Shakyamuni Buddha statue
In 486 BC, the 80-year-old Shakyamuni was nirvana in the city of Kushinaga (now the outskirts of Kasha, the United Kingdom of India). After the Buddha passed away, his disciples cremated his body. According to legend, after the Buddha was cremated, he left behind an unburned top bone, two phalanxes, four teeth, a middle finger, two scapula, , and 84,000 crystalline relics in the shape of colorful beads. These relics of the Buddha were regarded as holy objects by believers and were scrambled to worship them, so Buddhist relics worship began to emerge. At that time, eight countries that believed in Buddhism in ancient India, including Kushina City, Makata, Vishali, Kapilava, , Zharapo, Ramaga, Viluti, Bharati, , etc., divided the Buddha's true body relics equally and worshipped in the pagodas of their respective countries. has been recorded about relics for a long time. The Buddha scriptures say that relics are obtained by a monk through the practice of precepts, concentration, wisdom, and his great vows. Only after the enlightened monk passes away and becomes cremated.
Singapore Ruijixiang Living Buddha's partial relics collection
Relics can be divided into three categories:
The first category is the largest number of crystal-like beads, called relics. The relics vary in size and colors. The small ones are only the size of rice grains, and the large ones are like chicken eggs. In September 1989, after the abbot of Xishishi'an, Guiping, Guangxi, and the 93-year-old Master Kuanneng passed away and cremated, he obtained three crystal clear green relics, each with a diameter of 3-4 cm, like an emerald.
There is also a kind of flesh-body relics. After the monk passed away, his body could remain uncorrupted in a natural state. This is called "full-body relics". The most famous physical relics in our country are the physical relics of Master Jin Qiaojue from Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui ( Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva ) . This eminent monk passed away in 794 of the Tang Dynasty. Until more than 1,200 years later, his body was still intact in Ksitigarbha Tower in Jiuhua Mountain .
Sixth Patriarch Huineng’s body sits like
The third category is the most precious real body relics. After the Buddha or monk is cremated, no matter how it is burned, there will be some bones, teeth, hair, heart, etc. that will not be damaged for a long time. The most famous of them are the true body relics such as Buddha teeth, fingers, and Buddha pin bones left by Sakyamuni Buddha. Like the famous Master Xuanzang, there are also clitoral relics left in the world. In 1994, after the 93-year-old Master Yuanzhao passed away and was cremated at Fahua Temple in Guanyin Mountain, Shaanxi Province, in addition to the remaining more than 100 relics and relics flowers, his heart could not be damaged for a long time, forming a hard, dark brown huge relics.
Among all relics, the Buddha's head bones, Buddha's fingers, Buddha teeth, and Buddha snail hair relics are the most precious. The Buddha's true body relic is completely different from the bones of ordinary dead people. Its shapes are ever-changing, including round, oval, lotus or Buddha or Bodhisattva, and its colors include white, black, yellow, red, etc. More than a hundred years after Sakyamuni passed away, the third king of the Mauryan dynasty Ashoka unified the northern part of ancient India. He collected all the Buddha's relics and divided them into 84,000 copies. sent a large number of Buddhist monks to carry some of the Buddha's relics to the surrounding countries to preach the Dharma. From , Buddhist relics worship has broken through the scope of South Asia and has gradually spread throughout the Buddhist community in the whole world.
The real body finger bone relic of Sakyamuni unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple
These Buddhist holy relics were approximately Eastern Han - Tang Dynasty . With the decline of Buddhism in ancient India, it is said that there are 19 Buddha relics , including the most precious Buddha pin bones, Buddha fingers, Buddha teeth, Buddha snail hair and other real body relics entered our country. The Buddha's finger's true body relics were found in the underground palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi on May 12, 1987; the Buddha's tooth relics appeared in the underground palace of the Prince Lingzhi Pagoda, Baoxiang Temple in Wenshang County, Shandong on March 15, 1994; the Buddha's snail hair relics were found in the underground palace of the Leifeng Pagoda site in Hangzhou, Zhejiang on March 18, 2001. The Buddha's finger's true body relics were unearthed in the underground palace of Famen Temple, which caused a sensation all over the world. Until now, when it comes to Buddha's relics, people must think of Famen Temple .Regarding the Buddha's finger real body relics and Buddha's snail hair relic, I used to write two articles "The only existing true body real body bone relics and the story behind them" and "There is also a Buddha's relic under the Leifeng Pagoda on the shore of Xizi Lake". Interested readers can follow me to read.
