and Shen are the largest corrupt officials in Chinese history. His family property is the total income of treasury during the 15 years of the Qing dynasty. This figure is amazing. He is so greedy, he can be said to be a bad guy to the end, why did Qianlong never kill He Shen? Why do we have to use such a person to manage the political affairs? He is the leader of multiple departments. Doesn't the shrewd Qianlong know that he is like this? Let us analyze why Heshen is like this from the perspective of Heshen's family background and human nature.
1. He Shen was born in a poor family and lived a poor life. Both of his parents died since childhood.
He Shen's ancestors made outstanding achievements and left a hereditary official position. In an official position, the third-class captain of light vehicles. In other words, he can be an official directly in the future, although he is not a high official, but he can avoid the trouble of finding a job.
But when Heshen was three years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother. The younger brother survived, but his mother died due to dystocia. His father died at the age of nine. He began to bear the hardships of life at a young age. From an innocent and innocent child, to a mature and sensible teenager. Because his father is also an official, although his parents are dead, he is still not homeless. Three wives and four concubines are not a problem for their brothers to study.
Since he was nine years old, he has lost his child's innocence, and he has been thinking about how to get ahead every day.
Although his parents were dead, he went to one of the best schools in Beijing at the time, Xian'an Palace in the Forbidden City. This school is the children of rich families.
In school, he was often excluded and bullied, and he was punished by the teacher's ruler. Once, a classmate wrote a poem that insulted the teacher, and when he handed it to the teacher, he said that it was written by He Shen. The teacher did not ask questions and beat He Shen with a ruler. Since then, He Shen has understood that he should endure. He knows that he can't beat the children of rich and powerful families, and he can only endure it. He made up his mind to study hard,In the future, once he has the opportunity, he will not be bullied by others. He knew that he had no other way to get ahead, the only way was to study hard.
The ruler wiped out his kindness and his conscience. He has known since he was a child that he can only laugh and endure when he treats the children of rich people. He also knows that the teacher does not dare to offend them. The curse was planted in the young mind: He secretly made up his mind that when my hair was over, I must retaliate, retaliate against the society, and retaliate against all those who bully me.
He is more diligent and studious, laying a solid foundation for his future promotion.
2. Heshen's unique diligent and studious content
Heshen understands that the situation is hot, so he studies hard. He learned a lot of knowledge that others did not possess. At that time, he went to school mainly to learn Manchu language and script. Most of the children of high-ranking officials dismissed Han Chinese writings because they did not learn to be officials. But He Shen learned very seriously. The main content of his studies are:
1. "Jing", "History", "Zi" and "Collections"
1). "Jing" including: "Poems", "Books", "Li", "Yi", "Chunqiu" Others
2). "History" Including: "Twenty-Four History" "Zizhi Tongjian" Other
3) . Strong40strong "子" Including: " Laozi" "Zhuangzi" "Han Feizi" "Mencius" "Xunzi" Others
4). "Collections" Including: Han Fu, Yuefu Poems, Tang Poems, Song Ci, Yuan Songs, Yuan Ming Novels, Others
2. Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan
Why do He Shen learn so much? Because he knows too well what the society needs. He has analyzed since he was a child,What do you really need to be an official? He can only rely on strength to prove himself. He understands that only in this way can he be superior to others and be invincible. He knows what he has learned. If he becomes an official in the future, this is an ability that others don't possess. He will definitely be unique among many people.
3. To imitate Emperor Qianlong's notes and learn from Emperor Qianlong's articles
He Shen, for his future career, worked hard and did things that no one else could have imagined. He studied Qianlong's articles and imitated Qianlong's notes. The purpose is that if there is a chance to meet the emperor in the future, he can show his ambitions and do things that no one else could even think of, and could not do.
It can be seen from this point that, whether today or in ancient times, if a poor student wants to get ahead, what kind of effort does he have to make? I don’t work hard and don’t use my brains. I want to gain a foothold in the ever-changing officialdom. It can be said to be wishful thinking, and it’s simply impossible. The reason He Shen had such a scheming was that his parents had died since he was a child, and he has tasted the ups and downs of life.
Fortunately, his parents gave He Shen a smart and wise mind, allowing him to be versatile. This provides an opportunity in the future.
3. Heshen met Bole and changed his destiny
He Shen attracted the attention of a person when he was in school, and Feng Yinglian, Shangshu of the Criminal Ministry and Governor of Zhili, took a fancy to He Shen.
