"Century-old Changsha Old Photo Series" Preface of "Changsha One Hundred Years"
This article is a collection of old photos published in 1999 "Changsha One Hundred Years" Preface of
"Changsha One Hundred Years" Preface
Chen Xianshu
In the form of photos, it is the first time in Changsha’s history, social development and secular customs of a city in the form of photos to intuitively introduce the history, social development and secular customs of a city to readers. It was still in 1995 when we edited the Changsha History and Culture Series, we came into contact with some old photos of Changsha. We were surprised to find that the historical information conveyed by a precious photo to people can be explained clearly in hundreds or even thousands of words. Therefore, it has always been our wish to edit a collection of Changsha's century-old photos. At that time, it was just because I had too few photos at hand that I couldn’t write it.
After several years, after unremitting efforts, nearly a thousand photos have been accumulated. By roughly comparing it with the modern Chinese chronicles, there are quite a number of films in every period and every aspect, and the album can finally be published. When we present this album that uses photography to express all aspects of Changsha for a century, we feel complicated. The history of modern China is a history of vicissitudes of suffering that carries the suffering of the Chinese people, and also a history of development that carries the pride of the Chinese people. Changsha has more luck and misfortunes compared with other Chinese cities.
says it is "lucky" because Changsha's century-old history records too many "glory". After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, China was forced to sign the humiliating "HTM1 Treaty of Shimonoseki" in 1894. The national crisis was in the face of the people and the people were in angered, which finally triggered the famous Reform Movement of 1898. During this period, Liang Qichao, a famous national reform thinker, came to Changsha. With the support of the provincial government of the province headed by Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen and Huang Zunxian, he developed a school, held a school, run newspapers, built factories, started a mine, and set up a security bureau in Changsha, making Hunan Province the "most vibrant province" in the country. After the failure of the reform, Tan Sitong, Tang Caichang and others became the first warriors in China to sacrifice their young lives to explore the path of prosperity and strength of the country.
However, a large number of young people in Hunan were not discouraged. They started from Changsha, went to the whole country, and crossed the country's borders to continue to seek the path of saving the nation and revitalizing China. Therefore, Changsha became an important source of the Revolution. Here was the revolutionary leader Huang Xing, who was as famous as the great revolutionary pioneer Sun Yat-sen, and the Huaxing Association, the earliest revolutionary group in China, and the Liupingli Uprising and the feats of public burials Chen (Tianhua) and Yao (Hongye) that shocked the whole country. The political activities of the upper class of the bourgeoisie and the struggle against aggression and oppression of the lower class people shine in the provincial capital Changsha, and the famous Changsha rice-grabbing trend became the prelude to the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. In 1911, the Wuchang Shouyi broke out, and the new army led by Changsha Jiao Dafeng and Chen Zuoxin responded first and restored the entire province. After Hunan was restored, it was the first to send troops to aid Hubei, which promoted the victory of the 1911 Revolution across the country.
May Fourth Movement unveiled the first page of the modern Chinese new democratic revolution . Changsha echoes Beijing from afar. Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, He Shuheng and others gathered in Aiwanting, organized the Xinmin Society, held the " Xiangjiang Comment ", and began to explore the correct path to transform Chinese society. After the May Fourth Movement, Changsha was once the area where proletarian revolutionaries such as Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Li Weihan, and Li Fuchun engaged in revolutionary activities in their early years, and was one of the birthplaces of the Communist Party of China. During the Great Revolution, Changsha was the center of the vigorous Two Lakes Revolution. Subsequently, the horn of the Autumn Harvest Uprising in the border between Hunan and Jiangxi and the march towards Jinggangshan was sounded here, and Changsha became the birthplace of the armed struggle of "surrounding the city with the countryside".
In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, Xu Teli was appointed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to Changsha to establish the Eighth Route Army Communications Office in Hunan, and carried out effective anti-Japanese united front work. Guo Moruo , Tian Han and other famous cultural figures gathered in Changsha, and the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement in Changsha is in full swing. Then the Japanese army invaded Changsha three large-scale invasions, and the Chinese army rose up to resist, and the Japanese army retreated from Changsha, making Changsha a heroic city that lasted for five years. During the War of Liberation, the people's democratic movement was surging, and the People's Liberation Army successfully moved south. On August 4, 1949, the two generals of the Kuomintang patriotic generals in Hunan, Cheng Qian and Chen Mingren, issued a telephone call for a peaceful uprising. On August 5, the 138th Division of the Fourth Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army entered Changsha, and Changsha declared peaceful liberation. From then on, the ancient city of Changsha has moved towards a new type of socialist city.
