beginning of World War II, France was occupied by Germany, and Japan took the opportunity to invade French colonies in Southeast Asia and support the last emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy Ascended to the throne and established Japan's puppet regime in Vietnam. Vietnamese revolutionaries turned against Japanese colonial rule.
World War II ended in 1945 and Japan was defeated. Ho Chi Minh delivered the "Declaration of Independence" speech in Hanoi, announcing the establishment of the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" with its capital in Hanoi, and pointed out: "Vietnam enjoys the right to freedom and independence, and has in fact become a free and independent country."
At this time, "Vietnam" has become the name of a modern sovereign country that enjoys freedom and independent rights. Vietnam knew that in order to maintain this right, they also needed to prepare for a French comeback.
▲ In 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam’s independence on the rostrum of Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi
As the victor in World War II, France intended to restore its colonial rule in Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam fought against the French in the Tokyo Colony, and the French retreated steadily.
In 1949, France hurriedly supported Nguyen Phuc Vinh Thuy to establish the "Vietnam State " and made Saigon its capital, forming a North-South confrontation with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
In 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh dealt a heavy blow to the French colonists in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. France subsequently withdrew from Vietnam, and the United States filled the power vacuum left by France. Vietnam reformed its presidential system and established the " Republic of Vietnam" (South Vietnam).
Regardless of whether it is the Democratic Republic of Vietnam or the Republic of Vietnam, both parties use "Vietnam" as their country name.
▲The "Geneva Agreement" "divided Vietnam into two" at the 17th parallel
In 1975, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam defeated the Republic of Vietnam, which had lost the support of the United States, ending the split. The next year, the "Socialist Republic of Vietnam " was established, and continued to use " Vietnam " as the country name to complete the unification.
In short, during the feudal dynasty, the name of Vietnam was changed to "Jiaozhi", "Annam" and "Vietnam". The feudal dynasty of Vietnam called itself "Dai Viet" and then "Vietnam". Under the anti-colonial struggles of the Vietnamese people and revolutionaries in modern times, "Vietnam" gradually changed from the name of a feudal dynasty to the name of an independent and sovereign country, which is still used today.
▲Today’s map of Vietnam
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