He has only one granddaughter. He often goes to the Xianyang Palace official school and finds that He Shen is a good seedling. Decided to marry his granddaughter to He Shen. What did he like about He Shen?
- Old-fashioned and prudent
- Smart, capable, and capable of working.
- He is not happy and angry.
- He is good at observing the teacher's actions and doing things.
This is a quality that the children of officials and eunuchs at that time absolutely did not possess.
The newly married He Shen has a solid backing. I took the imperial examination in the second year of marriage.
Manchurians have two channels for officials,The first is to take the imperial examination, and the second is to leave an official position with the merits of the ancestors.
The biggest regret in He Shen's life is that he took the imperial examination and failed. Because of his extensive knowledge, he did not thoroughly study the nine books to be tested in the imperial examination. These nine books are "The Daxue", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects", "Mencius", "Poetry", "Book", "Li" and "Yi". As a result of "Spring and Autumn", he failed the imperial examination and lost the opportunity to become an official through the scientific examination.
Therefore, he became a small official left by his ancestors, and a member of the royal guard of honor after the third-class captain worked for three years.
How doesstand out? The few insignificant sentences in the Analects gave He Shen a day in his life. He Shen dared to speak in front of the emperor. It's not like ordinary people who insist on promises.
There was an emperor's outing with members of the royal guard of honor. Suddenly, a soldier hurriedly ran to the proud man to report that Yunnan rushed to call, and the Yunnan criminal escaped and ran across the border to Burma.
The emperor was very angry when he heard it, and said in the Analects: "The tiger is in custody, and the ghost jade is destroyed in the cortex, whose fault is it?" The emperor asked for a long time, no one dared to speak. The emperor was very angry.
At this time, He Shen had a chance. He also quoted the words in the Analects of Confucius, "Dian guards, can not shirk the blame." The emperor heard, ah! You know! Immediately after he asked He Shen a few words in the Analects of Confucius, He Shen exchanged words like fluent answers. The emperor found a man of literary and military talents. He was very happy and promoted He Shen to the emperor's personal bodyguard.
He Shen is different from others. Promoting a few levels in a row, adding officials to the nobility, is jaw-dropping.
26 years old, Minister of Military Affairs, General Manager of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
28 years old, Hubu Shangshu, Imperial Minister, Rifan Academy Shangshu
29 years old, also served as the Ministry of Defense
32 years old, also served as the Official Book Wait
dozens of official positions have been given to He Shen.
One year Qianlong was preparing for his 70th birthday. A horse, a flying horse, came from Tibet to report. The sixth Panchen Lama wrote a letter. I don’t know any of the Manchu civil and martial arts. I don’t know what is written in the letter? The emperor quickly called He Shen. Heshen took a look and told the emperor that the Sixth Panchen Lama was going to come to worship the birthday in person. Bring more than 100 lamas to pray for your birthday,I wish you longevity. This made the Emperor Qianlong look at Heshen very seriously.
Later, the British came to China to negotiate with and the Qing government , requesting China to open the trade port. At that time, it was received by Shen. The British came to Qianlong to discuss the opening of the trade port with a valuable gift. The Chinese confirmed that it was a grant. The emperor had to pay tribute to the British, and of course the British were very upset. At that time, Heshen and the British special envoy Magerney argued with arguments, but Magerney was helpless in the end, regretting that it was not possible to conduct business in this country. This left hidden dangers in the Opium War launched by the British. And He Shen was out of control since then.
Fourth, Heshen’s family property list and the four major means of collecting money
With the increase of Heshen's official position, the power continues to increase, and the opportunities for collecting money are also increasing. He took advantage of Qianlong's excessive trust in him. Adopted four major means of collecting money, he was in power for 25 years, his family property totaled 1.1 billion taels of silver, and the Qing Dynasty's income was only 70 million taels a year. It is equivalent to the treasury income of the Qing Dynasty for fifteen years.
Check the list of Heshen family properties as follows:
3000 houses, 8000 hectares of fields, 42 silver shops, 75 pawn shops, 60,000 taels of red gold, 100 big gold ingots, 56600 small silver ingots, 9 million silver ingots, foreign money 58,000 yuan, 1.5 million yuan in money,
600 catties of Jilin ginseng, more than 1200 jade handles, 230 pearl bracelets, 10 longan large pearls, 10 large rubies, 40 large sapphires, 40 silver bowls, 11 coral trees, 14300 satin lenos,
20,000 sheets of woolen serge, 550 pieces of fox fur, 850 pieces of mink fur, 56,000 pieces of thick and thin leather, 361,000 pieces of copper and tin ware, 100,000 pieces of precious porcelain, gilded eight pieces There are 24 Baokang beds, 460 Western clocks, 7000 pieces of Four Seasons Goods, 606 families, 600 fathers and daughters, etc.
