This year's oil prices have risen very rapidly due to the factors of international war. 92# gasoline also made it onto the 9 yuan list. Many car owners say they can no longer drive their cars [fear]. Some experts say: The end of gasoline-powered cars is ahead of schedule. I still

Oil prices this year have risen very rapidly due to the factors of international war. 92# gasoline also made it onto the 9 yuan list. Many car owners say they can no longer drive their cars [fear]. Some experts say: The end of cars and petrol cars is ahead of . I still remember that time 7 years ago, because oil-producing countries increased production, No. 92 gasoline was only a little over 5 yuan. At that time. Some experts said: oil cheap hurt new

In less than 10 years, electric vehicles, led by new energy sources, have been making rapid progress. By 2022, new energy vehicles will account for 40% of traditional vehicles. Half of the three-thirds of the world has been gained.

Most of the new energy vehicles running on China’s roads are powered by electric energy. But power is not the only overlord. Why should our country vigorously support the development of electric energy? Today we will talk about how we should develop new energy in the future. Namely: What should new energy vehicles look like in the future? Before we talk about this, let’s talk about why the first step is electric energy.

1. Electric energy Why does my country support the development of electric energy?

Electricity: Everyone should be familiar with it. It has been around since before the emergence of human civilization. Electricity is used everywhere in our lives. Daily appliances such as televisions, air conditioners, and washing machines all require electricity for social construction, office work, and production. It can be said that electricity involves every aspect of our lives. There is a saying that goes like this: We can live without water, but we cannot live without electricity. Electricity: As a renewable energy source, it can be continuously produced and can be said to be inexhaustible.

Although we can produce electricity, we need to find a way to store it in case of emergency. So in 1799, Volta immersed a zinc plate and a tin plate in salt water and found that there was an electric current flowing through the wire connecting the two pieces of metal. He put flannel or paper soaked in salt water between many zinc and silver sheets and folded them flat. When you touch both ends, you will feel strong current stimulation. So the world's first battery "volt stack" was made, which is a battery pack connected in series. This is our first generation battery.

With the rise of industrial revolution has brought about global technological innovation, brought development to human civilization, and at the same time polluted the air. In the era of greenhouse effect, the global climate is warming, Arctic ice and snow are digesting, sea levels are rising, land area is shrinking, global temperatures are rising, and summer temperatures in some places are as high as 70 degrees Celsius. The development of new energy sources is urgent.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, we have known that hydrogen energy is the best new energy, because we who have studied chemistry have all caught up with the reaction between hydrogen H2 and oxygen O (H2+O2=ignition=2H2O (combination reaction )) The waste product after generates heat is water H2O. But hydrogen is an unstable gas, and its acquisition, energy storage, and utilization are millionaire-hard. To this day, there is no company that says it is very easy to obtain, very safe and very easy to preserve. Although it is not safe, we cannot deny that it is the best energy source.

Choose the lesser of two evils, and choose the greater of two benefits.

For problems that cannot be solved temporarily, we might as well start with electric energy, which is easier to solve. China's first electric car was produced in 1995. As early as more than 20 years ago, under the leadership of President Sun Fengchun, China's first electric car was built, and it was a pure electric bus named Yuanwanghao. After the trial of , it was adjusted and improved in all aspects. Finally launched on the market, for the first time 200 electric vehicles and taxis were displayed in front of everyone and appeared on every street.

With the progress and development of China's science and technology, today's electric vehicles have simple structures and are easy to maintain. New technology, new shape, new structure, energy saving and emission reduction.

What are the advantages of electric cars?

Advantages of electric vehicles: 1. Save energy and are environmentally friendly. 2. Electric vehicles make very little noise. 3. Electric cars are cheap and practical. At present, the state still strongly recommends electric vehicles, and there are also preferential policies. The performance and technology of electric vehicles are also quite mature.Saving energy and saving money is a must, and it can save car owners a lot of money. Because it is environmentally friendly, it causes air pollution, starts quickly, and makes less noise.

Many places also have a fixed power supply and can be charged. Electric vehicles are powered by batteries and are energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and safe economical products.

Cars were born in Europe, developed in the United States, and innovated in Japan. Our country's automobile industry is weak. If we want to overtake in corners, we must find another way. Nowadays, the development trend of our electric energy is quite good: there are lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. Recently, CATL said that it has developed Kirin batteries with a battery life of up to 1000KM and is expected to be mass-produced in 2023. Even the United States on the other side of the ocean says that our new energy sources are ahead of them.

Why should our country support the development of electric energy?

First of all, we must know that our country is a country with mountains, hills and plains, a multi-climate country, a small cultivated area and abundant water resources. Therefore, it is very advantageous for new energy power generation .

One:

Solar power generation:

As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the installed capacity of my country's solar power generation equipment is 320 million kilowatts (of which photovoltaic power generation and photothermal power generation are 317.98 million kilowatts and 570,000 kilowatts respectively).

The installed capacity of solar power generation equipment accounts for 13.33% of the total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment in the country.

Wind power generation:

As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment in my country is 340 million kilowatts (of which onshore wind power and offshore wind power are 30,987 and 26.65 million kilowatts respectively).

The installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment accounts for 14.17% of the total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment in the country.

In recent years, the installed capacity of wind energy and solar power generation equipment in my country has been growing very fast.

In 2016, my country's installed capacity of solar power equipment was 77.42 million kilowatts, but by the end of the first quarter of 2022, it had grown to 320 million kilowatts.

In 2016, the installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment in my country was 148.64 million kilowatts, but by the end of the first quarter of 2022, it had grown to 340 million kilowatts.

As of the end of March 2022, my country’s wind and solar power generation installed capacity totaled 660 million kilowatts, accounting for 27.5% of the country’s total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment.

According to public information, my country’s power generation capacity in 2021 Reached 8.11218 billion kilowatt hours. Among them, thermal power generation with coal as the main fuel still occupies the first place - the total amount has climbed to 5,770.27 billion kilowatt hours, which is approximately 71.13% of my country's entire society's power generation.

Hydroelectric power generation ranks second, with the electricity generated in 2021 being 1,184.02 billion kilowatt-hours, approximately 14.6% of the country’s total electricity generation; wind power generation ranks third, with the electricity generated in 2021 being 566.7 billion kilowatt-hours, accounting for 6.99% %; nuclear power generation was 407.52 billion kilowatt hours, accounting for 5.02%.

Solar power generation was 183.66 billion kilowatt hours, accounting for 2.26%. Many netizens believe that my country's future power production structure needs to continue to be cleaner. The proportion of thermal power generation can be reduced to 20%, the proportion of nuclear power generation can be increased to 30%, and the proportion of hydropower and wind power can be increased. to 20%.

Second: my country is rich in mineral resources, especially lithium resources

my country is also one of the countries with rich lithium resources. According to the United States Geological Survey data released in 2015, my country's proven lithium resource reserves are about 5.4 million tons, accounting for about 13% of the world's total proven reserves. my country's salt lake resources account for about 85% of the country's total reserves, and its ore resources account for about 15%.

China's granitic pegmatite salt lithium deposits are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Xinjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, and Hubei. Among them, the basic reserves of lepidolite in Yichun, Jiangxi reach 637,000 tons, and the methylka pegmatite type in Kangding, Sichuan Province The spodumene deposit is the second largest spodumene deposit in the world and the largest in Asia. The content of lithium oxide is 1.28% and the reserve is 1.18 million tons.

my country's lithium salt lake resources are mainly distributed in Qinghai and Tibet. The lithium resource reserves of salt lakes in these two places account for about 80% of the country's total lithium resource reserves. Qinghai's lithium resources are mainly found in sulfate salt lakes, concentrated in the Qarhan Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin. Currently being developed are Jinaier Lake in the East and Jinaier Lake in the West, with reserves of about 90,000 tons and 480,000 tons. Tibet's lithium resources are mainly found in carbonate type salt lakes, which are concentrated in Zabuye Salt Lake, Zhongba County, northern Tibet. This salt lake is a rare comprehensive salt lake deposit of boron, lithium, potassium and cesium in the world, in which lithium and boron are both Reaching a super large scale, it is the third largest million-ton salt lake in the world, with a lithium resource content of 1.53 million tons. Its lithium content is second only to Salar de Atacama and Salar de Uyuni. It is also a high-quality lithium-containing salt lake with the lowest magnesium-lithium ratio in the world. salt lake.

