Fu Jian’s regret: On the surface, he lost in the Battle of Fei Shui, but in fact he still lost in internal conflicts.

has been analyzed before, before the Feishui War, the former Qin general's land, population, economy, and military were compared. The advantages of the Eastern Jin Dynasty at that time were less than those of the Sui Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, but compared with the Northern Wei Dynasty Taiwu Emperor and Liu Songxiao. The advantage of Emperor Wen is much higher. Although the southern Han gentry and people opposed the offensive of the former Qin Dynasty, after the defeat of the Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty was attacked by the West Yan, the Houyan, the Later Qin, and the Eastern Jin. When it was on the brink of desperation, Chang'an, Yecheng, Xinping, Jinyang, etc. The land is still loyal to the situation of the former Qin Dynasty for a long time, the rule of the former Qin Dynasty in the north may not be unpopular. The war is a violent confrontation. The spirit and actions of the later Jin eradicating the Northern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty eradicating the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty erasing the hostility and resistance of the aggressors may not be as fierce as the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It may not be accurate to judge whether the resisting emotion of the southern Han nationality conforms to the historical process. The Fu-Qin ruling group's admiration of Han culture and the process of Sinicization did not begin with Fu Jian. Historical records record that the opposition from Di aristocracy in the process of its Sinicization reform is weaker than that of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. How can it be asserted that the former Qin Dynasty Is it impossible to achieve smooth national integration after reunification? Fu Jian stated in the Southern Expedition Manifesto that after the successful Southern Expedition, "people from Zhongzhou will travel to the robes of their clothes, return their tombs, and restore their sangzi". If he wins the Southern Expedition militarily, he may not be able to clean up the hearts of the gentry. . In general, a rough judgment on the possibility of victory in the South Expedition should be between very smooth and impossible to win, and it may not be appropriate to use it to win or lose.

▲ Battle of Feishui, picture/network.

The reason for Fu Jian’s insistence on the Southern Expedition has also been discussed above. It should not only be regarded as unfaithful and unwilling; but it has its own profound considerations; Luzhe attacked Xiangyang and Pengcheng in the south, and the strength of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is known. War intentions and national mobilization cannot be said to underestimate the enemy. Regarding the militant and military tactics, commentators often shake the social and economic foundation of the pre-Qin Dynasty with such a scale of conscription. The quality of the conscripts is too low to criticize this policy. In fact, the previous analysis Qin’s total number of households is nearly 5 million households with a population of nearly 22 million. After mobilization, the total force is 970,000. Compared with the former Qin’s opponent in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, its population was less than 1 million during the Battle of Feishui. Nearly 5 million people suffer from famine all the year round, and even government offices are affected by hunger (Chinese Economic History, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Volume 1). The total force before Feishui War was nearly 200,000 (the Jingzhou Army on the west line was more than 100,000, and the Beifu soldier on the east line) Around 80,000, surely there are still some troops guarding key areas such as Jiankang), and the ratio of its troops to the population is roughly the same. If only this is used as a basis for accusing Fu Jian of being militant, it may not be fair.

Based on this, Fu Jian had his own reasons for having to attack the Jin Dynasty, and his political and military considerations were also certain. The so-called arrogance because of victory, military arrogance, and unfaithfulness are not accurate. Of course, because Fu Jian has been invincible and invincible since he took the throne, he underestimated the difficulties of the Jin Dynasty. The reason for Fu Jian's military failure in the Jin Dynasty was discussed in the previous literature. We can certainly be right. It is a military adventure to go south in an attempt to achieve reunification of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is not a sure victory strategy, but based on the situation of Fu Jian's position, can there be a perfect strategy? Or what is the best strategy? Should we follow Wang Meng’s last words when he is dying and adopt a conservative strategy. We must first settle the internal affairs and eliminate the hidden dangers of Xianbei and Xiqiang in the first place?

▲ Battle of Feishui, picture/network.

