Roman law is one of the legal systems with the richest content, the most complete system and the greatest influence on later generations among the laws of various countries in the ancient world. It is a valuable legacy left by the Romans to future generations. The first step in t

1. Multiple choice questions (This question has 25 questions in total, each question has 2 points, totaling 50 points.)

. (2 points) It is an honor and obligation to hold an official position in the Athenian city-state. Those who serve are not paid, and all those who serve must have sufficient living security. In the 5th century BC, Athens began to provide certain allowances to those who hold public office and attend citizen assembly. This method (　　)

A. Promote the development of Athens' democratic system

B. Embody Athens' sound legal system

C. It means that the Gentiles have no political rights

D. It marked Athens that established a democratic system

. (2 points) Roman law is one of the legal systems with the richest content, the most complete system and the greatest impact on future generations among the laws of ancient countries in the world. It is a precious legacy left by the Romans to future generations. The first step in the construction of the Roman legal system is (　　)

A. "Code of Hammurabi" B. "Justinian Code"

C. "Twelve Copper Display Method" D. "Roman Civil Law"

. (2 points) The following empires are great empires across Europe, Asia and Africa that appeared in different periods in ancient history. Among them, the empire that once made the Mediterranean Sea its inland sea, and the empire that was in the same period as the Han Dynasty in China is (　　)

A. Alexander Empire B. Roman Empire

C. Arab Empire D. Byzantine Empire

. (2 points) "Atoms are the last indivisible particles of matter. Atoms have always existed in the universe. They cannot be created from nothing or eliminated. Any change is the combination and separation caused by them." The earliest philosopher who proposed "atomic theory" was (　　)

A. Aristotle B. Socrates C. Archimedes D. Democritus

. (2 points) The Charlemagne Empire was once the largest kingdom in Western Europe. In the mid-9th century, the powerful empire was divided into three parts, forming the prototype of the subsequent three countries. These three countries are (　　)

①Germany②England③Italy④France

A. ①②③ B. ②③④ C. ①③④ D. ①②④

. (2 points) "History of Europe" records that "the owners of the manor have long had all power over slaves, and they also have extensive power over their vassals and other subjects with free identities." The institution where the owners of the manors exercise judicial power is (　　)

A. Citizens Congress B. Senate C. Manor Court D. People's Court

. (2 points) Langcheng is a relatively wealthy industrial and commercial city in northern France, built on the territory of Bishop Gaodeli. In 1112, the residents of Langcheng launched an uprising, established a "commune", killed Gao Deli, and fought against the suppressed King of Dharma until 1128. The main purpose of the Langcheng Uprising was (　　)

A. Get rid of the rule of feudal lords B. Oppose the corruption of the church

C. Establish modern democratic politics D. Resist the autocratic kingdom

. (2 points) In 1277 AD, the Bishop of Paris condemned some students of the University of Paris to the opposite view of Catholic beliefs and imposed expulsion on anyone who taught such "fallacies". This event reflects the medieval university (　　)

A. Enjoy absolute educational autonomy B. Still influenced by the Christian Church

C. Teachers enjoy the privilege of exempting taxes D. Become the center of education and culture

9. (2 points) "Although Byzantine has always maintained the strong vitality of cultural life in its long-term historical development process, it rarely has the opportunity to develop more fully under the constraints of the conservative, traditional and formalistic 'antique' empire." The material mainly explains the Byzantine Empire (　　)

A. Have strong vitality B. The culture has been glorious for more than a thousand years

C. Has traditional advantages D. Lack of innovation ability

0. (2 points) "In the late Middle Ages, a few merchants in Western Europe occupied the means of production. They provided raw materials and even production tools to rural handicraftsmen, paid part of their wages in advance, and finally recovered the products and put them on the market for sale."The material reflects (　　)

A. The emergence of commodity economy B. The establishment of the factory system

C. The emergence of capitalism D. The concentrated production of manual workshops

1. (2 points) In the 13th and 14th centuries, land was constantly concentrated in rural Europe, and new business methods were used for production and exchange. The one who became a vibrant class force in the countryside was (　　)