Third: Our country has expert companies in this field

a. In 1997, BYD, a battery manufacturer, became China's largest battery supplier just three years after its establishment; in 2003, BYD became the world's second largest battery manufacturer. As your business grows, it will inevitably attract the attention of your competitors. In 2002, Japan's Sanyo , the world's largest battery manufacturer, sued BYD in the United States for patent infringement. In 2003, Sony sued BYD for patent infringement. But BYD did not lose in both lawsuits.

BYD blade battery

A few days ago, BYD became the first car company in the world to stop producing fuel vehicles. This is actually because BYD did not intend to make a fuel vehicle from the beginning. In 2003, BYD acquired Qinchuan Automobile just to buy a car manufacturing license. Wang Chuanfu knows very well that fuel vehicles cannot catch up anyway, so it is better to use their own advantages to create new energy sources. Today, many people know Wang Chuanfu through BYD Automobile. In fact, what really brought Wang Chuanfu to where he is today is the battery. Some people call him the Chinese Car King, but it is better to call him the Battery King. As an engineer, in 2019, Wang Chuanfu became the first private car company owner to enter the list of candidates for academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The motivation that supports Wang Chuanfu to this day is actually very simple, that is, to fight for the Chinese people.

BYD Han EV

In 2020, masks became one of the most scarce supplies in the country, and Wang Chuanfu decided to make them himself without hesitation. With 30,000 employees, it took 3 days to draw the drawings and 7 days to create the first independently developed and produced mask production line. In less than two months, BYD's daily mask output reached 100 million. When global mask prices are skyrocketing, Wang Chuanfu said that BYD does not make masks to make money. As long as the country is in trouble, we can do anything.

b. CATL released the first-generation sodium-ion battery plan to form a basic industrial chain in 2023

The first-generation sodium-ion battery can be used in various transportation electrification scenarios, especially in alpine areas, with outstanding advantages, and can be flexibly adapted to storage Application requirements in all scenarios in the energy field.

On July 29, CATL New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. successfully held its first online press conference. Chairman Zeng Yuqun released CATL’s first-generation sodium-ion battery. At the same time, the innovative lithium-sodium hybrid battery pack also debuted at the press conference.

As another milestone achievement of the industrialization of innovative technologies in CATL, sodium-ion batteries will provide new solutions for energy cleanliness and transportation electrification, and promote the early realization of the " carbon neutral " goal.

Breaking through the bottleneck of sodium-ion battery technology

As "carbon neutrality" has become a global consensus, the new energy industry has entered a multi-level, multi-type, and diversified development stage. The increasingly segmented market has put forward differentiated demands for batteries. ; At the same time, the research and development of basic battery materials is accelerating around the world, which has opened a two-way window for the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries.

CATL has been deeply involved in the research and development of sodium ion chemical system materials for many years: in terms of cathode materials, CATL uses Prussian white materials with higher gram capacity, innovatively rearranges the charges in the bulk phase structure of the material, and solves the problem of Prussian white. The core problem is rapid capacity fading during cycling.

Based on a series of breakthroughs in material systems, the first-generation sodium-ion battery developed by CATL has the advantages of high energy density, high-rate charging, excellent thermal stability, good low-temperature performance and high integration efficiency. The first-generation sodium-ion battery can be used in various transportation electrification scenarios, especially in alpine and cold areas, and can flexibly adapt to the application needs of all scenarios in the energy storage field.

Multi-dimensional layout promotes the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries

At the press conference, Dr. Huang Qisen, deputy director of CATL Research Institute, introduced that in terms of manufacturing technology, sodium-ion batteries can be perfectly compatible with lithium-ion battery production equipment and processes, and the production line It can be quickly switched to complete the rapid layout of production capacity. At present, CATL has launched the corresponding industrialization layout, and a basic industrial chain will be formed in 2023.

requires electricity, resources, and technology. In the post-90s dialect, it is called: Collect the seven dragon balls and you can summon the dragon

2. Hydrogen energy, here I come

We are not not developing hydrogen energy. The time has not come, but now the time has come. Hydrogen energy, as the cleanest and cleanest energy, of course we must develop. You must know that the hydrogen fuel cell has a hundred times the energy storage capacity of lithium batteries and is smaller in size. Hydrogen only emits water after work. And now there are hydrogen refueling stations and hydrogen energy vehicles on the road. This year’s 145 Plan lists hydrogen energy as a strategic goal of our country, and universities have opened hydrogen energy subjects. Establish a research topic on hydrogen energy. The society promotes hydrogen energy projects. The so-called city's hundreds of flowers contend

Hydrogen demand for fuel cell vehicles

With the development of the fuel cell vehicle industry, technical problems are being broken through one by one, and the entire industry chain is beginning to mature, building efficient, environmentally friendly, and green hydrogen energy Society is becoming a reality.

Hydrogen, as the foundation for the construction and development of a hydrogen energy society, is widely present in traditional industrial industries. my country has become the country with the largest hydrogen production in the world for many consecutive years.

In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 50,000 fuel cell vehicles, each consuming 3kg/100km of hydrogen, with an annual mileage of 20,000 kilometers, requiring 30,000 tons of hydrogen; in 2030, it is estimated that there will be one million vehicles, requiring at least 600,000 tons of hydrogen per year. ; In 2018, China produced nearly 20 million tons of hydrogen.

It can be seen from the above data that as the largest hydrogen-producing country, my country's existing hydrogen sources are far higher than the demand for fuel cell vehicles.

Industrial hydrogen and fuel hydrogen

Compared with Japan, South Korea and other close neighbors, my country’s industrial hydrogen has a wide range of sources and obvious cost advantages, which can help my country develop fuel cell vehicles and build a hydrogen energy society.

It is worth noting that industrial hydrogen focuses on hydrogen purity , while fuel cell hydrogen focuses on sensitive impurity content . Therefore, industrial hydrogen is not equal to fuel cell hydrogen. At this stage, the greenest way to obtain fuel hydrogen is to "convert gray hydrogen to green hydrogen", which uses a large amount of inefficiently utilized and discarded hydrogen to purify it into fuel hydrogen for use in fuel cell vehicles.

For example, industrial by-product hydrogen is produced in the process of industrial production of main products. It is present in tail gas or waste gas, or is burned as fuel, or is used inefficiently, or even directly emitted. Industrial by-product hydrogen is mainly concentrated in the coking, chlor-alkali, propane dehydrogenation (PDH) and light hydrocarbon cracking industries.

Taking the coke oven coking industry as an example, the national coke output in 2017 was 432 million tons, and the by-product hydrogen could reach 7.35 million tons, while one million fuel cell vehicles consume only 600,000 tons of hydrogen per year. Moreover, the cost of such industrial hydrogen is very low. For example, industrial hydrogen obtained by reforming aromatics is generally sold at 105-8 yuan/kg, and industrial hydrogen from coke oven gas is generally sold at 108-10 yuan/kg, while fuel The price of hydrogen is higher than 30 yuan/kg.

If this type of hydrogen can be fully utilized as a hydrogen source for fuel cells, there will be no need to consume additional energy to produce hydrogen. It can truly turn waste into treasure, be green and efficient, and achieve "zero-carbon hydrogen production".