Today, it mainly introduces Shakyamuni Buddha , the true body relics of the parietal bone . There are many documents about the shape of the Buddha's top bone relic. For example, the "Supreme Sutra" translated by the Indian monk Zhendi of the Southern Liang Dynasty recorded: "'s clitoral bone surges naturally into a bun. It is also ". In " Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" written by Master Xuanzang of Tang, the Buddha's capsular bone is described: " bones are one foot and two inches around, with clear holes and yellow and white ". Based on various literature analysis, the Buddha's true bone relic is about one foot and two inches (36 cm, 1 inch and about 3 cm in Tang Dynasty), a diameter of about four inches (12 cm) and five inches (15 cm) high. It is a relatively complete bone, shaped like a bee nest, yellow and white in color, and has clear hair holes.
Kamuni Buddha's capsular bone true body relics
As the most important part of the Buddha's real body relics, the Buddha's capsular relics were first worshipped in South Asia and regarded as holy objects. In 399 AD, the famous monk Faxian , set out from Chang'an , went to India through Western Regions to seek Buddhist precepts. He spent 9 years traveling to more than 430 ancient Indian , and recorded what he saw and heard in " Faxian Chuan ". Master Faxian was fortunate to see the true bone relics of the Buddha's top in the in the city of , , Naga Kingdom in northwest of ancient India. The Buddha's cephala is kept in a pagoda called the Liberation Pagoda. Every day, they are invited to come out and placed on a very beautifully decorated platform in front of the temple for everyone to pay tribute and offer sacrifices. Faxian himself personally visited the Buddha's crown relic. According to his records, this capillary bone relic " yellow-white, four inches in a square radius, with an bulge on it. At that time, from kings to ordinary people, the first thing they did every day was to worship Buddha's sacred bone relics . The kings of the surrounding countries will also regularly send envoys to offer Buddha-top relics.
In 518 AD, another Northern Wei Empress monk Hui When he went to Tianzhu to seek Buddhist scriptures, he also saw this clavicle relic in the country of Nagaluo (which should be the same country as Nagaluo). He recorded in " Northern Wei monk Huisheng's Envoy the Western Regions": "Crossing a large water and going to Nagaluo, there were Buddha's pin bones and Buddha's hand-written stone pagoda inscriptions." Eastern Wei Yang Xuanzhi's Buddhist historical book "Luoyang Jialan" records Huisheng's release When I was invading the deeds of India, I also explained the shape and color of the Buddha's capsular bone: " is four inches in a square and radiant, yellow and white. There is a hole underneath, and it is touched by someone's fingers. It flashes like a bee nest. "
Shakyamuni Buddha's capsular bone real body relics
AD 629, Xuanzang set out from Chang'an, passed through the Western Regions to reach the Magadha King's City (southern in Bihar, India), and entered the Nalanda Temple, the center of India's Buddhism at that time to study Buddhist scriptures. Xuanzang stayed in ancient India for more than ten years. He recorded all his experiences in "The Record of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty". Xuanzang not only paid tribute to this Buddha-topped relics in ancient India, but also recorded two Buddha-topped relics, one large and one small. At some point, the Buddha-topped relics of the Naga Kingdom were divided into part and worshipped in the Kabishi Kingdom (now the Kabul River , Kabul River basin in western Afghanistan). Xuanzang recorded in "The Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty": " The old king Kalan on the south bank of the Great River in the northwest of the royal city... There is a Kalan in the southeast of the Kalan, also known as the old king. It has a Tathagata's head bone with a wide face and a yellow and white color, and its holes are distinct... Every six vegetarians, the king and ministers scatter flowers and offer them. ", "The face is wide face and more than a century", it can be seen that the Buddha-topped relics of the neighboring country Najibing is obviously smaller than that of the Buddha-topped relics of the neighboring country Najibing, and it may be divided into the Buddha-topped relics of the Buddha-topped relics of the Kingdom of Najibing.