A. Serfs and citizens B. Lords and priests

C. Rich peasants and knights D. Kings and nobles

2. (2 points) Renaissance opened the prelude to modern European history and is considered to be the dividing line between the Middle Ages and modern times. The pioneer of this movement was (　　)

A. Petrarch B. Dante C. Boccaccio D. Raphael

3. (2 points) In 1995, UNESCO declared April 23 (Shakespeare's Death Day) "World Books and Copyright Day", that is, "World Book Day". Among the following works, Shakespeare's representative works are (　　)

A. "A Fantasy" B. "Hamlet"

C. "Old Man Gao" D. "War and Peace"

4. (2 points) At the end of the 15th and early 16th century, Europe opened up a new route to Asia and America. The Chinese factor that led to this activity was (　　)

A. Papermaking B. Earth-round theory C. Compass D. Shipbuilding technology

5. (2 points) Human understanding of the natural environment is a process of development. Human understanding of the earth from square to spherical shape, and later a voyage confirmed the scientific truth that the earth is spherical. The navigator who led this "voyage" was (　　)

A. Magellen B. Columbus C. Marco Polo D. Ptolemy

6. (2 points) After the opening of the new route, a new world appeared in Western European countries: various new ideas bloomed, various new attempts were widely popular, and intellectuals and scientists were competing for funding and sponsorship. It can be seen that the opening of the new route (　　)

A. Accelerated the rise of the Renaissance movement

B. Intensified the competition among all classes

html l1C. Bring a lot of wealth to European countries

D. Promote the development of European culture

7. (2 points) Since the 16th century, Britain has defeated many competitors, seized a large colony and became the largest colonial country in the world, and obtained a huge overseas market. The British competitors include (　　)

①Spain ② United States ③ Netherlands ④ France

A. ①② B. ①③④ C. ②③④ D. ①②③④

8. (2 points) "The treasures obtained directly from plunder, enslavement and robbery outside Europe continue to flow into the sect leader's country and are converted into capital here. "The material shows colonial plunder (　　)

A. It helps the original accumulation of capital

B. It helps the world market gradually form

C. It promotes the development of colonial society

D. It gradually establishes the concept of the world

9. (2 points) After 48 years of fierce struggle, the British bourgeoisie finally overthrew the feudal system, cleared the way for the development of capitalism, and created a political premise for the industrial revolution. The historical event that unveiled the prelude to the British bourgeois revolution was (　　)

A. The founding of the Republic B. Parliament reconvenes

C. Submits the Petition for Rights D. Promulgate the Magna Carta

0. (2 points) This bloodless political change finally solved the problem of "sovereignty in the people" or "sovereignty in the kingdom" that has plagued Britain for nearly 100 years, and has changed the nature of the royal power for the first time in the world. The "political change" here refers to (　　)

A. Renaissance B. New routes are opened

C. Glorious revolution D. Charles II restoration

1. (2 points) Timing is an element to understand the development process of a historical thing.As shown in the picture, the relevant historical facts of the American War of Independence occurred in 1775 (　　)

A. The gunshots of Necrostin B. The UK recognizes the independence of the United States

C. British troops surrendered in Yorktown D. Saratoga victory

2. (2 points) The publication of the Declaration of Independence greatly inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the North American people and became the banner of the North American people for independence. Its drafter is (　　)

A. Jefferson B. Washington C. Engels D. Marx

3. (2 points) Before the Great Revolution, most French people classified themselves as a specific class or professional group, and there was a distinct hierarchical distinction between people; after the Great Revolution, the French first regarded themselves as citizens who enjoy equal rights, and they had the right to pursue justice. This reflects the French Revolution (　　)

A. Promoted the development of capitalism B. Enriched the form of political life

C. Carry forward the spirit of independence and freedom D. The idea of democracy and equality was spread

4. (2 points) Napoleon, who rose to the turmoil of France, was bold and resolute, and was a legendary lifelong life. There are many different opinions on the right and wrong, success or failure. If Napoleon is affirmed from the perspective of promoting civilization progress and creating a cultural heritage, the historical facts that should be chosen is (　　)