Utilize coke oven gas to produce LNG Co-produce industrial hydrogen equipment

However, the "rugged" industrial hydrogen is inherently not in line with the "delicate" taste of proton membrane hydrogen fuel cells. Even in high-purity industrial hydrogen with a purity of up to 99.999%, the content of various impurities such as CO, CO2, and S may be far higher than the limit value of GB/T 37244-2018 "Fuel Hydrogen for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Vehicles". Causes poisoning of the fuel cell catalyst, which may lead to a decrease in the output performance of the hydrogen fuel cell, or may lead to damage and scrapping.

Therefore, converting industrial hydrogen into fuel hydrogen has become a vexing problem.

Hydrogen energy is a kind of secondary energy. It is produced by utilizing other energy sources through certain methods. Unlike coal, oil, and natural gas, which can be mined directly, today

almost entirely relies on fossil fuels. Obtained.

●Looking at the domestic hydrogen production methods, the main methods are: 1. Hydrogen production from coal; 2. Hydrogen production from natural gas; 3. Hydrogen production from methanol ; 4. Hydrogen production from industrial by-products; 5. Hydrogen production from refinery gas. ;

6. Hydrogen production from coke oven coal; 7. Hydrogen production from electrolysis of water; 8. Hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition and other hydrogen production forms are diversified. The hydrogen production process is based on different regions, industries, and resources. The selected hydrogen production routes are different. Western China is rich in natural gas, mainly natural gas; oil refining companies use rice to produce hydrogen, and most natural gas produces hydrogen; most northern enterprises

use coal as raw material to obtain hydrogen to develop downstream industries; coal The cost of hydrogen production is low but the investment in environmental protection is large, and most of them are large-scale devices; hydrogen production from coke oven gas is obtained from by-product hydrogen

gas, turning waste into treasure; water electrolysis and methanol hydrogen production are currently mainly small-scale hydrogen needs Mainly based on gas, the cost is high and there is no new breakthrough in technology.

●From a scale perspective, domestic industrial hydrogen production will still use chemical energy as the main raw material. However, in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other regions where the fuel cell industry is focused on development, industrial by-products Hydrogen production is a better solution. Large-scale chlor-alkali units, PDH units, and alkane cracking units provide guarantee for hydrogen supply in surrounding areas. The theoretical scale of hydrogen production is sufficient to meet the short- and medium-term needs of fuel cell vehicles. , and also leave enough time for technological breakthroughs in electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Industrial by-product hydrogen is limited by the production capacity of the main product, and there is a ceiling in the scale of hydrogen production, which will inevitably encounter production bottlenecks in the long term. The raw materials for hydrogen production through water electrolysis are easily available, energy-saving and environmentally friendly. If future technological breakthroughs lead to a significant reduction in operating costs, it is expected to become the mainstream process for hydrogen production.

●Hydrogen is mainly used in hydrogenation units to synthesize basic chemical raw materials in chemical, biological, pharmaceutical and other industries: such as gasoline and diesel oil upgrades for hydrogenation, sugar alcohols in the Rainey

nickel catalyst Hydrogen synthesis and the production of basic chemical raw materials such as methanol and liquid ammonia all require hydrogen as raw material. Hydrogenation devices are also used in other fields and industries, such as: 1,4-butanol, polylactam, fatty alcohol, organic amine, butaneol, HPPO, and petroleum hydrogenation Catalysts for industries such as resins, dye intermediates, pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediates (hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reductive amination, etc.).

● Regarding hydrogenation devices, in some industries, Raney nickel hydrogenation is mainly used as the catalyst. For example, the products developed and produced by "Xunkai Catalysis" are mainly based on "nitro hydrogenation". Aniline, RT-Base, m-aniline, o-chloroaniline, H acid , anthranilic ether , reducing products and other devices; "cyano hydrogenation" in fatty amine , diamine, decane ⼼

amines, amines, DMAPA, special amines and other equipment are used in dozens of sets of equipment; " carbonyl hydrogenation" is used in carbonyl hydrogenation, maltitol , jelly alcohol and other equipment

settings. Therefore, future hydrogenation devices and catalyst improvements have also become the focus of future attention.

For various hydrogen production processes, the main ones are as follows:

1, coal-based hydrogen production

Coal-based hydrogen production is characterized by long process, high investment, relatively complex operation, and relatively cheap raw materials, which brings cost advantages. The main process flow is the reaction of coal or coal char with

pure oxygen and steam to obtain coal with H₂ and CO as the main components, and then through production processes such as coal purification, CO transformation, and H₂ purification to obtain a certain purity of coal. Hydrogen

⽓. The initial investment in coal-to-hydrogen production equipment is relatively high, and large-scale hydrogen production is required to amortize the depreciation pressure. The larger the scale, the more obvious the cost advantage. At present, the scale of domestic coal-to-hydrogen equipment usually ranges from tens of thousands to 100,000 standard cubic meters per hour, with investment amounts ranging from hundreds of millions to billions. Coal-to-hydrogen production has large emissions of wastewater, waste gas, and waste residue

and requires a large investment in environmental protection. Therefore, it is generally used in chemical production to transfer carbon elements to chemical products to reduce carbon emissions; if hydrogen is produced separately , each kilogram of

H₂ produces about 19-29kg of CO₂. Considering Beijing’s 2018 carbon trading price of 50 yuan/ton, the cost of hydrogen production will increase by 1-1.5 yuan/kg. In addition, coal-to-hydrogen gas contains many impurities and requires high purification equipment, which increases its total production cost.

2, Natural gas hydrogen production

The characteristics of natural gas hydrogen production are short process, low investment, relatively mature technology, stable operation and environmental friendliness. However, the cost of raw materials is high, and the cost of hydrogen production is greatly affected by the price of natural gas

. Natural gas prices have soared in recent years and winter gas restrictions to protect people's consumption have not improved. The main process flow is: natural gas and water steam reforming

to produce synthetic gas with H₂, CO, and CO₂ as the main components, and then through CO conversion and H₂ purification and production processes to obtain hydrogen of a certain purity. Hydrogen production from natural gas is the most environmentally friendly process for producing hydrogen from chemical

natural gas energy. Therefore, hydrogen production from natural gas is also the main source of hydrogen in the world. However, due to the relative scarcity of domestic natural gas resources and the high price

, large-scale promotion It has a certain degree of difficulty. From the perspective of carbon emissions, through the natural gas hydrogen production process, every kilogram of hydrogen produced will emit 10.86-12.49kg of carbon dioxide. The carbon emissions are much lower than the coal-to-hydrogen production process. If a high amount of is levied, Carbon tax , the cost of domestic hydrogen production from natural gas is expected to be lower than the cost of hydrogen production from coal.

3, Methanol hydrogen production

Methanol hydrogen production has the advantages of flexible scale, low investment cost, low carbon emissions, and easy availability of raw materials. Domestic methanol hydrogen production mainly adopts the methanol steam reforming hydrogen production process.

means methanol and steam reforming to produce synthetic gas with H₂, CO, and CO₂ as the main components, and then undergoes CO transformation and H2 purification. The production process obtains hydrogen gas with a certain purity

. The production of hydrogen from methanol is limited by several factors. Methanol prices fluctuate greatly, transportation and storage are inconvenient, and the residual methanol after PSA cannot be completely resolved. At present, domestic research and development is using catalytic combustion methods to solve environmental problems.

4, Industrial by-product hydrogen production

Industrial by-product hydrogen production is to use hydrogen-rich industrial tail gas as raw material, mainly using the pressure swing adsorption method (PSA method), to recover and purify hydrogen. At present, the main sources of tail gas

include by-products of the chlor-alkali industry, coke oven coal, and light hydrocarbon cracking by-products. Compared with other hydrogen production methods, the biggest advantage of hydrogen production from industrial by-products is that it requires almost no additional capital investment and chemical raw material investment, and the hydrogen obtained has significant advantages in terms of cost and emission reduction. .