Night view of the glazed pagoda of Dabaoen Temple in Nanjing
Since the return of Master Xuanzang, Buddhism in ancient India has declined rapidly. In addition to marginal areas such as Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, other areas have gradually been replaced by Brahminism that has emerged again. In addition, ancient India is often conquered by foreign tribes, so these Buddhist holy objects were brought into China by monks who came to the east to preach. According to the Tang Dynasty Buddhist encyclopedia " Fayuan Zhulin " , in the first year of Longshuo (661 AD), after the diplomat Wang Xuance mediated the conflicts among ancient Indian countries, he welcomed the Buddha-top relics dedicated to the Kingdom of Kabishi and welcomed them to the Tang Dynasty to the palace. Before this, in the fifth year of Xianqing in Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty (660 AD), " The Western Regions also offered Buddha's leniency to the capital. Someone may see that it is five inches high and about four inches wide, and yellow and purple. Seven monks in the capital went east to enter the inner path, and ordered the monks and Taoists to show the relics and leniency bones, saying: This Buddha's true body can be worn and offered to the top. The sutra will be included in the room. The queen's leniency tent is a price of thousands of pieces of silk. " The book also records that this leniency relic is a small leniency with a snail bun tied with hair, not a large leniency bone.
It seems that Buddha-topped relics were introduced from ancient India to China at least twice in the Tang Dynasty, one was two inches and the other was four inches. As for where this larger relic of Xianqing in the past five years comes from, it is unknown. Since the late Tang Dynasty, records of Buddha's true bone relics have disappeared. Such an important Buddhist sacred object seems to have disappeared into the long river of history.
Afghanistan Hada Buddha Temple site
In 2007, Nanjing Museum organized an archaeological team to conduct a large-scale systematic archaeological excavation of the Xiangshui River Bridge, the central axis main road, the Heavenly King Hall and other historical sites in the Ming Dynasty. The focus of this excavation was to find the underground palace of the Dabaoen Temple. On August 7, 2008, an exciting news came that the underground palace of Changgan Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty was discovered at the ruins of Da Baoen Temple in . Among the stone trunks in the iron trunk unearthed in the underground palace is a 120cm tall silver gilt Ashoka pagoda. The tower is divided into two layers of upper and lower layers, and two sets of gold coffins are placed. It contains Buddha-top real bone relics and ten "sensing relics" and other rare Buddhist holy objects. This Buddha-topped true bone relic is basically the same as the shapes recorded in documents such as "The Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty". The Buddha-topped true bone relic is 35 cm in circumference, 10 cm in diameter, yellow and white in color, and has clear hair holes. This is another major event in the Buddhist and archaeological world since the discovery of the Buddha's finger bones and the Leifeng Pagoda Buddha's snail hair relic!
is located in the ruins of Baoen Temple in Qinhuai District, Nanjing City, as early as the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it was the Buddhist center of Jiangnan. During the Xingping period (194-195), there was a Ashoka Pagoda here. Dongwu Chiwu Ten years (247 years) Sun Quan for Kangju Monk Association in Changganli . Jianchu Temple and Ashoka Pagoda , and since then it has been known as the "first temple in Jiangnan". During the Taikang period of the Jin Dynasty (280-289), the temple was rebuilt and its name was renamed Changgan Temple . Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan discovered Buddha's claws and hair relics when he was building the Ashoka Pagoda of Changgan Temple. In 577, when the monks from India came to the Chen Dynasty, they were rescued in the Yangtze River when they encountered wind and waves. Emperor Xuan of Chen Chen Xu rebuilt Changgan Temple and changed its name to Bao'en Temple . The Northern Song Dynasty changed its name to Changgan Temple.
Northern Song Dynasty. Qibao Ashoka Pagoda
Song Taizong in the first year of Duangong (988), the monk Kezheng obtained Tang Sanzang Master Xuanzang's clavicle relic, and mobilized Buddhist believers to build pagodas in Changgan Temple to hide Master Xuanzang's clavicle relic. The fourth year of Dazhongxiangfu in the Song Dynasty (1011), the eminent monk from the north Indian country who had been preaching in China for many years was guarded. dedicated his collection of Buddha-top real bone relics to Changgan Temple in Jinling . The monk Kezheng mobilized believers to build the underground palace of Changgan Temple and enshrine the Buddha-top real bone relics inside.In order to better provide for the Buddha's true bone relics, Master Ke Zheng specially made the luxurious " Seven Treasures Ashoka Pagoda" and a golden coffin. Inside the gold coffin is the Buddha's true bone relics and ten "sensing relics". Song Zhenzong Tianxi first year (1017), Zhao Heng rebuilt Changgan Temple and changed its name to Tianxi Temple to express his joy in worshiping the true bone relics of the Buddha's top.
yuan to 125th year (1288), Kublai changed Tianxi Temple to " yuan Xingcien Jingzhongjiao Temple ", and changed the pagoda to "Cien Pagoda". 6th year of Yongle (1408) Ci'en Temple was destroyed by a fire. In 1412 月分月分月 月 html The newly built Dabaoen Temple is the most prosperous place in Nanjing. Later, Dabaoen Temple underwent many reconstructions. In the fourth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1854), Dabaoen Temple was destroyed in the war between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Qing court, and has never been reconstructed again.
