Guide:
In "Da Ming Feng Hua", although there are not many shots of Concubine Park and Concubine An, they are starring the popular little flowers Sun Xiaoxiao and Zhao Han Yingzi. The acting skills of the two are also quite brilliant, so many people can't help but ask, where did Concubine Pu and Concubine An finally go? In fact, the ending of the two has already been revealed in the play. I don’t know if you have taken a serious look. In Zhu Di's fifth Northern Expedition, Zhu Di died of illness, and there were two small boxes on both sides of Zhu Di's coffin. I think everyone has guessed what these two small boxes do. Yes, these two small boxes are the coffins of Concubine Pu and Gui Concub An. Having said that, I think everyone must be curious, why they died so early, that is because the Ming Dynasty practiced the system of human martyrdom. The two concubines were actually sacrificed. Then Hao Tao will take everyone to understand the cruel system of the Ming Dynasty-the burial system, its rise and end, why he rose and why he was abolished.
Da Ming Fenghua stills
The Ming Dynasty palace martyrdom system began to abolish
There is no essential difference between the burial system of the Ming palace and the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but the identity of the martyr is basically limited to concubines and court ladies. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, from the great ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang, the large-scale burial system of palace people was revived. After Chengzu, Renzong, Xuanzong, and Daizong emperors, it was banned by Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen in the eighth year of Tianshun.
1. The court burial of the Ming Dynasty
The burial system of palace burial in the Ming dynasty was most prevalent, and the martyrdom was generally limited to concubines and court ladies. The initiator was the founding emperor Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang. The "Wanli Ye Huo Bian" records in more detail:
"The Taizu Xiaoling Mausoleum, forty concubines and concubines, all died in the burial, only two people buried the mausoleum, the first died in Hongwu.
can be seen from this, as There were 38 concubines and concubines who died in Zhu Yuanzhang, and the number of imperial concubines was the most among the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. By the time when the ancestor Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty, the "Ming Hui Dian" volume 90 records:
"The sixteen concubines of Changling were all buried. "Z5z
We can clearly see that the number of people who died in the burial of Ming Chengzu was 16 but there are also different records. The record of the "Li Chao Shi Lu" of North Korea is different from this, which is said to be 30 people. "Li Chao Shi Lu" Shizong Juan twenty-six return Records:
and the collapse of the emperor, more than 30 people in the palace were sacrificed. On the day of death,...Han is dying, Gu Wei Jinhei said: "Mother, I go! Mother, go! ..." The words were not completed, and there was an eunuch who went to bed next to him, but he died with the Cui clan. When all the dead were promoted to the hall, Renzong personally entered the Cijue. Han cried that Renzong said: "My mother is old and willing to return to my country . "Ren Zong Xu Zhi Ding Ning. Z5z
The number of people who died in the burial of Ming Chengzu was more than 30, not 16. The burial of Han and others was not voluntary, but forced to die. The process of dying was very miserable. From this we can see that the system of burial of palace people is really inhumane. In addition, the burial of Ming Renzong is also recorded in the "Ming Shilu":
" (July in July of the first year of Hong Xi) The posthumous emperor's concubine Renzong Guo said'Gongsu ', Shu Fei Wang's name is'Zhenhui', Li Fei's Wang's name is'Hui'an', Shun Fei Tan's name is'Gong Xi', and Huang's concubine Huang's name is'Gong Jing'. "Z5z
The titles, surnames, and posthumous names of the concubines who died in the burial of the concubine have been recorded, which are relatively credible. Among the five martyred, the noble concubine Guo has the highest status, and the highest status among the martyrs in the Ming Dynasty. Other than that. After the death of Ming Xuanzong, at least eleven palace people were buried. Emperor Zongjingtai of the Ming Dynasty also had a burial, but the specific burial was not stated. The above are the emperors who had a burial system in the Ming Dynasty. Since then , The burial system was abolished by Ming Yingzong.
The cruel burial system
2. Ming Yingzong abolished the palace martyrdom system and its reasons
The Ming Dynasty palace martyrdom system was implemented in the five dynasties of Hongwu, Yongle, Hongxi, Xuande, and Jingtai. In the eighth year of Tianshun, when Ming Yingzong died, the edict left and abolished the burial of palace burials. The burial system of palace burials, which was built in the early Ming Dynasty, has come to an end. In the next two hundred years, the emperors of the Ming Dynasty will no longer The burial of a man in the palace. "Zhan Zhi Bi Tan" says:
"I used people to die in the Gaomiao, Confucian Temple, Renmiao, and Xuanmiao. When the British sect was about to collapse, I called the Xian Temple and said:'I can't bear to use people to be buried. The matter will stop by itself, and future generations will not return to it. 'toNow it is customized. Alas! The English temple is very good for life. "Z5z
Why did Ming Yingzong abolish the burial system? This is the result of the unpopularity of the palace burial system and the bumpy life experience of the Yingzong. The specific reasons are mainly as follows.