① Abolish feudal privileges in various parts of Europe, spread the achievements of the French Revolution

② Seize power, be crowned and emperor

③ Conquer Europe, exploit and plunder the colonial people

④ Promulgate the "Napoleon Code"

A. ①③ B. ①④ C. ②③ D. ②④

5. (2 points) The "3•18" movement in 1871 was an epoch-making great revolution in human history. It was a great attempt by the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeois rule and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. The material evaluates (　　)

A. Capture the Bastille B. Defeat the anti-French alliance

C. Establish the First International D. Paris Commune Movement

2. Fill in the blanks (This question has 5 questions in total, each question has 2 points, a total of 10 points)

6. (2 points) Figure A character 　 is an ancient Greek philosopher who advocated that people should "know yourself", which is of great significance to understanding people's inner world. Figure B characters 　 　 is one of the "Three Masters of Art" of the Renaissance. He has superb skills and combines artistic creation with scientific exploration to create many perfect and vivid characters. "The Last Supper" is his representative work.

7. (2 points) After Britain declared itself a republic, the power of the republic fell into the hands of the army headed by 　 　, and the parliament would be in name only. Faced with the double pressure from the anti-French coalition and the domestic royalist forces, the Jacobin faction led by 　 　 formed the National Salvation Committee and took a series of severe measures to quell the domestic rebellion, repel the anti-French coalition, and push the French Revolution to a climax.

8. (2 points) On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris captured (location), which symbolized the rule of the king, which triggered a national urban and rural riot, and the French Revolution began. In 1793, the French King 　 　 was sent to the guillotine for treason.

9. (2 points) 1765 　 invented the "Jenny Machine", which kicked off the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution greatly improved the level of social productivity, and mankind entered "　 　".

0. (2 points) 　 , the "Communist Manifesto" was officially published in London, and its publication marked the birth of Marxism. In 1864, workers' representatives from Britain, France, Germany and other countries joined forces to establish the International Workers' Association, known in history as 　 .

3. Questions and answers (This question has a total of 1 sub-question, totaling 6 points)

1. (6 points) What is the core idea of the Renaissance movement? Briefly describe the impact of the Renaissance movement.

4. Material analysis questions (This question has 3 sub-questions, totaling 34 points)

2. (10 points) Read the following materials and answer the questions.

Material 1: Although Portuguese merchants are not particularly outstanding in the trade circle, Portuguese fishermen have a long tradition of navigating the stormy Atlantic Ocean. Based on this experience, Portugal seafarers appeared as early leaders not only in Atlantic expeditions, but also in their maritime routes across the Indian Ocean to find their way to the Asian market.

Material 2: Over the centuries, a total of 10 million African slaves have been transported to the Western Hemisphere, of which more than half were accounted for from 1720 to 1820, and 9% to 16% died at sea. Of the 10 million slaves, 400,000 were transported to various colonies in today's United States.

- Excerpted from (US) Thomas Sowell's "A Brief History of American Race"

(1) According to material 1, it points out the favorable factors that emerged in Portugal as a "leader" in its early nautical expeditions. Based on the knowledge learned, we point out the nautical expedition carried out in the late 15th century with the support of the Portuguese royal family.

(2) What historical fact does material two reflect? Based on the knowledge learned, analyze the impact of this historical fact on Africa.

3. (12 points) Read the following materials and answer the questions.

Material 1: At that time (late 17th century), the whole of Europe was strengthening the power of the monarch, while the British were restricting the power of the king... The major innovations in the political system of the British made Western countries consciously or unconsciously take Britain as an example when they entered the ranks of democratic politics.

- Excerpted from "The Rise of Great Powers" of Tang and Jin

Material 2: (United States) The Confederate Ordinance began to be implemented in 1781. The central government organized by it was too weak, unable to prevent the development of the people's movement, and unable to protect private property... Under the Confederate Ordinance, each state acted independently, and each state had relevant tax barriers, the currency system was not unified, and the market was not unified, which led to domestic trade being hindered. ...In this way, the movement to strengthen central power and formulate a new constitution emerged in the 1780s.

