In 340 BC, the 22nd year of Qin Xiaogong, Wei Yang defeated the Wei army and showed great military prowess. Qin Xiaogong granted "Yu and Shang fifteen cities" to Shang Yang and the title "Shang Jun". "Jun" at that time refers to a person with a very high status and great achievem

Full map of Asia in the fourth century BC

In the 22nd year of Qin Xiaogong in 340 BC, Wei Yangtai defeated the Wei army and showed great military prowess. Qin Xiaogong granted "Yu and Shang fifteen cities" to Shang Yang, with the title " Shangjun ". "Shang" is taken from the meaning of its seal of commercial land. "Jun" at that time refers to a person with a very high status and great achievements. Shang Yang's title of "Shang Jun" came from this. In order to distinguish him specifically, later generations took the "Shang" character of his fiefdom and generally called Gongsun Yang, Wei Yang and Shang Jun as: Shang Yang.

Qin Xiaogong summoned Shang Yang

Qu Yuan was born in 340 BC

Qu Yuan (about 340 BC - 278 BC), with the surname Mi, Qu's family name, given name Ping, and the courtesy name Yuan, also named Zhengze and Lingjun, was born in Zigui, Danyang, Chu State (now Yichang, Hubei Province), was a poet and politician of Chu State during the Warring States Period.

Qu Yuan's portrait

Qu Yuan was a great patriotic poet in Chinese history, the founder of Chinese romantic literature, the founder and representative writer of "Chu Ci", who opened up the tradition of "Vanilla Beauty" and is known as the "Chu Ci" "Ancestor", Song Yu, Tang Le, and Jing Chai, the famous poets and poets of Chu State, were all influenced by Qu Yuan. His main works include "Li Sao", "Nine Songs", "Nine Chapters", "Tianwen", etc.

Li Sao

In the 31st year of King Hui of Wei in 339 BC, the Wei State dug a large ditch in Beiguo, the capital of Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan) to connect Putian (one of the famous lakes in ancient times, in the west of Zhongmu County today in Henan). Connect it with the canal between the Yellow River and Putian, and divert water from the Yellow River to irrigate farmland. This is Honggou Water Conservancy Project - Honggou.

The gap opened by King Wei Hui

In 338 BC, in the 24th year of Qin Xiaogong, Qin Xiaogong died, and Prince Si succeeded to the throne as Hui Wenjun. In 325 BC, Lord Huiwen changed his title to king and became known as King Huiwen of Qin (or King Hui of Qin).

King Huiwen of Qin

Shang Yang was torn apart by a chariot in 338 BC.

After Qin Huiwen came to the throne in 338 BC, the disciples of Prince Qian falsely accused Shang Yang of treason. Others persuaded King Huiwen to act early on the grounds that the ministers on the left and right were too powerful and the status of the king was in danger. decision. King Qin Huiwen then ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. Shang Yang fled to Guanxia and wanted to stay in a guest house. The owner saw that he had no official certificate and did not dare to let him stay. According to Shang Yang's law, it is the same crime to take in a guest without official certificate. Shang Yang fled to Wei again. The people of Wei resented that he had seduced and captured Prince Xian and defeated the Wei army, so they refused to accept him and sent him to the territory of Qin. Shang Yang fled back to Shang Yi and gathered his troops to attack Zheng (southwest of today's Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province). However, he was outnumbered and was sentenced to death in Tong. His family was completely destroyed.

Shang Yang eventually ended up being torn apart by a chariot

In 337 BC, Bashu attacked Chu and captured Chuzi Fang (now Songzi County, Hubei Province), posing a threat to the capital of Ying. The State of Chu built a pass at the lower reaches of the Qingjiang River in today's Changyang County to prevent the Ba people from attacking.

Bashu attacked Chu

In 337 BC Shen Buha passed away

Shen Buha served as Prime Minister of Han for 15 years. He "cultivated politics and religion internally and supported the princes externally", and helped Han Zhaohou to implement "law" and "technical" governance, which made Korea The autocratic monarchy has been strengthened, the domestic political situation has been stabilized, the privileges of the nobility have been restricted, and the people's lives have become increasingly prosperous. It is said in history that "As a final son, the country is governed and the army is strong, and there are no invaders." Korea Although it is surrounded by powerful countries , but they were able to live in peace and become one of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period alongside Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Qin.

In 337 BC, Shen Buhai died in Handu (now Xinzheng).

Shen Buha

In 336 BC, in the second year of King Qin Huiwen, the Qin State began to uniformly mint copper coins and circulate them in the market. Copper coins are in the form of Wuguo yuan coins, with "one bead weighing one tael", "half a tael" and other types, with taels as the unit of weight.

"Half Liang" copper coins during the period of King Huiwen of Qin

In 335 BC, in the fifteenth year of Zhao Suhou, the State of Zhao built a mausoleum for Suhou in Hengshan, named Shouling. The name of the emperor's tomb began here.

In the 23rd year of King Wei of Qi in 334 BC, King Wei of Qi appointed Tian Ying as his prime minister. Tian Ying was born into a noble family of Qi State. He initially served as a general of Qi and participated in the Battle of Maling. After becoming prime minister, he was granted the title of Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and later changed to Xue (southeast of today's Teng County, Shandong), with the title of Jingguo Jun or Xue Gong. When Tian Ying came together, he used deceptive means to seize the power of the plan. He committed fraud for personal gain and made his private family rich. He brutalized the people and hurt the ministers. The people of the country united to expel him, forcing him to flee into the wilderness for a time, hungry and without food.

