The process of reading a large amount of relevant archival documents is also a process of textual research, examination and reflection. The author has an unprecedented feeling: the departure of Sakhalin did not begin with the forcible occupation of Tsarist Russia in the mid-19th

Most of us know that Sakhalin Island once belonged to China and has belonged to China for a long time; we also know that this large island, together with its large area of ​​land adjacent to the mainland, no longer belongs to China, but we do not know when and where Sakhalin Island How to leave China. The process of reading a large amount of relevant archival documents is also a process of textual research, examination and reflection. The author has an unprecedented feeling: the departure of Sakhalin did not begin with the forcible occupation of Tsarist Russia in the mid-19th century, but with the During the good years, we are gradually drifting away from our mother.

The loss of Sakhalin lies first in the neglect and forgetfulness of the Qing court, in the emperor's lack of world structure and strategic vision, and also in the fact that local officials regarded it as a waste. Similar to the saying that in the Ming Dynasty, "it was not lost to Chongzhen, but to Wanli," Sakhalin Island was not lost to Xianfeng, but to Qianjia. It laid the root of disaster in the Qianlong Dynasty, which was known as the prosperous age. .

Starting from Nurhachi , The rulers of the East China Sea region have been regarded as the backyard of their own nation. The so-called "birth of Jurchen" and "New Manchuria" include this area. In the early days, troops were sent to search for young people and recruit tribesmen to submit, which made the population here even sparser. Qing soldiers entered the customs and established their capital in Beijing. Manchus moved to the gentle and wealthy hometown in batches. The basic land of the Northeast was still empty, not to mention the extreme Hezhe and Feyaka? Not to mention the desolate and cold island? Emperor Kangxi paid more attention to Sakhalin Island and established a system of awarding Ulin and bringing women into the capital, but this was mainly based on restraint and was not a strict administrative jurisdiction. According to the existing historical data, most of the Nafu who came to Beijing were in the mainland area, and the residents of Sakhalin Island have not seen any examples; they were mostly in the Kang and Yong dynasties, and gradually decreased during the Qian and Jiayuan dynasties, and seemed to disappear after and Daoguang .

The system of paying tribute to minks and rewarding black trees was once effective, but it was also fragile. This yearly tribute system, which is similar to treating foreign vassals, adheres to the principle of "those who give more and those who receive less". It is regarded as a gift by the court, but it does not consider the feelings of tribal leaders. Some officials seemed domineering, and the very old clan leader had to kowtow to the younger members, and he would feel resentful in his heart. Take Qichai of Kashan in Dalika as an example. The authorities originally wanted to provide justice to his tribe, but due to the simple way of doing things, they immediately ordered him to kneel down and worship. If he did not comply, they threatened to cut off tribute. When he went to the administrative office to testify If you are escorted, it will increase a lot of resentment, suspicion and fear. Qi Chayi stubbornly declared that he would no longer pay tribute to the mink, which was caused by a strong sense of humiliation. According to the archives of the Yamen of the three surnames, after escaping from Qiji, not only did the two surnames Shu and Tao refuse to pay tribute to them, but they still often failed to pay tribute many years later, and their resentment was difficult to eliminate for a long time.

Emperor Kangxi was ordered to compile the "Comprehensive Map of the Imperial Palace ", and Sakhalin was listed as the first picture in the opening chapter. How can it be said that it was not taken seriously? But the solutions are also very limited. There was no more detailed geographical survey on the island, no adequate population survey on the island's ethnic groups, no administrative agencies were established and troops were stationed, and the islanders were basically left to fend for themselves. The root cause may be that although the Qing government had deep feelings for the Northeast, it was also well aware of the harsh climate and difficult living conditions. This is true in the Shengjing area of ​​Liaoyang, and it goes without saying that Sakhalin Island in the ice sea thousands of miles away.