—Excerpted from Qi Shirong's "World History·Modern History"

Material 3:

(1) Based on the materials and combined with the knowledge learned, it pointed out the important legal document "restricting the power of the king" passed by the British Parliament in 1689, and pointed out the "major innovation" in the political system in Britain.

(2) According to Material 2, summarize the background of the formulation of the 1787 US Constitution.

(3) In which year was the Declaration of Human Rights adopted? According to the three texts of the material, it points out the most thorough reason for the French bourgeois revolution.

4. (12 points) Read the following materials and answer the questions.

Material 1: The application of hydraulic and steam engines and the establishment of the factory system have greatly promoted the development of the cotton textile industry. In 1786, only one Acrete chimney was towered in Manchester, England, but fifteen years later, there were 50 yarn mills. In 1760, Manchester had a population of less than 100,000, and in 1851, the population exceeded 300,000, making it the largest cotton textile city in the world at that time.

—Excerpted from Journal of Xiamen University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

Material 2:

(1) Based on material 1, the main manifestations of the rapid development of Manchester, England in the mid-to-late 18th century were summarized, and the main reasons for its rapid development were analyzed based on the knowledge learned.

(2) Material 2

Picture Who is the designer of the transportation tool? According to the text of Material 2, summarize the impact of the "Railroad Age Really Coming" on people's lives.

Reference answer:

1. Multiple choice questions (This question has 25 questions in total, each question has 2 points, a total of 50 points. There is only one correct answer for each question. Please fill in the letters before the correct answer in the brackets after the question)

. [Answer] In the 5th century BC, Athens began to provide certain allowances to those who hold public office and attend citizen assembly to ensure that citizens can actively participate in politics. This practice promoted the development of Athenian democratic system.

Therefore, choose: A.

. [Answer] Around 450 BC, Rome promulgated a written law. Because this law was engraved on twelve bronze plates, it was called the "Twelve Bronze Appearance Method". The Twelve Copper Table Methods are the first step in the construction of Roman legal system and the origin of later Roman codes and even European jurisprudence.

Therefore, choose: C.

. [Answer] The question stem gives the message "The Mediterranean once became its inner lake" which shows that this empire is the Roman Empire. After 27 BC, under the rule of Octavian, the Roman Empire launched many wars of aggression, and its territory continued to expand, reaching its largest scale in the 2nd century, becoming a great empire that spans Europe, Asia and Africa, and the vast Mediterranean became its inner lake.

Therefore, choose: B.

. [Answer] From the knowledge learned, the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus proposed the "atomic theory" and believed that all things in the universe are composed of tiny "atoms". Option D meets the question.

Therefore, choose: D.

. [Answer] In 1814, Charlemagne passed away, and the powerful empire quickly began to split. In 843, Charlemagne's three grandsons concluded a treaty, dividing the empire into three, forming the prototype of the three countries of Germany, France and Italy. According to the agreement, there is no affiliation between the three kingdoms. Therefore, ①③④ conforms to the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: C.

. [Answer] The manor also has judicial power and has a manor court. The lord or his housekeeper presided over the court. Tenants who stumble during labor, fail to complete labor, or fail to pay full rent and tax as required will be prosecuted and punished. The institution where the owner of the manor exercises judicial power is the manor court. Option C meets the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: C.

. [Answer] In the Middle Ages, the purpose of the French Langcheng Uprising was to strive for urban autonomy and get rid of the rule of feudal lords. With the development of the commodity economy, the feudal masters became increasingly greedy and stepped up exploitation of urban citizens. In the 11th and 2nd century, citizens of some French cities launched a struggle with feudal lords, some cities used money to redeem themselves, while others won their autonomy through force. The struggle between Langcheng people’s struggle for autonomy is a typical example.

Therefore, choose: A.

. [Answer] From the material "In 1277 AD, the Bishop of Paris condemned some students of the University of Paris that had opposite views to the Catholic faith and imposed expulsion on anyone who taught such 'fallacies' in part or all". It can be seen that although the university enjoys a certain degree of autonomy, it is still influenced by the Christian Church.