5, hydrogen production from chlor-alkali by-products

●Hydrogen production from chlor-alkali by-products has the advantages of easy purification, low impurity content, and effective utilization of hydrogen gas. The chlor-alkali plant uses alkaline water as raw material and uses an ionic membrane or a cotton

diaphragm electrolyzer to produce caustic soda, chlorine gas, and by-product hydrogen. Most chlor-alkali plants use the physical adsorption method PSA method to purify its by-product hydrogen and obtain

high-purity hydrogen. This process has the characteristics of low energy consumption, low investment, high degree of automation, high product purity, and no waste. pollution and other advantages. Considering that the purity of by-product hydrogen reaches over 99% before purification, and the main impurities are oxygen, nitrogen, and water steam, the production cost of high-purity hydrogen under this process is only 1.3-1.5 yuan/Nm³. Compared with other preparation methods, the cost and environmental protection advantages are prominent.

6, coke oven coal hydrogen production

● my country is the world’s largest coke producer. In 2019, domestic coke production reached 495 million tons, accounting for 60% of the global total production. Coke oven coal is a by-product of the coking process. In addition to containing a large amount of hydrogen (more than 55%) and methane (generally between 20-30%), other components include carbon monoxide, Carbon oxide varies greatly with the content of raw coal. The coke oven coal pressure swing adsorption hydrogen production process is divided into five processes: methane separation (to produce LNG, CNG, etc.), freezing purification separation, pressure swing adsorption decarbonization

hydrocarbons, desulfurization compression, pressure swing adsorption hydrogen production and deoxygenation. After several steps, the purity of hydrogen finally produced exceeds 99.999%. The theoretical space for producing hydrogen from coke oven coal is the largest in China. However, the recycling systems of iron and steel combined coking enterprises are usually relatively complete. Most of the coking gas has been fully utilized. Currently, coke oven gas is used to produce hydrogen. Methanol, synthetic ammonia, hydrogen extraction after LNG, etc. have a wide range of applications.

7. Hydrogen production from light hydrocarbon cracking

● Hydrogen production from light hydrocarbon cracking mainly includes propane dehydrogenation (PDH) and alkane cracking.

● Alkane cracking to olefins plants are mainly concentrated in North America, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Starting in 2017, Chinese companies have developed the alkane to olefins market, and many companies have successively announced that they will introduce low-priced light hydrocarbons from the United States. Raw materials produce alkenes. Domestic methanol cracking projects are accelerating. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 2022, domestic methanene production capacity will reach 8.58 million tons, with a by-product of 553,400 tons of hydrogen (1 ton of methanene by-product is 64.5kg of hydrogen).

The hydrogen by-product of the PDH unit has high purity and is easy to purify. Most of the production capacity is close to the eastern coastal areas of . It is closely aligned with the downstream fuel cell application market and has broad prospects. As of the end of June 2019, a total of 10 PDH projects have been put into production in China, and another 4 are under construction. There are also many corporate PDH projects in preliminary work.

4 of them have exact plans for the year of production. It is expected that by the end of 2023, the total propylene production capacity of 18 domestic PDH projects will reach 10.35 million tons/year, with a by-product hydrogen production of 390,000

tons/year.

8, Hydrogen production by electrolysis

● Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water has the advantages of simple process, no pollution, and high purity of hydrogen products. However, the disadvantages are high cost, high power consumption, and the possibility of large-scale promotion and application of

is not yet available. . The main factor restricting the development of electrolytic water hydrogen production technology is the high cost. At present, among the mainstream hydrogen production methods, the cost of hydrogen production from coal is the lowest, while the cost of hydrogen production from electrolysis of water is much higher than that of fossil fuels, as high as 5.2 US dollars/kg. In addition, compared with the selling price of oil, there is already a certain profit margin for hydrogen production from coal gasification and

hydrogen production from natural gas reforming, while hydrogen production from electrolysis of water is far from being profitable, which affects the technology's success in the market. Application promotion.

● Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is a reaction in which a reduction reaction occurs on the cathode to release hydrogen gas and an oxidation reaction occurs on the anode to release oxygen. The process is simple, fully automated and easy to operate.

The purity of its hydrogen products is also extremely high, generally reaching 99-99.9% level, and the main impurities are H₂O and O₂. It is especially suitable for proton membrane fuel cells that have extremely strict requirements on the content of impurities such as CO. The editor believes that the development of water electrolysis hydrogen production based on local conditions has broad prospects. In areas with severe power curtailment, it is expected to become a solution for consuming clean

electricity.In 2018, the country's renewable energy power wastage was approximately 100 billion kilowatt-hours. If all of it is used to produce hydrogen through electrolysis of water, it can theoretically be converted into 1.8 million tons

Various hydrogen production methods solve our problem of hydrogen energy production. If we want to solve its energy storage problem, our country also has its own technology.

my country has made new breakthroughs in hydrogen refueling. It has built more than 250 hydrogen refueling stations, accounting for about 40% of the global number. The number of hydrogen refueling stations ranks first in the world.

3. The third energy source, nuclear energy Nuclear fusion my country is in a leading position

Why is nuclear energy the ultimate energy source? Because nuclear energy can be used inexhaustibly after one reaction. Unlike batteries and hydrogen energy, the production time is long and the utilization time is short. Our common nuclear energy may be what everyone thinks of: atomic bomb, nuclear submarine, nuclear powered aircraft carrier, nuclear power plant, etc. What we are going to talk about today is the second nuclear energy method: nuclear fusion

In fact, we have seen it: like the sun. Well, my skin hurts from the sun in summer now. Haha [呲呲]

Everyone has seen " Iron Man ". If you haven't seen it, I suggest you check it out to see it as a benchmark for future energy development. Iron Man

The chest of Iron Man is a small nuclear fusion reactor.

For example: Today's nuclear power plants and missile nuclear weapons are all nuclear fission , atomic nuclei will split into two or more atomic nuclei with smaller mass after absorbing a neutron , and release two at the same time. When three neutrons and a large amount of energy are obtained, other nuclei can undergo nuclear fission... to continue the process. This process is called chain reaction . When an atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, it releases a huge amount of energy. This energy is called nuclear energy , commonly known as atomic energy . The fission of all the nuclei of 1 kilogram of uranium -235 will produce 20,000 megawatt hours of energy, with Burning at least 2,000 tons of coal releases as much energy as running a 20-megawatt power station for 1,000 hours. Nuclear fission can occur only from very large atomic nuclei such as uranium (yóu), thorium (tǔ) and plutonium (bù). While obtaining energy, it also produces a large amount of radiation.

This is Hiroshima Nagasaki. After the atomic bomb nuclear fission explosion, although some people survived, they still died one after another. The area is still closed to this day. Regarding the Fukushima incident at the Japanese nuclear power plant, everyone still remembers that last year we said we would discharge nuclear wastewater that cannot be processed into the Pacific Ocean. We are firmly opposed to

Although nuclear energy is very harmful, if it is controlled well, it is a good sword and is beneficial to us.

Nuclear fusion (nuclear fusion), also known as nuclear fusion, fusion reaction, fusion reaction or thermonuclear reaction. The nucleus refers to atoms with small mass, mainly deuterium. Under certain conditions (such as ultra-high temperature and high pressure), only under extremely high temperature and pressure can the electrons outside the nucleus escape from the nucleus. The binding of two atomic nuclei can attract each other and collide together, resulting in the mutual polymerization of atomic nuclei to generate new heavier nuclei (such as helium ). Although neutrons have a relatively large mass, Since neutrons are uncharged, they can escape from the confines of the atomic nucleus and be released during this collision. The release of a large number of electrons and neutrons represents a huge release of energy. This is a form of nuclear reaction to . There is huge energy in the atomic nucleus. The change of the atomic nucleus (from one type of atomic nucleus to another) is often accompanied by the release of energy

Nuclear fusion is relative to nuclear fission, which is hydrogen (protium), deuterium, tritium, lithium The fusion reaction caused by obtaining the necessary kinetic energy from thermal motion .