z1, Zhou Xianwang Zhu One of the reasons why Ming Yingzong abolished the imperial burial system was due to the influence of Zhou Xian Wang Zhu Youdun. In the first year of Hong Xi, the king of Zhou Ding Zhu Xie passed away, and Zhu Youdun, the eldest son of his eldest son, attacked Zhou. The title of the king. For four years of orthodox, Zhu Youdun, Ming Yingzong, who was only thirteen years old, took action to stop the burial according to Zhu Youdun's intentions. "History of Ming Dynasty" records:
"has stewed, orthodox four years, no children. The emperor's gift book said: ......The concubine does not have to die below. Repatriation of young parents. Then... all died, the imperial concubine Zhenlie, the sixth lady Zhenshun. "Z5z
After hearing the news of Zhu Youdun's death, Ming Yingzong, according to Zhu Youdun's wish to be funeral before his death, gave a letter to inform Zhu Youluo, who had attacked the king of Zhou, that the princess and his wife did not need to be buried. But the emperor's memorial has just arrived. Zhu Youdun’s princess Gong and his six wives have already been martyred, and Ming Yingzong regrets that he can only issue an order to chase after them. The death of the princess and his wife in vain has a great impact on the young Yingzong. The matter is directly related to his future abolition of the burial system of the Ming Dynasty.
Da Ming Fenghua stills-Ming Yingzong
2, the imperial burial system is unpopular.
When the edict dictated by Yingzong was sent to the cabinet for the improvement of the decision of the cabinet, Cabinet Minister Peng Shi and others were so shocked after reading that they burst into tears with excitement, and they were sad and unable to control themselves. From the reactions of these ministers, we can also see how unpopular the palace martyrdom system is, and it is expected that the abolition of palace martyrdom is unpopular. Long-awaited.
3. Yingzong values the relationship between husband and wife.
The Yingzong has a benevolent personality, and one of the more obvious characteristics is that he values the love of husband and wife. From the records, we can find that the "Ming History·Emperor Concubine Biography" records:
"Yingzong Xiaozhuang" Empress Qian, from Haizhou. After the orthodox for seven years... Yingzong was hunted in the north, and the palace was greeted. The night is crying, lying on the ground when tired, and losing a strand. Lose one eye with crying. Yingzong was in Nangong and was uncomfortable, and the latter song was a relief... Yingzong Dajian, his last life said: "Queen Qian will be buried with me after the ages." Academician Li Xian retired and booked. "Z5z
From this brief description, we can see the deep feelings between Yingzong and Queen Qian. Queen Qian has suffered for Yingzong. Although she has received the love of Yingzong, she will inevitably lead to the jealousy of her concubines, especially the prince’s. Mother Zhou Guifei. Queen Qian has no children, which is extremely disadvantageous in the complicated harem struggle. Ming Yingzong can protect her during his lifetime, and she is likely to be forced to be buried after death. So this is one of the reasons why he canceled the burial system. .Z5z
4, Yingzong’s bumpy life experience.
Ming Yingzong’s fate can be described as twists and turns, one year of inhuman captive life and nearly seven years of house arrest, made him taste the blessings and misfortunes of the human world, sorrows and joys, and also suffered. The shame of the ancient emperor was rare. It was this rough life experience and experience that gave him a deeper understanding of life. For funerals, Yingzong believed that life and death are the laws of nature, even for saints. Funerals should be frugal. The living should be buried. After the restoration, Z1z Yingzong made a deep reflection on his life, realized his previous mistakes, and was full of repentance. Therefore, before dying, he hoped to do something to make up for his own virtue. Fault.
The reason for the prevalence of palace martyrdom in the early Ming Dynasty
The rulers of the early Ming Dynasty violated the trend of historical development and the Confucian "benevolent governance" proposition. They implemented a large-scale condemned burial system at the time of the death of emperors and foreign vassals. What's the reason?