His four major means of accumulating money are:
1. Taking bribes
2. Using power to embezzle (the position of the household office is not embezzled) 4. Proper and legal operation
75 pawn shops, grain shops, hotels, antique shops, porcelain shops, gray tile shops, cabinet shops, bar houses, bow and arrow shops, saddle shops, coal kilns, carriage delivery (logistics) land sales.Open a pawn shop to reclaim the land and buy it back when you have the money. The Qing Dynasty History Collection records 1,266 hectares.
5. He Shen's Ways of Employing People
When you get along with Shen, it is thoughtful and not a whim. His employment methods are as follows:
1. Choose people with similar backgrounds
He Shen’s childhood was a miserable childhood. Both parents died in their early childhood, but often those who have suffered great suffering can succeed instead. He chose this way because he understood him because of a similar background and felt the same as him.
2. People who have been caught by He Shen for various crimes
These people were originally from the official hat but were saved by He Shen, their lives were saved by He Shen, and the handle was also He Shen I've caught it, how can I not sacrifice my life for Heshen? He Shen knew that these people were of great value to him.
3. Those who failed to take the imperial examination
How many talented people were blocked from the official path by the hateful eight-legged essay, , Pu Songling, , and Cao Xueqin did not win the imperial examination. And how many talents do you need to pass the stereotypical exam? These people have a vigor, they are smart and motivated, but various reasons cause them to fail in the imperial examination.
He Shen chooses these talented people to use. He thinks that these people must have knowledge and experience for He Shen's insight and knowledge.
4. It is to select the incompetent (people who have an important relationship with the emperor)
He Shen is unique in employing people, and he will specifically select the incompetent among the officials. He will pick some officials who only recognize money but not people. why? These officials who only recognize money, as long as they give money, I will do things for you. Although these people are incompetent, they all have an important relationship with the emperor and should not be underestimated.
6. He Shen's family has no corrupt officials
He Shen himself is a corrupt official, but none of his family members are greedy, and the relationship is very harmonious.
He Shen’s younger brothers and Lin are also very talented people.This starts from their family background. Their family name is Niu Colu, a symbol of wolf nature, and totem worship is wolf. He Shen wolf's nature is ruthless, ruthless and accurate. Seize the opportunity very well. So the wolfishness of brothers is not developed in a day.
The two brothers have a very good learning attitude and are very united. They often help each other and support each other. The death of both parents is a kind of experience, and such people are more likely to succeed.
He suggested that his younger brother learn martial arts, and He Shen learns literature. He Shen believes that learning literature is difficult to get ahead, but it is not easy to die. Xuewu is easy to get ahead, but it is easy to die. He is unwilling to let his younger brother behave in official circles all day long, and he is unwilling to let his younger brother count others every day. The young He Shen has already seen through the rules of the game in officialdom.
The great poet Yuan Mei once wrote a poem for the two brothers: is the sky and the sun, and the brothers are equally divided. accurately predicted the future of the Heshen brothers.
He Shen arranged for his younger brother to work under Fukangan . One year, when the Tibetan rebellion was put down, He-Shen knew that the emperor was going to send Fukang'an, so He-Shen asked his younger brother and Fukang'an to put down the rebellion together. The result was very good.
Guizhou rebellion, Helin returned from Tibet to Guizhou to help Fukangan capture the leader of the Miao people's uprising. At this time, General Fukangan died of illness in front of the battle. Helin immediately wrote to him that the general died of illness, and the emperor immediately made an order. , All the troops are dispatched by Helin. Fighting with Lin bravely and properly commanded fully demonstrated his military talent. It's a pity that God doesn't have eyesight. Three months later, Span1span and Lin died of the miasma poisoning in Guizhou.
After He Lin died, He Shen wrote fifteen poems to commemorate his brother He Lin to express his grief.