Nuclear fusion is easier said than done. Many countries have spent trillions of R&D funds and have no choice but to give up.Fortunately, our country has made progress in this regard. According to reliable information, our country's nuclear fusion has reached the experimental stage. If the experiment is successful, it will be applied before 2050. You must know that other countries are still talking about nuclear fusion experiments on paper, but we are already one step ahead.

At the just-concluded Future Science Awards Week this year, Zhang Jie, winner of the 2021 Future Science Awards Material Science Award, shared his optimistic life and scientific research progress. He said that since 2018, the team has conducted 6 rounds of verification experiments and confirmed the feasibility of the decomposition physical process in the laser fusion fast ignition scheme through the 10,000-joule laser experiment. At the end of November this year, the team will begin the seventh round of experiments.

"Both magnetic confinement fusion and laser fusion research have reached the 'threshold', that is, the output energy of nuclear fusion is close to the input energy. The common goal in the future is to achieve fusion output energy that is 10 times or 100 times the input energy. When When the output energy is a hundred times the input energy, we are very close to establishing a nuclear fusion power station," Zhang Jie said.

days ago, good news came from the Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its "artificial sun" set a new record, achieving repeatable plasma operations of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds. This number is the original 1 5 times the record of running 20 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius.

This means that our country is a big step closer to the official commercialization of the nuclear "artificial sun".

In recent years, our country has continued to achieve impressive results: 5G leads the world, then new energy overtakes in corners, then electromagnetic technology applications, and now nuclear fusion. In other countries, we have achieved the experimental stage on paper. Really looking forward to the day it is used. Our Chinese Sun
Saving energy and saving money is a must, and it can save car owners a lot of money. Because it is environmentally friendly, it causes air pollution, starts quickly, and makes less noise.

Many places also have a fixed power supply and can be charged. Electric vehicles are powered by batteries and are energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and safe economical products.

Cars were born in Europe, developed in the United States, and innovated in Japan. Our country's automobile industry is weak. If we want to overtake in corners, we must find another way. Nowadays, the development trend of our electric energy is quite good: there are lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. Recently, CATL said that it has developed Kirin batteries with a battery life of up to 1000KM and is expected to be mass-produced in 2023. Even the United States on the other side of the ocean says that our new energy sources are ahead of them.

Why should our country support the development of electric energy?

First of all, we must know that our country is a country with mountains, hills and plains, a multi-climate country, a small cultivated area and abundant water resources. Therefore, it is very advantageous for new energy power generation .

One:

Solar power generation:

As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the installed capacity of my country's solar power generation equipment is 320 million kilowatts (of which photovoltaic power generation and photothermal power generation are 317.98 million kilowatts and 570,000 kilowatts respectively).

The installed capacity of solar power generation equipment accounts for 13.33% of the total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment in the country.

Wind power generation:

As of the end of the first quarter of 2022, the installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment in my country is 340 million kilowatts (of which onshore wind power and offshore wind power are 30,987 and 26.65 million kilowatts respectively).

The installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment accounts for 14.17% of the total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment in the country.

In recent years, the installed capacity of wind energy and solar power generation equipment in my country has been growing very fast.

In 2016, my country's installed capacity of solar power equipment was 77.42 million kilowatts, but by the end of the first quarter of 2022, it had grown to 320 million kilowatts.

In 2016, the installed capacity of wind energy power generation equipment in my country was 148.64 million kilowatts, but by the end of the first quarter of 2022, it had grown to 340 million kilowatts.

As of the end of March 2022, my country’s wind and solar power generation installed capacity totaled 660 million kilowatts, accounting for 27.5% of the country’s total installed capacity of full-scale power generation equipment.

According to public information, my country’s power generation capacity in 2021 Reached 8.11218 billion kilowatt hours. Among them, thermal power generation with coal as the main fuel still occupies the first place - the total amount has climbed to 5,770.27 billion kilowatt hours, which is approximately 71.13% of my country's entire society's power generation.

Hydroelectric power generation ranks second, with the electricity generated in 2021 being 1,184.02 billion kilowatt-hours, approximately 14.6% of the country’s total electricity generation; wind power generation ranks third, with the electricity generated in 2021 being 566.7 billion kilowatt-hours, accounting for 6.99% %; nuclear power generation was 407.52 billion kilowatt hours, accounting for 5.02%.

Solar power generation was 183.66 billion kilowatt hours, accounting for 2.26%. Many netizens believe that my country's future power production structure needs to continue to be cleaner. The proportion of thermal power generation can be reduced to 20%, the proportion of nuclear power generation can be increased to 30%, and the proportion of hydropower and wind power can be increased. to 20%.

Second: my country is rich in mineral resources, especially lithium resources

my country is also one of the countries with rich lithium resources. According to the United States Geological Survey data released in 2015, my country's proven lithium resource reserves are about 5.4 million tons, accounting for about 13% of the world's total proven reserves. my country's salt lake resources account for about 85% of the country's total reserves, and its ore resources account for about 15%.

China's granitic pegmatite salt lithium deposits are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Xinjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, and Hubei. Among them, the basic reserves of lepidolite in Yichun, Jiangxi reach 637,000 tons, and the methylka pegmatite type in Kangding, Sichuan Province The spodumene deposit is the second largest spodumene deposit in the world and the largest in Asia. The content of lithium oxide is 1.28% and the reserve is 1.18 million tons.

my country's lithium salt lake resources are mainly distributed in Qinghai and Tibet. The lithium resource reserves of salt lakes in these two places account for about 80% of the country's total lithium resource reserves. Qinghai's lithium resources are mainly found in sulfate salt lakes, concentrated in the Qarhan Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin. Currently being developed are Jinaier Lake in the East and Jinaier Lake in the West, with reserves of about 90,000 tons and 480,000 tons. Tibet's lithium resources are mainly found in carbonate type salt lakes, which are concentrated in Zabuye Salt Lake, Zhongba County, northern Tibet. This salt lake is a rare comprehensive salt lake deposit of boron, lithium, potassium and cesium in the world, in which lithium and boron are both Reaching a super large scale, it is the third largest million-ton salt lake in the world, with a lithium resource content of 1.53 million tons. Its lithium content is second only to Salar de Atacama and Salar de Uyuni. It is also a high-quality lithium-containing salt lake with the lowest magnesium-lithium ratio in the world. salt lake.

Third: Our country has expert companies in this field

a. In 1997, BYD, a battery manufacturer, became China's largest battery supplier just three years after its establishment; in 2003, BYD became the world's second largest battery manufacturer. As your business grows, it will inevitably attract the attention of your competitors. In 2002, Japan's Sanyo , the world's largest battery manufacturer, sued BYD in the United States for patent infringement. In 2003, Sony sued BYD for patent infringement. But BYD did not lose in both lawsuits.

BYD blade battery

A few days ago, BYD became the first car company in the world to stop producing fuel vehicles. This is actually because BYD did not intend to make a fuel vehicle from the beginning. In 2003, BYD acquired Qinchuan Automobile just to buy a car manufacturing license. Wang Chuanfu knows very well that fuel vehicles cannot catch up anyway, so it is better to use their own advantages to create new energy sources. Today, many people know Wang Chuanfu through BYD Automobile. In fact, what really brought Wang Chuanfu to where he is today is the battery. Some people call him the Chinese Car King, but it is better to call him the Battery King. As an engineer, in 2019, Wang Chuanfu became the first private car company owner to enter the list of candidates for academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The motivation that supports Wang Chuanfu to this day is actually very simple, that is, to fight for the Chinese people.