Therefore, choose: B.

9. [Answer] After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire stood proudly in the relatively dark Europe at that time with its preserved Greek and Roman classical culture, and maintained long-term stability and prosperity.But they believe that their duty is to preserve the legacy of ancestors and not to innovate. After this closed and conservative mentality lasted for several centuries, Byzantine civilization was finally eliminated by the tide of history. According to "...but under the constraints of the conservative, traditional and formalistic 'antique' empire, there are few opportunities to develop more fully." It can be seen that the materials mainly show that the Byzantine Empire lacks innovation capabilities. Option D meets the question.

Therefore, choose: D.

0. [Answer] 13th century, merchants not only provided raw materials to employed workers, but also provided unified production tools. Workers became wage workers who completely sold their labor and formed a thorough employment relationship with their employers. Due to the uniform equipment of production tools, it is often necessary to work in a common location, thus forming a centralized manual workshop. Although they only account for a minority at the beginning, they reflect capitalist production relations. The division of labor cooperation between employees has further improved labor productivity. According to "In the late Middle Ages, a few merchants in Western Europe occupied the means of production. They provided raw materials and even production tools to rural handicraftsmen, paid part of their wages in advance, and finally recovered the products and put them on the market for sale." It can be seen that the materials reflect the emergence of capitalism, and option C meets the meaning of the question; option ABD does not meet the meaning of the question, so it is excluded.

Therefore, choose: C.

1. [Answer] 13. In the 14th century, the social structure of rural areas changed. Most nobles did not pay attention to or were unable to operate their own real estate, mortgaged or sold them to repay debts or pay expenses; wealthy farmers and knights continued to concentrate their land through various means and gradually established their own new real estate, controlling production, exchange and other links with new business methods, and controlling rural administrative affairs, becoming a vibrant class force in the countryside, and the earliest initiator of modern agriculture. Option C meets the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: C.

2. [Answer] Based on the knowledge learned, it can be seen that Dante was a pioneer of the Italian Renaissance movement, known as the last poet of the old era, and the first poet of the new era. His long poem "Divine Comedy" expressed his disgust for the Catholic Church and was the first to criticize the church. B meets the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: B.

3. [Answer] Based on the knowledge learned, it can be seen that Shakespeare was a literary master in the British Renaissance. He created more than 30 scripts and many popular poems in his life. These works profoundly criticize feudal moral and ethical concepts and social bad habits, and concentrate on the humanistic spirit. His representative works include "Romeo and Juliet" and "Hamlet". B meets the meaning of the question. A is an ancient literary work that belongs to Arabia; C is a work that belongs to French Balzac; D is a work that belongs to Russian Leo Tolstoy, exclude ACD.

Therefore, choose: B.

4. [Answer] 14. The development of European commodity economy in the 15th century, the pursuit of gold, and the obstruction of traditional trade routes have become the reasons for the opening of new routes. Geographic knowledge, the use of compass, and the advancement of navigation and shipbuilding technology are objective conditions for the opening of new routes. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a compass was made and started to be used in the maritime industry. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was widely used in navigation and was introduced to Europe by the Arabs. The use of the compass provided favorable conditions for navigation, promoted the development of world navigation, and promoted the development of world trade, allowing the Western Europeans to open up new routes and ushered in the era of great geographical discoveries. At the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries, Europe opened up new routes to Asia and America. The Chinese factor that led to this activity was the compass. Option C meets the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: C.

5. [Answer] 1519 to 1522, the Magellan fleet set out from Europe, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, entered the Pacific and Indian Oceans, returned to Europe, realizing its first round-the-world voyage, confirming the scientific truth that the earth is spherical. A meets the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: A.

6. [Answer] After the opening of a new route, a new world appeared in Western European countries: various new ideas bloomed, various new attempts were widely popular, and intellectuals and scientists were competing for funding and sponsorship. It can be seen that the development of the new route has promoted the development of European culture, and D is in line with the question. It accelerated the rise of the Renaissance movement, which was not in line with historical facts. Renaissance was the first, and A was wrong; it intensified the competition among all classes, but the question was not reflected, and B was wrong; it brought a lot of wealth to European countries, which was in line with historical facts, but it was not in line with the main theme of the question, and C was wrong.