The so-called Xianbei and Xiqiang pre-Qin have also been involved in the previous. According to historical records, the Di ethnic group does not seem to have a particular hatred for the people of the Qiang group who have been together for longer, more grievances, and also eliminated, except Wang Meng and Fu Rong mentioned the contradiction between Di and Qiang. Most of the contradictions, conflicts and rumors and rumors occurred between the Di and Xianbei. In fact, the former Yanxianbei tribe and the former Qindi tribe differed greatly in their habitats, production and lifestyles before the founding of the two tribes, and there were not many intersections. The main contradiction between the two tribes mainly originated from Qin Mieyan. The so-called feud was not actually The truth. The main contradiction between the two races is actually that Fu Jian reused Xianbei's nobles, so that his "father and sons and brothers were full of officials, assuming power and performing duties, and tending to overwhelm the old..." On the other hand, he was worried about the rebellion of the Fu Qin clan and nobles. The expansion of the pre-Qin rule made FuAdhering to a military colonial policy, a large number of Di ethnic groups moved out of Guanzhong, and a large number of foreigners moved into Guanzhong, which further increased the opposition between Di ethnic group and Xianbei. Rather than saying that this is an ethnic contradiction, it is better to say that the conflict between different interest groups in the political reforms of the pre-Qin Dynasty was manifested in the form of ethnic contradiction. In fact, when Fu Jian was in power in his early days, the Di clan elites were also dissatisfied with Fu Jian's heavy use of Han intellectuals to attack the Di clan's tycoons. If the Di ethnic group has a hatred of Xianbei and will want to kill them quickly, how should they treat the Han ethnic group with deeper "class hatred and ethnic contradictions"?

The relatively weak monarch of Di ethnic group mainly wants to realize the unification of the world. It is impossible not to reuse the foreign elites, and it is impossible to kill or enslave all the high-level foreigners, but to conquer the Han Chinese, which has a large population and a more advanced culture. The government, when the Han gentry refused to use it for its use, must unite and absorb other Hu people to succeed. Fu Jian knew this very well, he was more clear-headed than Wang Meng on this issue.

▲ Figure/Network.

However, Fu Jian was disappointed to find that almost no one in the Di ruling group around him had such political opinions. Instead, he was confused by the little bit of political rights in front of him and clamored to get rid of the Xianbei political forces. This made the Xianbei nobleman, who thought that his cultural level was higher than that of the Di ethnic group, and was worried about the destruction of his nation’s country, became more suspicious, and the contradiction became more prominent. Fu Jian had to consider it, even under his own repression. Contradictions can not erupt temporarily, but what is behind them? Can my nephew and brother be exempted from prejudice and continue their own policy? After being captured and exempted from murder and grateful to them, the leaders of Xianbei have also grown old. On the one hand, those ambitious young aristocrats of Xianbei have the feelings of their homeland, and on the other hand, can they endure the discrimination and hostility from the Di ethnic group? Fu Jian was not sure in his heart, not to mention the deep-seated worries and fears that the Han regime would one day regain strength made it difficult for him to relax. If after his death, fierce clashes broke out between the Di clan dignitaries and Xianbei, and the already unified Central Plains reignited war, would the imperial court from the southeast take the opportunity to expedite the North? Can't your own people avoid the fate of being enslaved? As a ruler with ideals and accomplishments, he cannot fail to consider the possibility of this prospect.

▲Figure/Network.

Even if you are not eager to invade south, it is not easy to eliminate internal contradictions, and there is also a risk of failure. And when there is a so-called orthodox Han regime that occupies half of the country, it is even more risky for an alien regime that wants to rule over the majority of the Han people for a long time. The motto of "there has been no Rong Di as a son of the emperor since ancient times" is even the hope of the Han people that one day they will rise up.

Therefore, Fu Jian chose to cut the Jin Dynasty in his heyday, and it should not be considered reckless and not stable enough. His decision-making is also inevitable. His failure cannot simply be attributed to a certain reason, but is caused by a series of man-made or objective environmental factors. In order to achieve his goal of unifying the world, Fu Jian is destined to have no simple and clear way. He can only choose a dangerous and difficult path. The abilities of its individuals and its ruling group were insufficient, and their efforts failed. In the final analysis, they established a political power as a small and weak nation, and took advantage of the opportunity to annex most of the Chinese territory. The objective situation forced them to follow the historical trend. , Cannot stop. Personal subjective efforts can only promote historical development to a certain extent, but cannot change everything. The road to unification that Fu Jian faces is destined to be more complicated and difficult than a Han ruler. He has no choice but to make a series of difficult decisions. In the execution process, he succeeded more than half, but in the end he did not make any mistakes, so he fell. And his efforts and achievements made this result even more tragic.

(Applause.)

author: mlion