Jingguo Juntian Ying

Jingguo Juntian Ying, surnamed Gui, Tian, ​​given name Ying, also known as Yingzi, the youngest son of King Wei of Qi (doubtful), the half-brother of King Xuan of Qi (doubtful), the father of Mengchang Jun Tianwen, during the Warring States Period The clan and ministers of Qi State.

In the early spring of 334 BC, Alexander the Great authorized Antipater general to be the regent. He personally led an expeditionary force from the capital city of Pela, crossed the Hellespont Strait (today's Dardanelles ) and started eastward. expedition, historically known as Alexander's Eastern Expedition.

Alexander's Eastern Expedition

In 333 BC, Zhang Yi from Wei State came to Qin State and formulated the strategy of "connecting Heng and pro-Qin" to divide the six countries. The six-nation alliance to "join forces to resist Qin" vanished into thin air.

Zhang Yi (? - 309 BC) was born in Anyi, Wei State (now Zhangyi Village, Wangxian Township, Wanrong County, Shanxi Province). A famous political strategist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period.

Zhang Yi

Related knowledge: Zhang Yi Lian Heng, Su Qin He Zong

He Zong and Lian Heng

In the new situation of balanced strength among the heroes and fierce fighting, all the princes and countries focused on adopting the strategy of "joining vertical" and "joining horizontal", which is also striking features of this historical stage. The so-called "joint vertical" means uniting many weak and small countries to attack a strong country; the so-called "union" means uniting a strong country to attack other weak and small countries.

Gongsun Yan, also known as Xishou, was a great maker of Qin. Later Zhang Yi defected to King Qin Huiwen. The King of Qin admired Zhang Yi very much and worshiped Zhang Yi as the Prime Minister of Qin. However, Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan had different views. Zhang Yi advocated "union", while Gongsun Yan advocated "unification". King Qin Huiwen admired Zhang Yi and abandoned Gongsun Yan.

Gongsun Yan

Su Qin (? - 284 BC), his surname is Su, his given name is Qin, his courtesy name is Ji Zi, and he was born in Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan Province). A famous strategist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period. He and Zhang Yi are classmates and good friends, but their strategies are also different. Su Qin also advocated "unity".

Su Qin

Su Qin was born in a farm family and had great ambitions. He had studied the art of vertical and horizontal manipulation with Gui Guzi for many years. Unexpectedly, after completing his studies, he traveled for many years but achieved nothing. When he returned home destitute, he was not only scolded by his parents, but also ignored by his wife. Su Qin was greatly stimulated and determined to make a living. He studied hard and studied the "Yin Fu of Zhou Shu" every day until late at night. When he was tired, he pricked his thigh with an awl, and when he was sleepy, he tied his hair with a ribbon and tied it to the beam. This may sound familiar to everyone. The protagonist who hangs the beam and stabs the butt is Su Qin!

Su Qin's assassination stock

Su Qin's famous deed was to form the Six Nations Alliance to resist Qin, and served as the "Commander of the Treaty", and also admired the seals of the Six Nations, so that Qin did not dare to send troops to Hangu Pass for fifteen years. Unfortunately, Su Qin was not happy for long, and was killed by an assassin in Qi State. In order to catch the assassin before his death, he was cut into pieces by five horses!

Su Qin Six Kingdoms

In 333 BC, in the fifth year of King Huiwen, Qin used Gongsun Yan of Wei Yinjin (now Huayindong, Shaanxi Province) to build it for Daliang.

In 332 BC, Wei offered Yin to Jin in an attempt to reconcile with Qin. However, King Qin Huiwen did not appreciate it and sent Gongsun Yan to lead an army to attack Wei that year.

Full map of Asia in the fourth century BC

In the 22nd year of Qin Xiaogong in 340 BC, Wei Yangtai defeated the Wei army and showed great military prowess. Qin Xiaogong granted "Yu and Shang fifteen cities" to Shang Yang, with the title " Shangjun ". "Shang" is taken from the meaning of its seal of commercial land. "Jun" at that time refers to a person with a very high status and great achievements. Shang Yang's title of "Shang Jun" came from this. In order to distinguish him specifically, later generations took the "Shang" character of his fiefdom and generally called Gongsun Yang, Wei Yang and Shang Jun as: Shang Yang.

Qin Xiaogong summoned Shang Yang

Qu Yuan was born in 340 BC

Qu Yuan (about 340 BC - 278 BC), with the surname Mi, Qu's family name, given name Ping, and the courtesy name Yuan, also named Zhengze and Lingjun, was born in Zigui, Danyang, Chu State (now Yichang, Hubei Province), was a poet and politician of Chu State during the Warring States Period.

Qu Yuan's portrait

Qu Yuan was a great patriotic poet in Chinese history, the founder of Chinese romantic literature, the founder and representative writer of "Chu Ci", who opened up the tradition of "Vanilla Beauty" and is known as the "Chu Ci" "Ancestor", Song Yu, Tang Le, and Jing Chai, the famous poets and poets of Chu State, were all influenced by Qu Yuan. His main works include "Li Sao", "Nine Songs", "Nine Chapters", "Tianwen", etc.