Therefore, choose: D.

7. [Answer] After the opening of the new route, first of all Portugal and Spain, then Britain and France and other countries embarked on the road of colonial expansion. After the 17th century, Britain embarked on the road of colonial competition. It successively defeated its competitors Spain, the Netherlands and France. By the second half of the 18th century, Britain had become the most powerful colonial country in the world, establishing colonies on various continents of the world, known as the "Empire of the Sun". The United States was not born in the 16th century, which does not fit the question. ①③④ Meet the question, so item B is correct, and ACD is excluded.

Therefore, choose: B.

8. [Answer] Early European colonial aggression and bloody plunder promoted the primitive accumulation of European capital on the one hand. According to "the treasures obtained directly from plunder, enslavement and robbery outside Europe continue to flow into the sect leader's country and are converted into capital here." It can be seen that the materials show that colonial plunder helps the original accumulation of capital. Option A meets the meaning of the question; option BCD cannot be reflected in the question material and is excluded.

Therefore, choose: A.

9. [Answer] 1640, the parliament was reconvened, and the MPs continued to criticize the king's autocracy, opening the prelude to the British bourgeois revolution.

Therefore, choose: B.

0. [Answer] Based on what we have learned, in 1688, the British bourgeoisie and the new nobles launched a coup, overthrew the restoration dynasty and established rule. Because there was no bloodshed in this regime change, it was called the "Glorious Revolution." In 1689, the British Parliament promulgated the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights provided legal guarantees for restricting the royal power, and Britain established a constitutional bourgeois political system. It can be seen that "political changes" refer to glorious revolution.

Therefore, choose: C.

1. [Answer] In April 1775, North American militia and British troops exchanged fire in Netherton, opening the prelude to the American War of Independence. A is the right option; BCD does not meet the meaning of the question.

Therefore, choose: A.

2. [Answer] During the American War of Independence, on July 4, 1776, the Mainland Conference passed the Declaration of Independence, declaring that 13 North American colonies had separated from Britain's independence and the United States was born. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Jefferson and stipulated the basic rights of people in the form of legal documents, such as the right to life, the right to freedom and the right to pursue happiness, etc. The Declaration of Independence was the first programmatic document to clearly express the political requirements of the bourgeoisie in the name of the state, and was called the "First Declaration of Human Rights". A is the correct option; BCD does not meet the meaning of the title.

Therefore, choose: A.

3. [Answer] According to the materials, it can be seen that before and after the French Revolution, the people's political democracy consciousness underwent major changes. After the French Revolution, the French people attached more importance to their democratic rights, so item D was correct; the material did not involve changes in the French economic field, item A was excluded; the material did not mention changes in the French political life form, item B was excluded; the material did not involve changes in the independent spirit, item C was excluded.

Therefore, choose: D.

4. [Answer] Based on the textbook knowledge, we can see that Napoleon defeated the anti-French coalition, attacked the feudal forces in Europe, and spread the achievements of the French Revolution, which was conducive to social progress. ① In line with the question, he personally presided over the compilation and promulgation of the Civil Code in the form of law to consolidate the achievements of the French bourgeois revolution, established the legislative norms of the bourgeoisie, ④ In line with the question; ②③ In line with the question, it violated the trend of historical development, and an unjust war of aggression.

Therefore, choose: B.

5. [Answer] On March 18, 1871, the people of Paris launched an armed uprising, and the rebel army quickly occupied Paris and drove away the bourgeois government. On March 28, 1871, the people of Paris established their own regime after elections - Paris Commune. It was the first great attempt by the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeois rule and establish a regime. It enriched the theory of Marxism and provided valuable experience and lessons for the international socialist movement.

Therefore, choose: D.