BYD Han EV

In 2020, masks became one of the most scarce supplies in the country, and Wang Chuanfu decided to make them himself without hesitation. With 30,000 employees, it took 3 days to draw the drawings and 7 days to create the first independently developed and produced mask production line. In less than two months, BYD's daily mask output reached 100 million. When global mask prices are skyrocketing, Wang Chuanfu said that BYD does not make masks to make money. As long as the country is in trouble, we can do anything.

b. CATL released the first-generation sodium-ion battery plan to form a basic industrial chain in 2023

The first-generation sodium-ion battery can be used in various transportation electrification scenarios, especially in alpine areas, with outstanding advantages, and can be flexibly adapted to storage Application requirements in all scenarios in the energy field.

On July 29, CATL New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. successfully held its first online press conference. Chairman Zeng Yuqun released CATL’s first-generation sodium-ion battery. At the same time, the innovative lithium-sodium hybrid battery pack also debuted at the press conference.

As another milestone achievement of the industrialization of innovative technologies in CATL, sodium-ion batteries will provide new solutions for energy cleanliness and transportation electrification, and promote the early realization of the " carbon neutral " goal.

Breaking through the bottleneck of sodium-ion battery technology

As "carbon neutrality" has become a global consensus, the new energy industry has entered a multi-level, multi-type, and diversified development stage. The increasingly segmented market has put forward differentiated demands for batteries. ; At the same time, the research and development of basic battery materials is accelerating around the world, which has opened a two-way window for the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries.

CATL has been deeply involved in the research and development of sodium ion chemical system materials for many years: in terms of cathode materials, CATL uses Prussian white materials with higher gram capacity, innovatively rearranges the charges in the bulk phase structure of the material, and solves the problem of Prussian white. The core problem is rapid capacity fading during cycling.

Based on a series of breakthroughs in material systems, the first-generation sodium-ion battery developed by CATL has the advantages of high energy density, high-rate charging, excellent thermal stability, good low-temperature performance and high integration efficiency. The first-generation sodium-ion battery can be used in various transportation electrification scenarios, especially in alpine and cold areas, and can flexibly adapt to the application needs of all scenarios in the energy storage field.

Multi-dimensional layout promotes the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries

At the press conference, Dr. Huang Qisen, deputy director of CATL Research Institute, introduced that in terms of manufacturing technology, sodium-ion batteries can be perfectly compatible with lithium-ion battery production equipment and processes, and the production line It can be quickly switched to complete the rapid layout of production capacity. At present, CATL has launched the corresponding industrialization layout, and a basic industrial chain will be formed in 2023.

requires electricity, resources, and technology. In the post-90s dialect, it is called: Collect the seven dragon balls and you can summon the dragon

2. Hydrogen energy, here I come

We are not not developing hydrogen energy. The time has not come, but now the time has come. Hydrogen energy, as the cleanest and cleanest energy, of course we must develop. You must know that the hydrogen fuel cell has a hundred times the energy storage capacity of lithium batteries and is smaller in size. Hydrogen only emits water after work. And now there are hydrogen refueling stations and hydrogen energy vehicles on the road. This year’s 145 Plan lists hydrogen energy as a strategic goal of our country, and universities have opened hydrogen energy subjects. Establish a research topic on hydrogen energy. The society promotes hydrogen energy projects. The so-called city's hundreds of flowers contend

Hydrogen demand for fuel cell vehicles

With the development of the fuel cell vehicle industry, technical problems are being broken through one by one, and the entire industry chain is beginning to mature, building efficient, environmentally friendly, and green hydrogen energy Society is becoming a reality.

Hydrogen, as the foundation for the construction and development of a hydrogen energy society, is widely present in traditional industrial industries. my country has become the country with the largest hydrogen production in the world for many consecutive years.

In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 50,000 fuel cell vehicles, each consuming 3kg/100km of hydrogen, with an annual mileage of 20,000 kilometers, requiring 30,000 tons of hydrogen; in 2030, it is estimated that there will be one million vehicles, requiring at least 600,000 tons of hydrogen per year. ; In 2018, China produced nearly 20 million tons of hydrogen.

It can be seen from the above data that as the largest hydrogen-producing country, my country's existing hydrogen sources are far higher than the demand for fuel cell vehicles.

Industrial hydrogen and fuel hydrogen

Compared with Japan, South Korea and other close neighbors, my country’s industrial hydrogen has a wide range of sources and obvious cost advantages, which can help my country develop fuel cell vehicles and build a hydrogen energy society.

It is worth noting that industrial hydrogen focuses on hydrogen purity , while fuel cell hydrogen focuses on sensitive impurity content . Therefore, industrial hydrogen is not equal to fuel cell hydrogen. At this stage, the greenest way to obtain fuel hydrogen is to "convert gray hydrogen to green hydrogen", which uses a large amount of inefficiently utilized and discarded hydrogen to purify it into fuel hydrogen for use in fuel cell vehicles.

For example, industrial by-product hydrogen is produced in the process of industrial production of main products. It is present in tail gas or waste gas, or is burned as fuel, or is used inefficiently, or even directly emitted. Industrial by-product hydrogen is mainly concentrated in the coking, chlor-alkali, propane dehydrogenation (PDH) and light hydrocarbon cracking industries.

Taking the coke oven coking industry as an example, the national coke output in 2017 was 432 million tons, and the by-product hydrogen could reach 7.35 million tons, while one million fuel cell vehicles consume only 600,000 tons of hydrogen per year. Moreover, the cost of such industrial hydrogen is very low. For example, industrial hydrogen obtained by reforming aromatics is generally sold at 105-8 yuan/kg, and industrial hydrogen from coke oven gas is generally sold at 108-10 yuan/kg, while fuel The price of hydrogen is higher than 30 yuan/kg.

If this type of hydrogen can be fully utilized as a hydrogen source for fuel cells, there will be no need to consume additional energy to produce hydrogen. It can truly turn waste into treasure, be green and efficient, and achieve "zero-carbon hydrogen production".

Utilize coke oven gas to produce LNG Co-produce industrial hydrogen equipment

However, the "rugged" industrial hydrogen is inherently not in line with the "delicate" taste of proton membrane hydrogen fuel cells. Even in high-purity industrial hydrogen with a purity of up to 99.999%, the content of various impurities such as CO, CO2, and S may be far higher than the limit value of GB/T 37244-2018 "Fuel Hydrogen for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Vehicles". Causes poisoning of the fuel cell catalyst, which may lead to a decrease in the output performance of the hydrogen fuel cell, or may lead to damage and scrapping.

Therefore, converting industrial hydrogen into fuel hydrogen has become a vexing problem.

Hydrogen energy is a kind of secondary energy. It is produced by utilizing other energy sources through certain methods. Unlike coal, oil, and natural gas, which can be mined directly, today

almost entirely relies on fossil fuels. Obtained.

●Looking at the domestic hydrogen production methods, the main methods are: 1. Hydrogen production from coal; 2. Hydrogen production from natural gas; 3. Hydrogen production from methanol ; 4. Hydrogen production from industrial by-products; 5. Hydrogen production from refinery gas. ;

6. Hydrogen production from coke oven coal; 7. Hydrogen production from electrolysis of water; 8. Hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition and other hydrogen production forms are diversified. The hydrogen production process is based on different regions, industries, and resources. The selected hydrogen production routes are different. Western China is rich in natural gas, mainly natural gas; oil refining companies use rice to produce hydrogen, and most natural gas produces hydrogen; most northern enterprises

use coal as raw material to obtain hydrogen to develop downstream industries; coal The cost of hydrogen production is low but the investment in environmental protection is large, and most of them are large-scale devices; hydrogen production from coke oven gas is obtained from by-product hydrogen

gas, turning waste into treasure; water electrolysis and methanol hydrogen production are currently mainly small-scale hydrogen needs Mainly based on gas, the cost is high and there is no new breakthrough in technology.