Li Sao

In the 31st year of King Hui of Wei in 339 BC, the Wei State dug a large ditch in Beiguo, the capital of Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan) to connect Putian (one of the famous lakes in ancient times, in the west of Zhongmu County today in Henan). Connect it with the canal between the Yellow River and Putian, and divert water from the Yellow River to irrigate farmland. This is Honggou Water Conservancy Project - Honggou.

The gap opened by King Wei Hui

In 338 BC, in the 24th year of Qin Xiaogong, Qin Xiaogong died, and Prince Si succeeded to the throne as Hui Wenjun. In 325 BC, Lord Huiwen changed his title to king and became known as King Huiwen of Qin (or King Hui of Qin).

King Huiwen of Qin

Shang Yang was torn apart by a chariot in 338 BC.

After Qin Huiwen came to the throne in 338 BC, the disciples of Prince Qian falsely accused Shang Yang of treason. Others persuaded King Huiwen to act early on the grounds that the ministers on the left and right were too powerful and the status of the king was in danger. decision. King Qin Huiwen then ordered the arrest of Shang Yang. Shang Yang fled to Guanxia and wanted to stay in a guest house. The owner saw that he had no official certificate and did not dare to let him stay. According to Shang Yang's law, it is the same crime to take in a guest without official certificate. Shang Yang fled to Wei again. The people of Wei resented that he had seduced and captured Prince Xian and defeated the Wei army, so they refused to accept him and sent him to the territory of Qin. Shang Yang fled back to Shang Yi and gathered his troops to attack Zheng (southwest of today's Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province). However, he was outnumbered and was sentenced to death in Tong. His family was completely destroyed.

Shang Yang eventually ended up being torn apart by a chariot

In 337 BC, Bashu attacked Chu and captured Chuzi Fang (now Songzi County, Hubei Province), posing a threat to the capital of Ying. The State of Chu built a pass at the lower reaches of the Qingjiang River in today's Changyang County to prevent the Ba people from attacking.

Bashu attacked Chu

In 337 BC Shen Buha passed away

Shen Buha served as Prime Minister of Han for 15 years. He "cultivated politics and religion internally and supported the princes externally", and helped Han Zhaohou to implement "law" and "technical" governance, which made Korea The autocratic monarchy has been strengthened, the domestic political situation has been stabilized, the privileges of the nobility have been restricted, and the people's lives have become increasingly prosperous. It is said in history that "As a final son, the country is governed and the army is strong, and there are no invaders." Korea Although it is surrounded by powerful countries , but they were able to live in peace and become one of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period alongside Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Qin.

In 337 BC, Shen Buhai died in Handu (now Xinzheng).

Shen Buha

In 336 BC, in the second year of King Qin Huiwen, the Qin State began to uniformly mint copper coins and circulate them in the market. Copper coins are in the form of Wuguo yuan coins, with "one bead weighing one tael", "half a tael" and other types, with taels as the unit of weight.

"Half Liang" copper coins during the period of King Huiwen of Qin

In 335 BC, in the fifteenth year of Zhao Suhou, the State of Zhao built a mausoleum for Suhou in Hengshan, named Shouling. The name of the emperor's tomb began here.

In the 23rd year of King Wei of Qi in 334 BC, King Wei of Qi appointed Tian Ying as his prime minister. Tian Ying was born into a noble family of Qi State. He initially served as a general of Qi and participated in the Battle of Maling. After becoming prime minister, he was granted the title of Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and later changed to Xue (southeast of today's Teng County, Shandong), with the title of Jingguo Jun or Xue Gong. When Tian Ying came together, he used deceptive means to seize the power of the plan. He committed fraud for personal gain and made his private family rich. He brutalized the people and hurt the ministers. The people of the country united to expel him, forcing him to flee into the wilderness for a time, hungry and without food.

Jingguo Juntian Ying

Jingguo Juntian Ying, surnamed Gui, Tian, ​​given name Ying, also known as Yingzi, the youngest son of King Wei of Qi (doubtful), the half-brother of King Xuan of Qi (doubtful), the father of Mengchang Jun Tianwen, during the Warring States Period The clan and ministers of Qi State.

In the early spring of 334 BC, Alexander the Great authorized Antipater general to be the regent. He personally led an expeditionary force from the capital city of Pela, crossed the Hellespont Strait (today's Dardanelles ) and started eastward. expedition, historically known as Alexander's Eastern Expedition.

Alexander's Eastern Expedition

In 333 BC, Zhang Yi from Wei State came to Qin State and formulated the strategy of "connecting Heng and pro-Qin" to divide the six countries. The six-nation alliance to "join forces to resist Qin" vanished into thin air.

Zhang Yi (? - 309 BC) was born in Anyi, Wei State (now Zhangyi Village, Wangxian Township, Wanrong County, Shanxi Province). A famous political strategist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period.

Zhang Yi

Related knowledge: Zhang Yi Lian Heng, Su Qin He Zong

He Zong and Lian Heng

In the new situation of balanced strength among the heroes and fierce fighting, all the princes and countries focused on adopting the strategy of "joining vertical" and "joining horizontal", which is also striking features of this historical stage. The so-called "joint vertical" means uniting many weak and small countries to attack a strong country; the so-called "union" means uniting a strong country to attack other weak and small countries.

Gongsun Yan, also known as Xishou, was a great maker of Qin. Later Zhang Yi defected to King Qin Huiwen. The King of Qin admired Zhang Yi very much and worshiped Zhang Yi as the Prime Minister of Qin. However, Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan had different views. Zhang Yi advocated "union", while Gongsun Yan advocated "unification". King Qin Huiwen admired Zhang Yi and abandoned Gongsun Yan.