1. The influence of the concept of soul immortality
The so-called concept of soul immortality is that people think that the soul still exists after death, and the soul will be detached from the flesh, and human life will experience the process from the sun to the underworld. For ancient times HumanityIn other words, death is an extremely mysterious and incomprehensible phenomenon. They gradually began to use various rituals to express their understanding of death. This should be the original origin of the idea of soul immortality. The ancient superstition believed that the soul is immortal after death. It is just that the world of human life has been transferred from the sun to the underworld. Then people naturally think that what they have enjoyed before death should still be enjoyed after death, in order to make themselves live in the underworld. Well, you still need defenders and servants, as well as wives, concubines and slaves to accompany you. In order to realize this desire, people attach great importance to the funeral ceremony of the deceased. Therefore, when burying the deceased, in addition to the various production and living utensils he used during his lifetime, the people around him should also be sent to burial. There is the ugly custom of burial. In order to provide for their own enjoyment, the feudal emperor not only formed groups of wives, concubines and slaves, but also tried to bring these people to the mausoleum after death to continue serving them for their own service. So, in a nutshell, the purpose of human martyrdom is to "death as a matter of life", so that the martyr will go to the underworld to protect, take care, serve, and accompany the dead. Z5z 2. The shackles of traditional concepts With the further strengthening of the authoritarian centralization in the Ming Dynasty, the feudal ethics of the Confucian three principles and five permanent principles have been further strengthened. The chastity concept of Song and Ming Confucianism has also been greatly developed during this period. The thought of chastity has become more popular. Under the influence of these traditional concepts, the death of wives, slaves and masters, and the death of sons and fathers have all become justified. The rulers of the dynasties have devoted themselves to cultivating good wives and mothers who obey the "three obediences and four virtues". Therefore, they have written and edited many books about women's training, including Ban Zhao's "Nv Commandments" in the Han Dynasty, "Nu Zhe" by the eldest grandson, and Ming Chengzu's Empress Xu "Internal Training", etc. These books mainly instilled various feudal ethics and ethics thoughts in women, and conducted very detailed preaching on women's virtues, requiring them to learn women's morals, women's language, women's appearance, and women's labor. Among them, chastity is the most harmful to women. In view of education, the book lists a large number of examples of observing martyrs for women to follow. Under the confinement of feudal ethics, the concept of women's chastity has also become a tool for women's self-discipline, and keeping their husbands dying has become a goal pursued by many women. Z2z 3. Zhu Yuanzhang’s consideration of "strict internal education" After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang summed up the lessons of the Yuan Dynasty’s demise and believed: “The king of the late Yuan cannot strictly govern the palace, and even the females of the palaces confided foreign ministers. Accepting bribes, or giving money to the monk's way, or the monk entering the palace to take the ordination, and the minister ordered his wife to ban each other, profanity, rituals, and death." Therefore, summing up the lessons of the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang established a set of "strict internal education" system, which had a very important influence on the political life of the Ming Dynasty. Based on the political philosophy of learning from past mistakes and preventing dysfunction, Zhu Yuanzhang began to implement a large-scale burial system for palace members after the death of Prince Zhu Biao. One of the purposes of is to prevent the harem from doing politics. Under the measures of Zhu Yuanzhang's "strict internal education", the life of the women in the harem was limited to a prescribed framework. The power of life and death was all controlled by the emperor, so there was no chance to influence the Ming Dynasty regime. 4. The influence of Mongolian Yuan customs In the early Ming Dynasty, whether it was the political system established by the upper ruling class or the folk customs of the lower classes of the Li people, the traces of the Yuan Dynasty were more or less retained. The Yuan Dynasty was a huge dynasty established by the Mongolian nomads, a nomadic ethnic group in northern China. It was the first nation-wide regime in Chinese history that was established mainly by ethnic minority rulers. The long-term nomadic life has created the free and unrestrained personality of the Mongolian rulers. The Mongolian rulers regard life as grass and likes to kill, and this is also true of the lower classes. This social atmosphere in the Yuan Dynasty had a great influence on the rulers of the Ming Dynasty. After Zhu Yuanzhang came to power, Zhu Yuanzhang also advocated killing and adopted very brutal ruling methods. The three cases of Hu Weiyong, Li Shanchang, and Lan Yu condemned about 100,000 people. The heroes were almost killed. Not only that, but also formulated a series of cruel penalties and implemented a terrible spy rule. Above the court, Zhu Yuanzhang frequently imposes humiliating officials on the ministers who have violent remonstrance, humiliating the morale and dignity of the ministers. . After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, there were at least 38 concubines and court ladies who were buried for him.
In addition, in the early Ming DynastyThe prevalence of wind is also related to the vanity of the ruler. The feudal rulers had their wives and concubines in groups. After death, they naturally refused to go to another world alone. They hoped that many people would surround themselves after death to satisfy their vanity. Therefore, they put their wives, concubines, etc. Bringing them into the tombs and continuing to serve as servants was also one of the reasons for the burial system of Fuxing Palace in the Ming Dynasty.
Conclusion:
The system of burial of living persons is the worst dregs in ancient society. It has no humanity and no positive meaning. The system of human martyrdom is the product of specific historical conditions and ideological consciousness in ancient society. The reason why it prevailed in the Ming Dynasty was on the one hand influenced by Meng Yuan’s social ethos of “seeing life as grass and mustard”, and on the other hand, Zhu Yuanzhang’s consideration of “strictly internal education” in view of the predecessors of women. But it is the result of feudal thought from ancient times to the present. Here we have to give a compliment to Ming Yingzong for abolishing the human martyrdom system. Although he did not completely solve the system of martyrdom in the Ming Dynasty, he also made great efforts to abolish this system.
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