2. Fill in the blanks (This question has 5 questions in total, each question has 2 points, a total of 10 points)

6. [Answer] Based on the pictures and combined with the knowledge learned, it can be seen that the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates advocated that people should "know yourself", which is of great significance to understanding people's inner world. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the "Three Masters of Fine Arts" of the Renaissance. He is skilled and combines artistic creation with scientific exploration, creating many perfect and vivid characters. His versatile and his greatest achievement was painting. His representative works include "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". He combined artistic creation with scientific exploration and created many perfect and vivid characters, fully reflecting the spirit of humanism. Therefore, the character in Figure A is Socrates, and the character in Figure B is Leonardo da Vinci.

So the answer is:

Socrates; da Vinci.

7. [Answer] After Britain declared itself a republic, the power of the republic fell into the hands of the army headed by Cromwell, and the parliament would be in name only. The parliament respects Cromwell as the "protective ruler", and Cromwell monopolizes the power. The revolution abolished the monarchy but did not end the rule of personal autocracy. Faced with the double pressure from the anti-French coalition and the domestic royalist forces, the Jacobin faction led by Robespierre formed the National Salvation Committee and took a series of severe measures to quell the domestic rebellion, repel the anti-French coalition, and push the French Revolution to a climax.

So the answer is:

Cromwell; Robespierre.

8. [Answer] As far as we know, on July 14, 1789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille, which symbolized the rule of the king, which triggered a national urban and rural riot, and the French Revolution began. In 1793, King Louis XVI of France was pushed to the guillotine.

So the answer is:

Bastille; Louis XVI.

9. [Answer] 1765, Hargreaves invented the "Jenny Machine", which kicked off the industrial revolution. In 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use, providing more convenient power. In the 1830s, steam engines became the main source of power. It marks the entry of human beings into the "steam age".

So the answer is:

Hargreaves; Steam Age.

0. [Answer] In 1848, Marx and Engels drafted a program for the international proletarian organization, the "Communist Manifesto". The publication of the Communist Manifesto marked the birth of Marxism. From then on, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement entered a new historical period. In 1864, workers' representatives from Britain, France, Germany and other countries joined forces to establish the International Workers Association, known as the First International in history.

So the answer is:

848; First International.

3. Questions and answers (This question has a total of 1 sub-question, totaling 6 points)

1. [Answer] Based on the knowledge learned, it can be seen that the Renaissance opened the prelude to modern European history, and the movement first emerged in Italy. The Renaissance was an ideological and cultural movement in the emerging bourgeoisie in the 14th and 16th century against feudal religious theology by reviving ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Its core idea is humanism. The core of the humanistic spirit is to advocate human nature, oppose divinity, advocate the purpose of life to pursue happiness in real life, and advocate individual liberation. The Renaissance movement promoted the great liberation of people's thoughts; promoted the prosperity of the European cultural and ideological field; and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence and development of European capitalism.

So the answer is:

Core idea: humanism. Influence: It promoted the great liberation of people's thoughts; promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields; and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence and development of European capitalism.

4. Material analysis questions (This question has 3 sub-questions, totaling 34 points)

2. [Answer] (1) According to material 1, "Although Portuguese merchants are not particularly outstanding in the trade circle, Portuguese fishermen have a long tradition of navigating the stormy Atlantic Ocean." It can be seen that the favorable factor in Portugal's appearance as a "leader" in early navigation expeditions was that Portugal's fishermen had rich experience in navigating. Based on the knowledge learned, the nautical expedition conducted in the late 15th century with the support of the Portuguese royal family. In 1487, Dias led a fleet to head south along the west coast of Africa, and reached the Cape of Good Hope in Africa the following year. In 1497, Da Gama set out from Portugal, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, went north on the east coast of Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, and arrived on the west coast of India in 1498.

(2) According to material 2, “For centuries, a total of 10 million African slaves have been transported to the Western Hemisphere”, it can be seen that it reflects the “triangle trade”. "Triangle Trade" has brought profound disasters to the African people and caused poverty and backwardness in Africa.