Gongsun Yan

Su Qin (? - 284 BC), his surname is Su, his given name is Qin, his courtesy name is Ji Zi, and he was born in Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan Province). A famous strategist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period. He and Zhang Yi are classmates and good friends, but their strategies are also different. Su Qin also advocated "unity".

Su Qin

Su Qin was born in a farm family and had great ambitions. He had studied the art of vertical and horizontal manipulation with Gui Guzi for many years. Unexpectedly, after completing his studies, he traveled for many years but achieved nothing. When he returned home destitute, he was not only scolded by his parents, but also ignored by his wife. Su Qin was greatly stimulated and determined to make a living. He studied hard and studied the "Yin Fu of Zhou Shu" every day until late at night. When he was tired, he pricked his thigh with an awl, and when he was sleepy, he tied his hair with a ribbon and tied it to the beam. This may sound familiar to everyone. The protagonist who hangs the beam and stabs the butt is Su Qin!

Su Qin's assassination stock

Su Qin's famous deed was to form the Six Nations Alliance to resist Qin, and served as the "Commander of the Treaty", and also admired the seals of the Six Nations, so that Qin did not dare to send troops to Hangu Pass for fifteen years. Unfortunately, Su Qin was not happy for long, and was killed by an assassin in Qi State. In order to catch the assassin before his death, he was cut into pieces by five horses!

Su Qin Six Kingdoms

In 333 BC, in the fifth year of King Huiwen, Qin used Gongsun Yan of Wei Yinjin (now Huayindong, Shaanxi Province) to build it for Daliang.

In 332 BC, Wei offered Yin to Jin in an attempt to reconcile with Qin. However, King Qin Huiwen did not appreciate it and sent Gongsun Yan to lead an army to attack Wei that year.Wei General Long Jia led an army of 80,000 to fight. After nearly two years of fighting, the Qin army captured Diaoyin, the important town of Wei Shangjun (now near Luoshui, south of Ganquan, Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province), captured Wei General Long Jia, and annihilated the Wei army. 45,000 people (according to "Historical Records" Wei Shijia , Qin Dynasty beheaded 80,000 people). Wei was forced to dedicate the land of Xihe County to Qin.

In 331 BC, in the seventh year of King Huiwen of Qin, civil strife broke out in Yiqu. Qin sent concubine Chang Cao to lead troops to pacify it. After the civil strife, Yiqu's power weakened. Qin State took advantage of the opportunity to quell the civil strife in Yiqu Can, stationed troops, and gradually gained control of Yi Can Canal, which stabilized the rear area, and then began a large-scale attack on Wei State.

All ethnic groups in Xirong were destroyed, but only the Yiqu Kingdom lasted for 200 years, and finally died at the hands of Empress Dowager Xuan

In the winter of 330 BC, the ancient Macedonian king Alexander the Great perished After the Achaemenid dynasty , it began March into Central Asia. Alexander first took Hyrcania, and the local prefect surrendered, and then he took Ariana, and the local prefect also surrendered. When Alexander continued to advance eastward, he heard that Arianna would rebel, so he returned to his army, put down the rebellion of Arianna, and then captured Delangiana.

King Alexander of Macedonia

In the eighth year of King Huiwen of Qin in 330 BC, Daliang made Gongsun Yan (Rhinoceros Head) to defeat the Wei army in Diaoyin (now south of Ganquan, Shaanxi), captured Longjia, and Wei offered the land west of Hexi to Qin.

河西地

In 329 BC, in the sixth year of Queen Wei Hui and the eleventh year of King Chu Wei , King Chu Wei Xiong Shang passed away, and King Huai of Chu Xiong Huai came to the throne. The state of Wei took advantage of the state of Chu to mourn and sent troops to attack Chu. Wei was afraid that Qin would attack from the rear when it was at war with Chu, so it promised to dedicate Shangjun in the Hexi region (today's northern Shaanxi) to Qin after defeating Chu in exchange for Qin's support.

Xiong Huai, King of Chu Huai

In 328 BC, the Prime Minister was established at the beginning of Qin

During the Warring States Period, most of the vassal states in the Central Plains used the prime minister or the prime minister as the leader of the officials, while the Qin State has always used the military post, one of the Daliang creations, as the highest official position. In 328 BC, the tenth year of King Huiwen of Qin, Qin imitated the systems of other countries and began to set up the post of prime minister, with guest minister Zhang Yi as the first prime minister. However, the prime minister established by the Qin State at this time was also in charge of the military and was not just a civil official. Daliang Zao became a purely military post.

Qin Xiangguo---Zhang Yi

In 328 BC, in the forty-one year of Song Jun Ticheng, Song Jun Ticheng's younger brother Gongzi Yan sent troops to attack Ticheng. Ticheng was defeated and fled to Qi. Gongzi Yan then established himself as Song Jun. .

Lian Po was born in 327 BC

Lian Po , (327 BC - 243 BC). An outstanding military strategist of Zhao State during the Warring States Period. The famous generals of the State of Zhao at the end of the Warring States period were known as the "Four Famous Generals of the Warring States Period" together with Bai Qi, Wang Jian, Li Mu.