He Shen is also very kind to his wife and concubine, and he is loyal to his wife. His wife died of illness two years before his death. After Heshen was 40 years old, his wife gave birth to a second son. Since then, Heshen has been frail and sickly. Heshen sought medical advice everywhere, but it didn't work. Finally, on the Mid-Autumn Festival, his wife left him. He is very painful. From then on, after tidying up the room where his wife lived, it was locked and no one was allowed to enter. Only his son and him could go in and clean. It can be seen that He Shen has a deep love for his wife.
All the concubines of He Shen, after He Shen died, voluntarily followed He Shen and committed suicide.
7. Heshen's merits and demerits in history
1. Establishing the "Silver for Negotiation" system
While winning the trust of Qianlong, Heshen did everything possible to win the favor of the emperor and help Qianlong solve problems. Qianlong wanted to see how the people in the whole country live under his rule? However, the treasury has no money, and is afraid of being infamy, because Emperor Kangxi has long had ancestral training, and he must be diligent and thrifty. So He Shen found a way. I asked for money, and he proposed to create an "extraordinary silver" system . This system is that someone in the officialdom can pay for the crime if someone commits a crime, so that regardless of whether the official or the small official, as long as he commits a crime, he can pay. Some have reduced the penalty, and some are guilty of not guilty. Directly lead to official corruption. However, since Heshen became the official book of the household department, the treasury was rich in silver, and the emperor rejoiced, but the people suffered.
2. In order to make the emperor happy, the " Thousand Sovereign Banquet " hot pot has been passed down for a long time. Heshen offered to hold a "Thousand Old Feast", inviting elderly people over 70 to eat hot pot. In order to ensure that everyone can eat well, the original method of eating hot pot in the Yuan Dynasty was extended to the whole country. More than a thousand old people are prospering and eating hot pot. Let the grand ceremony of Emperor Qianlong's Zen position be beautiful and lively in the twelfth lunar month of winter. With this single move, He Shen can become famous all over the world. unprecedented. 3. Compiled Siku Quanshu
He Shen knew Qianlong very well, so he was always thinking about how to solve problems for the emperor. He knew Qianlong's three great wishes, to stand for virtue, stand for words, and stand for merit.
During the Qianlong period, if you wanted to compile a book that surpassed the "Yongle Dadian", this task was too difficult for others to accept. If it was not compiled in the beginning, the editor would be exhausted. He Shen was in danger and accepted the potato that everyone felt hot at the time.Leading , Ji Xiaolan, and others, it took ten years to compile the "Siku Quanshu". Ji Xiaolan, who was thirty years older than Heshen, was willing to listen to Heshen's command when compiling the "Siku Quanshu". It won the respect of many intellectuals at that time. He also helped the emperor write many books. Therefore, He Shen has made great contributions to the preservation of Chinese national culture.
4. He Shen discovered the Dream of Red Mansions when compiling the "Quan Shu of the Four Treasures"
When He Shen led the ministers to compile the "Quan Shu of the Four Treasures", he discovered the Dream of the Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin at the time called The Stone Story. "Dream of Red Mansions" was called "Story of the Stone" and belonged to a banned book. He Shen went to the Queen Mother every day to ask for peace. Every time he said a story from "Dream of Red Mansions" for the Queen Mother, the more she listened, the more she liked to listen. Shen brought the book, and He Shen had to say in embarrassment that the book could not be taken out is a banned book. As a result, the filial Emperor Qianlong certainly could not object to the Queen Mother’s opinion. During the Qianlong period, the "Dream of Red Mansions" was finally published and was able to keep the "Dream of Red Mansions". He Shen's move provided a guarantee for the preservation of my country's four great masterpieces, and it was also another great contribution to the preservation of Chinese national culture.
5. He-Shen's diplomatic ability
He-Shen served as the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in 1780, the prime minister of the Qing government on diplomatic matters. He has received North Korea, the United Kingdom, Annan, , Siam, Myanmar, The envoys of Ryukyu and Nanzhang, especially the foreign affairs between Britain and the Qing government during the Qianlong period, were almost exclusively handled by He Shen. With his wit and linguistic talents, he accomplished diplomatic affairs brilliantly. Among them, the wit and courage with the British envoy Macartney was the most outstanding.