In the tenth year of Yongzheng's reign, the Qing government strengthened its control over Heilongjiang, Jilin and other places, expanded its military strength in many places, and upgraded the Xie Ling Yamen in the three surnamed areas to the Deputy Capital Tong Yamen. In that year, six surnames including Chuomin from Temen and Chitu Mountains in Sakhalin made a request for tribute of mink. In May of the following year, they received approval and handed it over to General Jilin. "Each surname has a leader to serve as a constraint." The tribute of mink every year will be sent separately." Since then, the annual tribute pattern of six surnames and eighteen Gashans has gradually formed, and the subordinate relationship between Sakhalin and the Qing court has become more institutionalized. From

to the Qianlong period, there were frequent wars in the long western and southern border areas, including large-scale wars in Jinchuan, Jinchuan, Junggar, Huijiang, Miao, and Taiwan. However, the north, especially the East China Sea, was always relatively peaceful. The imperial court continued to recruit troops here, moved its troops to defend Xinjiang and other places, and continued to receive annual tribute and reward Wulin year after year. Mink furs are already piled up in the Ministry of Internal Affairs treasury. A few eagle eagles and fish are not needed as tribute, and the Ulin awarded by the imperial court is very expensive to raise, ship, and store. It is not easy and has become a financial burden. The Feyaka people on Sakhalin Island began to pay tribute in the 10th year of Yongzheng's reign. There were originally 146 households, and two households were added a few years later. In November of the 15th year of Qianlong's reign, Fu Hengte, a great scholar, presented a memorial, proposing that the permanent quota of 148 mink households in Sakhalin should be set at 148 households. He said: "Those who are rewarded heavily by the emperor are those who are benevolent and care for the people far away." Well, if these people do not stipulate the number of households when paying tribute to minks, and allow them to pay tribute as they wish, they will regard the emperor's favor as a rule, and gradually increase it over time, and they will not know the emperor's favor.

As the first assistant and chief minister of military aircraft, Fu Heng is concerned about the balance of the national treasury and budgetary frugality. The tribute mink and black forest rewards system has not changed for decades. It is necessary to adjust it, but the goal should be more practical and effective management. More households should pay tribute and receive rewards. The six surnames here are of course not all the surnames in Feyaka and Oroqen on Sakhalin Island, let alone all the 148 households, and the Ainu people in the southern part of the island are not included. Fu Heng did not plan for the overall development of Tongdao, but was afraid that the number of tribute mink households would continue to increase. The reason was clear, but it was unbelievable. What is equally incredible is that Emperor Qianlong immediately approved the memorial.

Regarding the annual mink tribute method for Feyaka on Sakhalin Island, Fu Heng stipulated that he should go to Qiji Gashan in the agreed month (usually July). "If he does not come to the agreed place, the officers and soldiers will be ordered to find the island and call him forward." Come, collect the mink skins and reward Wulin. If anyone does not come within the agreed month...the reward will be stopped in the coming years." This fully demonstrates the imperial authority, coercion and stiffness. Both the monarch and his ministers seem to regard Sakhalin Island as a burden, without any thinking and measures at the level of homeland security and national strategy.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the Ming and Qing Dynasties were at their peak, both administration and education reached Sakhalin Island. However, in comparison, the Qing Dynasty seems to have paid less attention than the previous Ming Dynasty: the Ming Dynasty chose to set up Nurgan Dusi in Telin, which could land on the island in one or two days, and established several guard posts on the island; while the Qing Dynasty had no military personnel on the island. Facilities, the three deputy general offices of the three surnames are more than 4,000 miles apart, and it takes three or four months to go to the island to handle official business. The response is slow and costly. The so-called administrative wooden city established nearby also showed a trend of continuous retreat, from Qiji and Pulu, to Deleng, and then to the main city of Sanxing. The Fyaka people live scatteredly on Sakhalin Island. Every year, the trip to pay tribute to the mink has to go through mountains and ridges and cross seas and rivers, which is extremely arduous. On the other hand, the more martens are hunted, the fewer the martens are, and the acceptance inspection becomes more stringent. The price ratio between tribute and reward has changed greatly. As the road to pay tribute became longer and longer, the relationship between the Kuye people and the Qing court also gradually drifted away.

(Bu key/text)