Lian Po

In the early Qin Dynasty in 326 BC, the wax sacrifice ceremony was held. It was originally practiced in the Central Plains area, that is, on the twelfth day at the end of each year, hunted animals were used to sacrifice ancestors. In the twelfth year of King Qin Huiwen in 326 BC, the State of Qin followed the system of the vassal states in the Central Plains, established the wax day, and held wax sacrifices for the first time. "Ra" also means "together", so "Ra Festival" is also called "Hundred Sacrifice to Hundreds of Gods". "La Festival" is divided into "La" and "Dali". Wa sacrifices ancestors; Dali sacrifices to the gods.

Ceremony of the wax sacrifice

325 BC Qin Huiwenjun Became the king

After several years of attacks, the Qin State expanded its territory to the Hexi area and its national power became more powerful. In 325 BC, Qin Huiwenjun proclaimed himself king on Wuwu, April 13, the 13th year after he ascended the throne, and was known as King Qin Huiwen in history.

King Qin Huiwen

In 325 BC, in the first year of King Wuling of Zhao, King Wuling of Zhao appointed Yang Wenjun Zhao Bao as his prime minister.

King Zhao Wuling

In the forty-fourth year of King Zhou Xian in 325 BC, Teng Hong's father Teng Dinggong passed away and Teng Hong succeeded to the throne. This was Teng Wengong.

Teng Wengong was a king of the Kingdom of Teng in the middle of the Warring States Period (now the ancient city of Teng Kingdom, twelve miles southwest of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province).In fact, there were two "Teng Wengong" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. They were both descendants of Cuo Shuxiu, the first king of Teng in Western Zhou Dynasty . First, many people in the world are not familiar with Teng Wengong in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was also a noble and respected king of Teng who benefited the people. The second is that Teng Wengong during the Warring States Period had his posthumous name of Teng Yuangong. Because "Mencius " records that he "followed Mencius and responded to the governance of a good country", many later generations are familiar with this. He is also the core of the moral style promoted by Teng Guo culture.

Teng Wengong

In 324 BC, Qin built a fortress in Shangjun.

After Qin obtained the land presented by Wei in Shangjun (now northwest Shaanxi), in order to defend against enemy attacks and ensure the safety of this area, it built a pass in a dangerous place in Shangjun. AD In 324 BC, the first year of Gengyuan of King Qin Huiwen, the Shangjun fortress was built.

In the forty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty in 323 BC, in order to guide the Hezong Alliance on the right track, Hui Shi and Gongsun Yan jointly planned a larger-scale and more significant "Xiangwang" event. Participants included Wei The kings of , Zhao, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan were known in history as "the kings of the five kingdoms".

Schematic illustration of the bronze sculpture of the kings of the Five Kingdoms

In 322 BC, "Sun Bin's Art of War" was written.

"Sun Bin's Art of War" was written. In the middle of the Warring States period Sun Bin and his disciples wrote a famous military book in ancient China, namely "Sun Bin's Art of War". , known as "Qi Sunzi" in ancient times. This book inherits and develops the military thoughts of Sun Tzu's Art of War and other books, summarizes the war experience in the middle period of the Warring States Period and before, and puts forward many valuable views and principles in terms of war concepts , army building and combat guidance.

"Sun Bin's Art of War"

In 321 BC, after King Danhu of ancient India ( Chandragupta ) led his army to drive away the Macedonian invading army, he overthrew Nanda and established the Kingdom of Magadha. Historically known as " Maurya ".

The Maurya Dynasty (about 321 BC to about 187 BC) is a famous slavery dynasty of the ancient Indian Magadha because of its founder Chandragupta It was named after being born into a family that raised peacocks.

King Asoka and the Mauryan Dynasty

King Qi Wei died in 320 BC

In 320 BC, King Qi Wei died in the thirty-seventh year of Qi. King Wei of Qi was an accomplished monarch during the Warring States Period. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he appointed Zou Ji as prime minister, carried out political reforms, and implemented Legalist policies. He first used talented people, revised laws, and accepted advice with an open mind, which made the Qi state There is a new atmosphere in politics and economy, and a group of virtuous ministers and generals have been gathered in the court. His son Piqiang ascended the throne and became King Xuan of Qi.

King Xuan of Qi

The Battle of Shaoliang between Yan and Zhao in 320 BC

In 320 BC, King Kuai of Yan sent troops to surround Zhuolu Yi of Zhao (near today's Laiyuan County, Hebei, red circle). After hearing the news, King Wuling of Zhao decided to Lead the troops to fight in person. But Zhuolu was far away in Daidi (near today's Yuxian County, Hebei Province, blue circle), thousands of miles away from Handan, and separated by Zhongshan Kingdom (pink circle). Zhongshan Kingdom was adjacent to Yanqi in the east, so King Zhao Wuling could only bypass Zhongshan Kingdom from the west and go to Daidi before making his next plan.

So King Zhao Wuling led his army through Fukouxing in the west of Handan, went straight up the Wading River Valley, passed through Yanyu to Jinyang, then went north through the Xiding Basin, Datong Basin, and then eastward to daijun, Zhao Wuling The king combined his army with the Daijun army that had been waiting for him. After a short rest, King Zhao Wuling led the entire army south to launch a general attack on the Yan army. After hearing the news, the Yan army retreated eastward, and the siege of Zhuolu was solved. But the war was not over yet. King Wuling of Zhao pursued the Yan army and went deep into the Yan territory. He defeated the Yan army in Shaoliang, Yanyi (today's northeast of Tang County, yellow circle). The Yan army fled. After this battle, Yan State no longer dared to use troops against Zhao State.