Northern Song Dynasty. Qibao Ashoka Pagoda unearthed from the ruins of Dabaoen Temple in Nanjing
In May 2009, the Ashoka Pagoda opened. The underground palace of Changgan Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty, as well as the seven treasures of Ashoka Pagoda, the golden coffin and silver coffin, the Buddhist holy objects of Buddha's top bone relic, and the head bone relic of Master Xuanzang of Tang Sanzang appeared in the world.
Ashoka Tower is a sandalwood body with silver skin outlined and a gilded surface. Hundreds of multi-colored beads such as crystal, agate, glass and lapis lazuli are embedded throughout the body. The tower is a single-layer square tower consisting of a tower cover, a tower body and a tower base. The tower cover is square, the tower brake stands in the center of the tower cover, the top of the brake is a flame-shaped orb. There are five-level wheels on the brake, and there are two gilded silver rings. The four corners of the tower cover stand on the mountain flowers and banana leaves. The tower body is square and hollow, and is connected to the tower base. The whole body carved the story of Buddha's original life and Buddha's legend, including Buddha statues, golden-winged bird , lotus pattern, honeysuckle pattern and other exquisite patterns. Twenty inscriptions are engraved on the body of the tower, providing us with key historical materials for understanding the process of building temples and pagodas in Changgan Temple.
Northern Song Dynasty silver coffin and golden coffin unearthed from the ruins of Dabaoen Temple in Nanjing,
Seven Treasures Ashoka Tower have two sets of golden coffins and silver coffins, and the golden coffin is enclosed in the silver coffin. The coffin is made of silver and partially gilded. The upper part is in the shape of a coffin and one end is slightly higher. The cover is divided into five folded surfaces, engraved with patterns such as lotus, phoenix, and Jialing Pinjia birds, and the door tower shapes are engraved at both ends. The coffin is straight wall, decorated with double eaves, brackets, and door leafs. There is a statue of the Heavenly King on the door, and there are music gods on both sides. The base is a waist-length Sumeru style, with upward and covered lotus petals and lotus patterns on the upper and lower sides. The bottom of the silver coffin is engraved with an inscription, which records the burial of the true bones on the Buddha's roof, and has important religious, historical and cultural values. The coffin is made of gold and is placed in the silver coffin when it is unearthed. The coffin has a straight wall and a flat bottom. The cover is decorated with phoenix birds, lotus flowers, and curly grass patterns. The coffin is engraved with music gods on both sides, and the door is shallowly carved with the gate tower, and the statue of the Heavenly King is engraved on the door leaf. When unearthed, there was a Buddha's head true bone relics buried inside the golden coffin, and gold wire was wrapped around outside the coffin.
Shakyamuni Buddha's pin bones true body relics last place, the Buddha Pin Palace in Niushou Mountain, Nanjing
On June 12, 2010, Nanjing Guqixia Temple held the prosperous Chongguang Dharma Conference at the Dabaoen Temple Buddha Pin bone relics in Nanjing. A series of Buddhist holy objects such as the "Buddha's true bone" and "sensing relics" that have been secretly hidden for more than 1,400 years have reappeared in the human world. This is the only Buddha's true capstone relic in the world! In the secret room of the Dacheng Hall of Chaotian Palace in Qixia Temple, when many spectators saw the beautiful lotus, phoenix patterns on the golden coffin with real bone relics on the Buddha's roof and the sword-holding guardian god decorated with both ends of the coffin through a layer of glass, they couldn't help but sigh at the former grand occasion of the Buddha's capital Jinling, and developed a sense of pride for the splendid civilization of the Chinese nation!
On October 27, 2015, the relic of the Sakyamuni Buddha's capsular bone was permanently enshrined in the Buddha's summit palace in Niushou Mountain, Nanjing. Interested friends can visit and admire it.
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