So the answer is:

(1) Advantageous factors: Portugal's fishermen have rich experience in nautical navigation. Navigation Expedition: In 1487, Dias led a fleet to head south along the west coast of Africa, and reached the Cape of Good Hope in Africa the following year; in 1497, Da Gama set out from Portugal, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, went north on the east coast of Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, and arrived on the west coast of India in 1498.

(2) Historical facts: "Triangle Trade". Impact: It has brought profound disasters to the African people and caused poverty and backwardness in Africa.

3. [Answer] (1) Based on the materials and combined with the knowledge learned, it can be seen that the important legal document "restricting the power of the king" passed by the British Parliament in 1689 is the "Bill of Rights". Britain's "major innovation" in political system is the gradual formation of a constitutional monarchy. In 1689, the Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. Based on the Bill of Rights, Britain established the highest position of parliament in national political life and gradually formed a constitutional monarchy.

(2) According to material 2 "(United States) The Confederate Ordinance was implemented in 1781. The central government organized by it was too weak to prevent the development of the people's movement and unable to protect private property... Under the Confederate Ordinance, each state acted independently, and each state had relevant tax barriers, the currency system was not unified, and the market was not unified, which led to domestic trade hindering. ... In this way, the movement to strengthen central power and formulate a new constitution rose rapidly in the 1780s." It can be seen that the central government was too weak to cope with the crisis; each state acted independently, and hindering domestic trade was the background of the formulation of the US Constitution in 1787.

(3) From the knowledge learned, it can be seen that the Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1789. In August 1789, the Constituent Assembly passed the Declaration of Human Rights, proclaiming basic principles such as human rights, rule of law, freedom, decentralization, equality and the protection of private property. According to the three texts of the material, "The French bourgeois revolution fundamentally overthrew the feudal system that ruled France for more than 1,000 years, established the bourgeois regime, and cleared obstacles to the development of capitalism. Due to the active participation of the people, from overthrowing the monarch to the dictatorship of the Jacobins, it developed to the pinnacle of the bourgeois revolution. It not only defeated the foreign interference army, but also eliminated and destroyed all shackles of feudal society." It can be seen that the active participation of the people is the most thorough reason for the French bourgeois revolution.

So the answer is:

(1) Legal document: "Bill of Rights"; "Major Innovation": gradually forming a constitutional monarchy.

(2) Background: The central government is too weak to cope with the crisis; states act independently and hinder domestic trade.

(3) Time: 1789; Reason: Active participation of the people.

4. [Answer] (1) According to material 1 "In 1786, Manchester, England only had one Acrete chimney, but fifteen years later, there were 50 yarn mills. In 1760, Manchester's population was less than 100,000, and in 1851, the population exceeded 300,000." It can be seen that the rapid development of Manchester, England in the mid-to-late 18th century was the significant increase in the number of factories and the rapid growth of the population. Based on the knowledge learned, we can see that the main reason for its rapid development is the widespread use of steam engines, and Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution.

(2) Material 2 Picture of the vehicle designer is Stephenson. The Watt steam engine also promoted the progress of transportation vehicles. British engineer Stephenson invented the train locomotive. In 1825, this locomotive, named "Voyager", was successfully tested in the UK, bringing great convenience to people's production and life. According to the second text of Material 2, "Cities are no longer far away. Ordinary people can choose to work in long-distance cities and then take the train to return to the suburbs to live. This cross-regional commuting has changed the social form since the farming era. Since people's range of activities is no longer limited to the surrounding areas, long-distance travel has become an emerging trend. More people have begun to look at the world that they could not reach before with a new perspective." It can be seen that the "the real arrival of the railway era" has strengthened economic and cultural ties and exchanges between various places; changed the social form, promoted the change of people's lifestyles; promoted the dissemination of advanced concepts, knowledge and technology, etc.

So the answer is:

(1) Performance: The number of factories has increased significantly; the population has grown rapidly. Main reasons: Steam engines were widely used, and Britain was the first to complete the industrial revolution.

(2) Designer: Stephenson. Influence: Strengthened economic and cultural ties and exchanges between various regions; changed social forms and promoted changes in people's lifestyles; promoted the dissemination of advanced concepts, knowledge and technology, etc.