The Battle of Shaoliang

In 318 BC, in the eleventh year of King Huai of Chu, Qu Yuan was 22 years old.In that year, King Huai of Chu appointed him as the commander of the alliance. In order to develop his grand ambitions, he appointed a group of young politicians who were determined to reform and strengthen themselves and advocated joining the alliance to resist the Qin Dynasty. He appointed Qu Yuan as a left disciple.

It is recorded in ancient books: Qu Yuan’s name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu.

In 320 BC, when King Chandragupta of the Indian Peacock dynasty was on the throne, the silk produced in China was mentioned in the works written by the minister Gautiliya.

Qin Huali died in 315 BC

Qin Huali (390 BC - 315 BC), also known as Qin Quli, with the courtesy name Shen Dao, was a native of Zhao during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a student of the famous thinker Mozi and a law scholar during the Warring States Period. One of the famous representatives of the Family School, people respectfully call him "Shenzi". He originally studied Taoist thought and was one of the representatives of Legalism separated from Taoism. He was an early Legalist figure who emphasized the importance of "law" theoretically and regarded "law" as an objective standard for judging right and wrong.

qinhuali

In 314 BC, the Zi rebellion occurred in the Yan State, and the Qi State and the Zhongshan State took the opportunity to attack the Yan State. The State of Qi conquered the State of Yan, and King Kuai of Yan and his son were killed.

Yanwang Kuai

Around 313 BC, Qu Yuan wrote the "Taosi" opera while in exile, hoping to sing it in the court of the King of Chu, hoping to influence King Huai. During this period, King Huai of Chu sent people to understand (including monitor) Qu Yuan's situation, and he (Zheng Zhanyin) wrote " Bu Ju " and reported to King Huai (or other court literati based on Zheng Zhanyin's report Written into the article "Divination").

"Thinking"

The heart is depressed and melancholy, and the sighs alone add to the hurt.
I can’t let go of my thoughts and feelings, and the night is long.
The sad autumn wind is moving, why should we return to the extreme ups and downs!
The number is only Sun's anger, which hurts my heart and worries.
is willing to shake up and run wildly, especially to control the people.
The subtle feelings are expressed with speeches, and the beautiful woman is left behind. .........

In 311 BC, King Qin Huiwen's son King Wu of Qin succeeded to the throne.

King Wu of Qin

King Wu of Qin, Ying Dang, surnamed Ying, surname Zhao, King Wu of Qin was tall and strong, and Kong Wu was warlike. Politically, he appointed a prime minister, expelled Zhang Yi, formed an alliance with Wei, and united with Vietnam to control Chu. Militaryly, he conquered Yiyang, established and Sanchuan , and quelled the rebellion in Shu. Economically, the feudal borders were revised, land laws were updated, rivers were dredged, embankments and bridges were built.

In 309 BC, the second son of King Zhao Wuling Zhao He ( King Zhao Huiwen ) was born. When King Zhao Huiwen was in power, he had Lin Xiangru, Lian Po, Pingyuan Jun, Zhao She and other civil and military ministers. His politics were clear and his military force was strong.

King Zhao Huiwen

In 309 BC, during the period of King Wuling of Zhao, King Wuling of Zhao ordered the "Hufu riding and shooting" in the country, carried out a series of reforms, and the military power gradually became stronger.

King Wuling of Zhao

"Riding and Archery in Hu Fu" During the Warring States Period, in 302 BC, King Wuling of Zhao adopted military reform measures, learned the costumes of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples in the northwest, and learned horseback riding and archery. This was known in history as "Riding and Archery in Hu Fu". .

In 307 BC, King Wu of Qin was born with supernatural powers. He was tall and strong since childhood, brave and warlike, and liked to compete with others. The strong men Ren Bi, Wu Huo, Meng Ben and others became high officials because of this. In the fourth year of King Wu of Qin Dynasty (307 BC), King Wu competed with Wu Huo and Meng Ben to lift the "Yongzhou Ding" when he was on a tour to Luoyang. As a result, his eyes were bleeding and his tibia was broken. At night, King Wu suffered from excessive bleeding. , died of exhaustion at the age of twenty-three. King Nan of Zhou was shocked when he heard the news and went to mourn him personally.

King Wu of Qin failed to raise the tripod

In 304 BC (the third year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin): King Zhaoxiang of Qin and King Huai of Chu met in Huangshu (now northeast of Xinye County, Henan Province) and signed the "Huangshu Alliance". The State of Qi united with South Korea and Wei to attack the State of Chu. King Chu Huai used the crown prince to hold Qin in check in exchange for Qin's help, forcing the coalition forces of Qi, Wei, and Han to retreat. Qin and Chu entered the "honeymoon period." .

In 302 BC, the arrogant and domineering Prince of Chu Xiong Heng had a fight with a Qin official in the capital of Qin and accidentally beat him to death. Then Prince Xiong Heng of Chu fled from Qin in a hurry. King Qin Zhaoxiang sent an envoy to question King Chu Huai and asked him to severely punish Chu Prince Xiong Heng. As a result, King Chu Huai mishandled the incident, causing Qin and Chu to sever diplomatic relations again.