He Shen's rapid rise is because of his profound knowledge, his background in Manchuria, and his handsome appearance. In addition, his cleverness is an important reason. He Shen served the emperor like his father when he was with Emperor Qianlong. He would often make some cleverness to make Qianlong's favor. Throughout the late Qianlong Dynasty, from Heshen's rapid rise and rapid rise, to the time when Emperor Qianlong died of illness, Heshen himself has been deeply used by Emperor Qianlong for more than 20 years. However, Heshen later learned that Qianlong had and Jiaqing as the emperor,He Shen did not succeed in a wise battle with Emperor Jiaqing. He secretly gave Yu Ruyi to Jiaqing, but Jiaqing didn't appreciate it. Qianlong once warned Jiaqing, "I have been the emperor for so long, and I have left you nothing, except for one person, Heshen. For Heshen, if you continue to use it, the whole country will be afraid of him, so you just have to take care of him That's it; if you abolish him, then the whole country will be afraid of you." After Jiaqing became the throne, of course he chose the latter method. Fifteen days later, He Shen was beheaded on the charge of greed. So He Shen was beheaded because of a political struggle, not because of a huge greed.
8. Understanding the first corrupt official in Chinese history from the perspective of human nature
He Shen is an unprecedented corrupt official. There is no doubt about this. However, based on his performance, the reason why he became a corrupt official is due to his profound family background and social reasons. An analysis of this person from the perspective of human nature can be summarized as the following points:
1. Don't see others well
Human nature One of the biggest weaknesses in Heshen fully demonstrates that he can’t see others well. He is talented, smart, hardworking
, and hardworking. If a person with such a talent is not born in this family, he will have a bright future. He doesn’t need to worry about his future. . But he lost his parents since he was a child, and tasted the ups and downs of the world and the cold eyes under the fence. He knows that if he doesn't work harder, he will always be bullied and blinded forever. A child with such a background has a kind of unconvinced in his bones. And seeing that others are better than him, he will be even more hostile. Also worked harder.
2. Control desires
There is a common weakness in human nature, that is, to control the desires of others. People who are incapable also want to control, but sometimes they feel helpless. Although he has the desire to control others, he does not have the ability to control others. He Shen has this ability, so his desire to control is fully demonstrated. He desperately to please the emperor is to keep his position in the eyes of the emperor. To achieve the goal of one person below ten thousand people. If he makes a mistake, he has no reason to resurface, because his childhood experience tells him that if he does not lose this power to control others, there will be many people controlling him. If he is not independent, he will always be bullied. You will also be discriminated against and unfair.
3. Greedy desire
He Shen is so knowledgeable and talented,Doesn't he know that his greed is wrong? Don't you know that sooner or later the emperor will discover it? In fact, he knows, but the weakness of human nature tells us that people think that they are always right and have a fluke mentality. He thinks that he is talented and the emperor cannot do without him, so he is greedy unscrupulously and unscrupulously. . Human weaknesses are greed, hatred, and ignorance. After he had power, this weakness was exposed to the full.
4. Lucky Psychology
Everyone has the desire to show off and want to show their most glamorous side to others. He Shen is a talented person, even more so. He wants to use his ingenuity to show all his talents, so that people can see a capable, knowledgeable, and capable person.
5. The psychology of showing off
He Shen is very good to all his family members. The reason why he is so affectionate for his wife is to a large extent repaying his gratitude, because he knows that without his wife's grandfather Yinglian, there would be no him today. Only when he has a wife can he truly appreciate the taste of home, the warmth of his wife, and the care of his relatives after he goes home after being deceived outside. This family gave him sincerity and truth.
In order to allow his family to live a good life, he is doing his best. He has used all his ingenuity and talents, he is spurned by others, and he does not hesitate to please the emperor in every way, in order to keep his position. He knows that he and the generations are officials. People are different, as long as he is demoted as a commoner, there is no chance of a comeback.
It can be said that he made his life for the happiness of his family, but also ruined his life.
Imagine that if He Shen is just smart, he doesn't need to work hard to behave in the world, and he doesn't want to do everything he can to adopt a special way of employing people. No matter how smart he is, can Emperor Qianlong use him? And can those Baqizi brothers who looked down on him look down on him?
Therefore, his special experience has made him a special character. As the saying goes, "Success is also Xiao He defeats Xiao He". The reason why he can stand out among the civil and military officials is because he is talented. He is not only well-read, but also flexible , Ability to do things is very strong.
His greed is also a kind of ostentation to a certain extent. He wants everyone to see that Shen and I are capable people. Not only can I speak and count in front of the emperor, but I can also be like a fish in the water among many official positions.And I still have the ability to make my family happy, and I can give them happiness that no one else can give them.
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