●From a scale perspective, domestic industrial hydrogen production will still use chemical energy as the main raw material. However, in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other regions where the fuel cell industry is focused on development, industrial by-products Hydrogen production is a better solution. Large-scale chlor-alkali units, PDH units, and alkane cracking units provide guarantee for hydrogen supply in surrounding areas. The theoretical scale of hydrogen production is sufficient to meet the short- and medium-term needs of fuel cell vehicles. , and also leave enough time for technological breakthroughs in electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Industrial by-product hydrogen is limited by the production capacity of the main product, and there is a ceiling in the scale of hydrogen production, which will inevitably encounter production bottlenecks in the long term. The raw materials for hydrogen production through water electrolysis are easily available, energy-saving and environmentally friendly. If future technological breakthroughs lead to a significant reduction in operating costs, it is expected to become the mainstream process for hydrogen production.

●Hydrogen is mainly used in hydrogenation units to synthesize basic chemical raw materials in chemical, biological, pharmaceutical and other industries: such as gasoline and diesel oil upgrades for hydrogenation, sugar alcohols in the Rainey

nickel catalyst Hydrogen synthesis and the production of basic chemical raw materials such as methanol and liquid ammonia all require hydrogen as raw material. Hydrogenation devices are also used in other fields and industries, such as: 1,4-butanol, polylactam, fatty alcohol, organic amine, butaneol, HPPO, and petroleum hydrogenation Catalysts for industries such as resins, dye intermediates, pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediates (hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reductive amination, etc.).

● Regarding hydrogenation devices, in some industries, Raney nickel hydrogenation is mainly used as the catalyst. For example, the products developed and produced by "Xunkai Catalysis" are mainly based on "nitro hydrogenation". Aniline, RT-Base, m-aniline, o-chloroaniline, H acid , anthranilic ether , reducing products and other devices; "cyano hydrogenation" in fatty amine , diamine, decane ⼼

amines, amines, DMAPA, special amines and other equipment are used in dozens of sets of equipment; " carbonyl hydrogenation" is used in carbonyl hydrogenation, maltitol , jelly alcohol and other equipment

settings. Therefore, future hydrogenation devices and catalyst improvements have also become the focus of future attention.

For various hydrogen production processes, the main ones are as follows:

1, coal-based hydrogen production

Coal-based hydrogen production is characterized by long process, high investment, relatively complex operation, and relatively cheap raw materials, which brings cost advantages. The main process flow is the reaction of coal or coal char with

pure oxygen and steam to obtain coal with H₂ and CO as the main components, and then through production processes such as coal purification, CO transformation, and H₂ purification to obtain a certain purity of coal. Hydrogen

⽓. The initial investment in coal-to-hydrogen production equipment is relatively high, and large-scale hydrogen production is required to amortize the depreciation pressure. The larger the scale, the more obvious the cost advantage. At present, the scale of domestic coal-to-hydrogen equipment usually ranges from tens of thousands to 100,000 standard cubic meters per hour, with investment amounts ranging from hundreds of millions to billions. Coal-to-hydrogen production has large emissions of wastewater, waste gas, and waste residue

and requires a large investment in environmental protection. Therefore, it is generally used in chemical production to transfer carbon elements to chemical products to reduce carbon emissions; if hydrogen is produced separately , each kilogram of

H₂ produces about 19-29kg of CO₂. Considering Beijing’s 2018 carbon trading price of 50 yuan/ton, the cost of hydrogen production will increase by 1-1.5 yuan/kg. In addition, coal-to-hydrogen gas contains many impurities and requires high purification equipment, which increases its total production cost.

2, Natural gas hydrogen production

The characteristics of natural gas hydrogen production are short process, low investment, relatively mature technology, stable operation and environmental friendliness. However, the cost of raw materials is high, and the cost of hydrogen production is greatly affected by the price of natural gas

. Natural gas prices have soared in recent years and winter gas restrictions to protect people's consumption have not improved. The main process flow is: natural gas and water steam reforming

to produce synthetic gas with H₂, CO, and CO₂ as the main components, and then through CO conversion and H₂ purification and production processes to obtain hydrogen of a certain purity. Hydrogen production from natural gas is the most environmentally friendly process for producing hydrogen from chemical

natural gas energy. Therefore, hydrogen production from natural gas is also the main source of hydrogen in the world. However, due to the relative scarcity of domestic natural gas resources and the high price

, large-scale promotion It has a certain degree of difficulty. From the perspective of carbon emissions, through the natural gas hydrogen production process, every kilogram of hydrogen produced will emit 10.86-12.49kg of carbon dioxide. The carbon emissions are much lower than the coal-to-hydrogen production process. If a high amount of is levied, Carbon tax , the cost of domestic hydrogen production from natural gas is expected to be lower than the cost of hydrogen production from coal.

3, Methanol hydrogen production

Methanol hydrogen production has the advantages of flexible scale, low investment cost, low carbon emissions, and easy availability of raw materials. Domestic methanol hydrogen production mainly adopts the methanol steam reforming hydrogen production process.

means methanol and steam reforming to produce synthetic gas with H₂, CO, and CO₂ as the main components, and then undergoes CO transformation and H2 purification. The production process obtains hydrogen gas with a certain purity

. The production of hydrogen from methanol is limited by several factors. Methanol prices fluctuate greatly, transportation and storage are inconvenient, and the residual methanol after PSA cannot be completely resolved. At present, domestic research and development is using catalytic combustion methods to solve environmental problems.

4, Industrial by-product hydrogen production

Industrial by-product hydrogen production is to use hydrogen-rich industrial tail gas as raw material, mainly using the pressure swing adsorption method (PSA method), to recover and purify hydrogen. At present, the main sources of tail gas

include by-products of the chlor-alkali industry, coke oven coal, and light hydrocarbon cracking by-products. Compared with other hydrogen production methods, the biggest advantage of hydrogen production from industrial by-products is that it requires almost no additional capital investment and chemical raw material investment, and the hydrogen obtained has significant advantages in terms of cost and emission reduction. .

5, hydrogen production from chlor-alkali by-products

●Hydrogen production from chlor-alkali by-products has the advantages of easy purification, low impurity content, and effective utilization of hydrogen gas. The chlor-alkali plant uses alkaline water as raw material and uses an ionic membrane or a cotton

diaphragm electrolyzer to produce caustic soda, chlorine gas, and by-product hydrogen. Most chlor-alkali plants use the physical adsorption method PSA method to purify its by-product hydrogen and obtain

high-purity hydrogen. This process has the characteristics of low energy consumption, low investment, high degree of automation, high product purity, and no waste. pollution and other advantages. Considering that the purity of by-product hydrogen reaches over 99% before purification, and the main impurities are oxygen, nitrogen, and water steam, the production cost of high-purity hydrogen under this process is only 1.3-1.5 yuan/Nm³. Compared with other preparation methods, the cost and environmental protection advantages are prominent.

6, coke oven coal hydrogen production

● my country is the world’s largest coke producer. In 2019, domestic coke production reached 495 million tons, accounting for 60% of the global total production. Coke oven coal is a by-product of the coking process. In addition to containing a large amount of hydrogen (more than 55%) and methane (generally between 20-30%), other components include carbon monoxide, Carbon oxide varies greatly with the content of raw coal. The coke oven coal pressure swing adsorption hydrogen production process is divided into five processes: methane separation (to produce LNG, CNG, etc.), freezing purification separation, pressure swing adsorption decarbonization

hydrocarbons, desulfurization compression, pressure swing adsorption hydrogen production and deoxygenation. After several steps, the purity of hydrogen finally produced exceeds 99.999%. The theoretical space for producing hydrogen from coke oven coal is the largest in China. However, the recycling systems of iron and steel combined coking enterprises are usually relatively complete. Most of the coking gas has been fully utilized. Currently, coke oven gas is used to produce hydrogen. Methanol, synthetic ammonia, hydrogen extraction after LNG, etc. have a wide range of applications.