In 300 BC, the alliance of Qi and Qin was preparing to attack Chu again. King Huai of Chu was shocked and sent Prince Xiong Heng to Qi as a hostage to alienate Qi and withdraw from the alliance of Qi and Qin. Next, King Huai was detained by Qin, and the prince was detained as a hostage in Qi. As a result, the situation in Chu was very bad.

Prince Xiong Heng's disciple Lan Ji wanted to take advantage of the chaos to ascend the throne, but was opposed by Zhao Sui , Qu Yuan and many other upright ministers. Everyone called for them to go to Qisuo to return the prince and return to the country to govern. Seeing that the throne was difficult to protect, the prince also Anxious to return home, he did not hesitate to sign an agreement with the State of Qi, promising to cede six cities in the east of the State of Chu, totaling 500 miles to Qi, in order to escape.

(to be continued)

In fact, there were two "Teng Wengong" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. They were both descendants of Cuo Shuxiu, the first king of Teng in Western Zhou Dynasty . First, many people in the world are not familiar with Teng Wengong in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was also a noble and respected king of Teng who benefited the people. The second is that Teng Wengong during the Warring States Period had his posthumous name of Teng Yuangong. Because "Mencius " records that he "followed Mencius and responded to the governance of a good country", many later generations are familiar with this. He is also the core of the moral style promoted by Teng Guo culture.

Teng Wengong

In 324 BC, Qin built a fortress in Shangjun.

After Qin obtained the land presented by Wei in Shangjun (now northwest Shaanxi), in order to defend against enemy attacks and ensure the safety of this area, it built a pass in a dangerous place in Shangjun. AD In 324 BC, the first year of Gengyuan of King Qin Huiwen, the Shangjun fortress was built.

In the forty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty in 323 BC, in order to guide the Hezong Alliance on the right track, Hui Shi and Gongsun Yan jointly planned a larger-scale and more significant "Xiangwang" event. Participants included Wei The kings of , Zhao, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan were known in history as "the kings of the five kingdoms".

Schematic illustration of the bronze sculpture of the kings of the Five Kingdoms

In 322 BC, "Sun Bin's Art of War" was written.

"Sun Bin's Art of War" was written. In the middle of the Warring States period Sun Bin and his disciples wrote a famous military book in ancient China, namely "Sun Bin's Art of War". , known as "Qi Sunzi" in ancient times. This book inherits and develops the military thoughts of Sun Tzu's Art of War and other books, summarizes the war experience in the middle period of the Warring States Period and before, and puts forward many valuable views and principles in terms of war concepts , army building and combat guidance.

"Sun Bin's Art of War"

In 321 BC, after King Danhu of ancient India ( Chandragupta ) led his army to drive away the Macedonian invading army, he overthrew Nanda and established the Kingdom of Magadha. Historically known as " Maurya ".

The Maurya Dynasty (about 321 BC to about 187 BC) is a famous slavery dynasty of the ancient Indian Magadha because of its founder Chandragupta It was named after being born into a family that raised peacocks.

King Asoka and the Mauryan Dynasty

King Qi Wei died in 320 BC

In 320 BC, King Qi Wei died in the thirty-seventh year of Qi. King Wei of Qi was an accomplished monarch during the Warring States Period. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he appointed Zou Ji as prime minister, carried out political reforms, and implemented Legalist policies. He first used talented people, revised laws, and accepted advice with an open mind, which made the Qi state There is a new atmosphere in politics and economy, and a group of virtuous ministers and generals have been gathered in the court. His son Piqiang ascended the throne and became King Xuan of Qi.

King Xuan of Qi

The Battle of Shaoliang between Yan and Zhao in 320 BC

In 320 BC, King Kuai of Yan sent troops to surround Zhuolu Yi of Zhao (near today's Laiyuan County, Hebei, red circle). After hearing the news, King Wuling of Zhao decided to Lead the troops to fight in person. But Zhuolu was far away in Daidi (near today's Yuxian County, Hebei Province, blue circle), thousands of miles away from Handan, and separated by Zhongshan Kingdom (pink circle). Zhongshan Kingdom was adjacent to Yanqi in the east, so King Zhao Wuling could only bypass Zhongshan Kingdom from the west and go to Daidi before making his next plan.

So King Zhao Wuling led his army through Fukouxing in the west of Handan, went straight up the Wading River Valley, passed through Yanyu to Jinyang, then went north through the Xiding Basin, Datong Basin, and then eastward to daijun, Zhao Wuling The king combined his army with the Daijun army that had been waiting for him. After a short rest, King Zhao Wuling led the entire army south to launch a general attack on the Yan army. After hearing the news, the Yan army retreated eastward, and the siege of Zhuolu was solved. But the war was not over yet. King Wuling of Zhao pursued the Yan army and went deep into the Yan territory. He defeated the Yan army in Shaoliang, Yanyi (today's northeast of Tang County, yellow circle). The Yan army fled. After this battle, Yan State no longer dared to use troops against Zhao State.

The Battle of Shaoliang

In 318 BC, in the eleventh year of King Huai of Chu, Qu Yuan was 22 years old.In that year, King Huai of Chu appointed him as the commander of the alliance. In order to develop his grand ambitions, he appointed a group of young politicians who were determined to reform and strengthen themselves and advocated joining the alliance to resist the Qin Dynasty. He appointed Qu Yuan as a left disciple.

It is recorded in ancient books: Qu Yuan’s name was Ping, the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu.

In 320 BC, when King Chandragupta of the Indian Peacock dynasty was on the throne, the silk produced in China was mentioned in the works written by the minister Gautiliya.

Qin Huali died in 315 BC

Qin Huali (390 BC - 315 BC), also known as Qin Quli, with the courtesy name Shen Dao, was a native of Zhao during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a student of the famous thinker Mozi and a law scholar during the Warring States Period. One of the famous representatives of the Family School, people respectfully call him "Shenzi". He originally studied Taoist thought and was one of the representatives of Legalism separated from Taoism. He was an early Legalist figure who emphasized the importance of "law" theoretically and regarded "law" as an objective standard for judging right and wrong.

qinhuali

In 314 BC, the Zi rebellion occurred in the Yan State, and the Qi State and the Zhongshan State took the opportunity to attack the Yan State. The State of Qi conquered the State of Yan, and King Kuai of Yan and his son were killed.

Yanwang Kuai

Around 313 BC, Qu Yuan wrote the "Taosi" opera while in exile, hoping to sing it in the court of the King of Chu, hoping to influence King Huai. During this period, King Huai of Chu sent people to understand (including monitor) Qu Yuan's situation, and he (Zheng Zhanyin) wrote " Bu Ju " and reported to King Huai (or other court literati based on Zheng Zhanyin's report Written into the article "Divination").

"Thinking"

The heart is depressed and melancholy, and the sighs alone add to the hurt.
I can’t let go of my thoughts and feelings, and the night is long.
The sad autumn wind is moving, why should we return to the extreme ups and downs!
The number is only Sun's anger, which hurts my heart and worries.
is willing to shake up and run wildly, especially to control the people.
The subtle feelings are expressed with speeches, and the beautiful woman is left behind. .........

In 311 BC, King Qin Huiwen's son King Wu of Qin succeeded to the throne.

King Wu of Qin

King Wu of Qin, Ying Dang, surnamed Ying, surname Zhao, King Wu of Qin was tall and strong, and Kong Wu was warlike. Politically, he appointed a prime minister, expelled Zhang Yi, formed an alliance with Wei, and united with Vietnam to control Chu. Militaryly, he conquered Yiyang, established and Sanchuan , and quelled the rebellion in Shu. Economically, the feudal borders were revised, land laws were updated, rivers were dredged, embankments and bridges were built.

In 309 BC, the second son of King Zhao Wuling Zhao He ( King Zhao Huiwen ) was born. When King Zhao Huiwen was in power, he had Lin Xiangru, Lian Po, Pingyuan Jun, Zhao She and other civil and military ministers. His politics were clear and his military force was strong.

King Zhao Huiwen

In 309 BC, during the period of King Wuling of Zhao, King Wuling of Zhao ordered the "Hufu riding and shooting" in the country, carried out a series of reforms, and the military power gradually became stronger.

King Wuling of Zhao

"Riding and Archery in Hu Fu" During the Warring States Period, in 302 BC, King Wuling of Zhao adopted military reform measures, learned the costumes of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples in the northwest, and learned horseback riding and archery. This was known in history as "Riding and Archery in Hu Fu". .

In 307 BC, King Wu of Qin was born with supernatural powers. He was tall and strong since childhood, brave and warlike, and liked to compete with others. The strong men Ren Bi, Wu Huo, Meng Ben and others became high officials because of this. In the fourth year of King Wu of Qin Dynasty (307 BC), King Wu competed with Wu Huo and Meng Ben to lift the "Yongzhou Ding" when he was on a tour to Luoyang. As a result, his eyes were bleeding and his tibia was broken. At night, King Wu suffered from excessive bleeding. , died of exhaustion at the age of twenty-three. King Nan of Zhou was shocked when he heard the news and went to mourn him personally.

King Wu of Qin failed to raise the tripod

In 304 BC (the third year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin): King Zhaoxiang of Qin and King Huai of Chu met in Huangshu (now northeast of Xinye County, Henan Province) and signed the "Huangshu Alliance". The State of Qi united with South Korea and Wei to attack the State of Chu. King Chu Huai used the crown prince to hold Qin in check in exchange for Qin's help, forcing the coalition forces of Qi, Wei, and Han to retreat. Qin and Chu entered the "honeymoon period." .

In 302 BC, the arrogant and domineering Prince of Chu Xiong Heng had a fight with a Qin official in the capital of Qin and accidentally beat him to death. Then Prince Xiong Heng of Chu fled from Qin in a hurry. King Qin Zhaoxiang sent an envoy to question King Chu Huai and asked him to severely punish Chu Prince Xiong Heng. As a result, King Chu Huai mishandled the incident, causing Qin and Chu to sever diplomatic relations again.

In 300 BC, the alliance of Qi and Qin was preparing to attack Chu again. King Huai of Chu was shocked and sent Prince Xiong Heng to Qi as a hostage to alienate Qi and withdraw from the alliance of Qi and Qin. Next, King Huai was detained by Qin, and the prince was detained as a hostage in Qi. As a result, the situation in Chu was very bad.

Prince Xiong Heng's disciple Lan Ji wanted to take advantage of the chaos to ascend the throne, but was opposed by Zhao Sui , Qu Yuan and many other upright ministers. Everyone called for them to go to Qisuo to return the prince and return to the country to govern. Seeing that the throne was difficult to protect, the prince also Anxious to return home, he did not hesitate to sign an agreement with the State of Qi, promising to cede six cities in the east of the State of Chu, totaling 500 miles to Qi, in order to escape.

(to be continued)