7. Hydrogen production from light hydrocarbon cracking

● Hydrogen production from light hydrocarbon cracking mainly includes propane dehydrogenation (PDH) and alkane cracking.

● Alkane cracking to olefins plants are mainly concentrated in North America, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Starting in 2017, Chinese companies have developed the alkane to olefins market, and many companies have successively announced that they will introduce low-priced light hydrocarbons from the United States. Raw materials produce alkenes. Domestic methanol cracking projects are accelerating. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 2022, domestic methanene production capacity will reach 8.58 million tons, with a by-product of 553,400 tons of hydrogen (1 ton of methanene by-product is 64.5kg of hydrogen).

The hydrogen by-product of the PDH unit has high purity and is easy to purify. Most of the production capacity is close to the eastern coastal areas of . It is closely aligned with the downstream fuel cell application market and has broad prospects. As of the end of June 2019, a total of 10 PDH projects have been put into production in China, and another 4 are under construction. There are also many corporate PDH projects in preliminary work.

4 of them have exact plans for the year of production. It is expected that by the end of 2023, the total propylene production capacity of 18 domestic PDH projects will reach 10.35 million tons/year, with a by-product hydrogen production of 390,000

tons/year.

8, Hydrogen production by electrolysis

● Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water has the advantages of simple process, no pollution, and high purity of hydrogen products. However, the disadvantages are high cost, high power consumption, and the possibility of large-scale promotion and application of

is not yet available. . The main factor restricting the development of electrolytic water hydrogen production technology is the high cost. At present, among the mainstream hydrogen production methods, the cost of hydrogen production from coal is the lowest, while the cost of hydrogen production from electrolysis of water is much higher than that of fossil fuels, as high as 5.2 US dollars/kg. In addition, compared with the selling price of oil, there is already a certain profit margin for hydrogen production from coal gasification and

hydrogen production from natural gas reforming, while hydrogen production from electrolysis of water is far from being profitable, which affects the technology's success in the market. Application promotion.

● Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is a reaction in which a reduction reaction occurs on the cathode to release hydrogen gas and an oxidation reaction occurs on the anode to release oxygen. The process is simple, fully automated and easy to operate.

The purity of its hydrogen products is also extremely high, generally reaching 99-99.9% level, and the main impurities are H₂O and O₂. It is especially suitable for proton membrane fuel cells that have extremely strict requirements on the content of impurities such as CO. The editor believes that the development of water electrolysis hydrogen production based on local conditions has broad prospects. In areas with severe power curtailment, it is expected to become a solution for consuming clean

electricity.In 2018, the country's renewable energy power wastage was approximately 100 billion kilowatt-hours. If all of it is used to produce hydrogen through electrolysis of water, it can theoretically be converted into 1.8 million tons

Various hydrogen production methods solve our problem of hydrogen energy production. If we want to solve its energy storage problem, our country also has its own technology.

my country has made new breakthroughs in hydrogen refueling. It has built more than 250 hydrogen refueling stations, accounting for about 40% of the global number. The number of hydrogen refueling stations ranks first in the world.

3. The third energy source, nuclear energy Nuclear fusion my country is in a leading position

Why is nuclear energy the ultimate energy source? Because nuclear energy can be used inexhaustibly after one reaction. Unlike batteries and hydrogen energy, the production time is long and the utilization time is short. Our common nuclear energy may be what everyone thinks of: atomic bomb, nuclear submarine, nuclear powered aircraft carrier, nuclear power plant, etc. What we are going to talk about today is the second nuclear energy method: nuclear fusion

In fact, we have seen it: like the sun. Well, my skin hurts from the sun in summer now. Haha [呲呲]

Everyone has seen " Iron Man ". If you haven't seen it, I suggest you check it out to see it as a benchmark for future energy development. Iron Man

The chest of Iron Man is a small nuclear fusion reactor.

For example: Today's nuclear power plants and missile nuclear weapons are all nuclear fission , atomic nuclei will split into two or more atomic nuclei with smaller mass after absorbing a neutron , and release two at the same time. When three neutrons and a large amount of energy are obtained, other nuclei can undergo nuclear fission... to continue the process. This process is called chain reaction . When an atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, it releases a huge amount of energy. This energy is called nuclear energy , commonly known as atomic energy . The fission of all the nuclei of 1 kilogram of uranium -235 will produce 20,000 megawatt hours of energy, with Burning at least 2,000 tons of coal releases as much energy as running a 20-megawatt power station for 1,000 hours. Nuclear fission can occur only from very large atomic nuclei such as uranium (yóu), thorium (tǔ) and plutonium (bù). While obtaining energy, it also produces a large amount of radiation.

This is Hiroshima Nagasaki. After the atomic bomb nuclear fission explosion, although some people survived, they still died one after another. The area is still closed to this day. Regarding the Fukushima incident at the Japanese nuclear power plant, everyone still remembers that last year we said we would discharge nuclear wastewater that cannot be processed into the Pacific Ocean. We are firmly opposed to

Although nuclear energy is very harmful, if it is controlled well, it is a good sword and is beneficial to us.

Nuclear fusion (nuclear fusion), also known as nuclear fusion, fusion reaction, fusion reaction or thermonuclear reaction. The nucleus refers to atoms with small mass, mainly deuterium. Under certain conditions (such as ultra-high temperature and high pressure), only under extremely high temperature and pressure can the electrons outside the nucleus escape from the nucleus. The binding of two atomic nuclei can attract each other and collide together, resulting in the mutual polymerization of atomic nuclei to generate new heavier nuclei (such as helium ). Although neutrons have a relatively large mass, Since neutrons are uncharged, they can escape from the confines of the atomic nucleus and be released during this collision. The release of a large number of electrons and neutrons represents a huge release of energy. This is a form of nuclear reaction to . There is huge energy in the atomic nucleus. The change of the atomic nucleus (from one type of atomic nucleus to another) is often accompanied by the release of energy

Nuclear fusion is relative to nuclear fission, which is hydrogen (protium), deuterium, tritium, lithium The fusion reaction caused by obtaining the necessary kinetic energy from thermal motion .

Nuclear fusion is easier said than done. Many countries have spent trillions of R&D funds and have no choice but to give up.Fortunately, our country has made progress in this regard. According to reliable information, our country's nuclear fusion has reached the experimental stage. If the experiment is successful, it will be applied before 2050. You must know that other countries are still talking about nuclear fusion experiments on paper, but we are already one step ahead.

At the just-concluded Future Science Awards Week this year, Zhang Jie, winner of the 2021 Future Science Awards Material Science Award, shared his optimistic life and scientific research progress. He said that since 2018, the team has conducted 6 rounds of verification experiments and confirmed the feasibility of the decomposition physical process in the laser fusion fast ignition scheme through the 10,000-joule laser experiment. At the end of November this year, the team will begin the seventh round of experiments.

"Both magnetic confinement fusion and laser fusion research have reached the 'threshold', that is, the output energy of nuclear fusion is close to the input energy. The common goal in the future is to achieve fusion output energy that is 10 times or 100 times the input energy. When When the output energy is a hundred times the input energy, we are very close to establishing a nuclear fusion power station," Zhang Jie said.

days ago, good news came from the Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its "artificial sun" set a new record, achieving repeatable plasma operations of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds. This number is the original 1 5 times the record of running 20 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius.

This means that our country is a big step closer to the official commercialization of the nuclear "artificial sun".

In recent years, our country has continued to achieve impressive results: 5G leads the world, then new energy overtakes in corners, then electromagnetic technology applications, and now nuclear fusion. In other countries, we have achieved the experimental stage on paper. Really looking forward to the day it is used. Our Chinese Sun