Changsha also has many "glorious" books in terms of culture, education, economy, etc. Changsha has been the first city of Hunan and Hunan since ancient times. It has a brilliant history, splendid culture, a gathering of famous sages and rich heritage, and is known as the "famous city of Chu and Han". His Western Han Dynasty cultural relics unearthed from Mawangdui and Xianjiahu and the Three Kingdoms Hisimal Chinese Hisimal Chinese unearthed from Zoumalou are famous all over the world. Influential historical figures in Hunan Zeng Guofan , Zuo Zongtang , Guo Songtao , Tang Caichang, Shen Xi , Huang Xing, Chen Tianhua , Yang Changji and others all studied at Yuelu Academy or Chengnan Academy . Late Qing Educational and national saving thoughts are coming one after another in Changsha. Changsha Current Affairs School and Liuyang Mathematics Museum are one of the earliest new-style schools in China. In modern normal education, Changsha has taken the lead, and Xu Teli, a famous educator in Changsha, made outstanding contributions to this. "There are in the north and the south to the south to the south," Changsha's modern basic education is well-known. Changsha-born cultural celebrities, such as Wang Kaiyun, Tian Han, and Ouyang Yuqian, and others, have an important place in the Chinese literary world. Changsha has abundant resources and prosperous trade. It was one of the four rice markets in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Technology also has a certain foundation, and it was possible to build cars by themselves in the 1930s.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Changsha Education and science and technology have reached the forefront of cities in the country. Changsha has 30 universities and more than 100 research institutions, and has a group of internationally renowned scientists such as Yuan Longping, the father of hybrid rice, and the "father of ". Changsha has won more than 20 scientific and technological achievements internationally and more than 200 national awards, reaching international advanced levels in computers, biotechnology, intelligent robots, genetic engineering, and other fields. In 1992, Changsha ranked second among all cities in the country in the per capita education level; in 1994, Changsha entered the top ten environmental cities in the country.
In recent years, Changsha has insisted on relying on famous cities to develop the economy, and its achievements have been remarkable. The city's comprehensive economic strength has jumped to 19th among the top 50 cities in the country. The national assessment has identified 24 cities that are basically close to the level of well-off society, ranking tenth. Foreign investors are optimistic about Changsha's trend of environmental and human resources, and have entered the Changsha market one after another. In 1995, Changsha's foreign investment was ranked fourth in the central and western regions of China. Since 1994, only three years later, many goals set during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period have been greatly exceeded. In 1996, Changsha's national economy output value reached 40.4 billion yuan, an annual growth rate of more than 14.2%, and urban construction entered a new level. In just a few years, the urban pattern of "Six Bridges and Three Rings" has been presented to the world. The development and changes of urban construction give people a sense of being different from each other. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, industrial technical transformation investment reached 10 billion yuan, and 47 key backbone enterprises were transformed. The city's industrial output value will exceed 85.7 billion yuan, which will double again on the basis of 1995. The brilliant glory of the new century is about to come to Changsha.
says it is "unfortunate" because Changsha's century-old history records too many hardships. The People's Republic of China suffered from war 50 years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, and various mistakes occurred in the 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China and took many detours. In the late Qing Dynasty, Changsha's Xinhai patriots continued one after another and finally won the victory of the Changsha Uprising, and announced the liberation of Hunan on October 22, 1911. But the fruits of the revolution were soon usurped by Yuan Shikai.Since October 1913, Yuan Shikai's lackeys, Tang Xiangming, Fu Liangzuo, Zhang Jingyao, and others have alternately ruled Hunan. The regime has changed hands frequently, and the political situation has become more turbulent. The warlords have been in constant war, the social economy has stagnated and regressed, and the people have suffered. After Zhang Jingyao was expelled in 1920, Zhao Hengti controlled Xiangzheng for nearly six years, and war and terror still enveloped Changsha. Immediately followed by the "Ma Day" incident in 1927 . The tragic counterattack that followed - "The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army attacked Changsha two times", Li Lisan's "left" wrong line not only caused major losses to the revolutionary forces, but also brought certain damage to Changsha's newly started municipal construction in modern times.
htmlIn the 130s, due to relatively stable politics, Changsha's economy began to recover, and industry, mining, transportation and commercial trade were gradually restored and developed. At that time, the Bajiao Pavilion area was known as "Nanjing Road in Changsha City".
Just as the ancient city of Changsha began to modernize and the historical city began to shine with the glory of a new era, a devastating disaster hit her, and two worlds suddenly became overnight. This is the "Wenxi" fire that happened late at night on November 12, 1938. The fire burned for five days and five nights, and more than 80% of the houses and buildings in the city were burned. Climbing up to pay tribute, the city is covered with ruins and rubble, and the lower part is desolate. During the fire, dozens of banks, money shops and gold and silver jewelry stores were destroyed, and silk shops such as Jiechang were burned, causing the entire industry to lose 4 million yuan. After this great cause, many famous families have been abandoned in the mountains and forests; the four major industries of "gold, money, silk, and paper" are no longer in glory, and many time-honored brands are no longer reborn. In the 1930s, Changsha's industry also developed rapidly. Hunan's No. 1 textile factory was quite large, and a fire suddenly died. Changsha Industry has never recovered until the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were only 8 factories with more than 100 people in the city, and the total output value of industry was only 57.91 million yuan.
In Changsha before the fire, the city was filled with famous places and historical sites. After more than 2,000 years, Jia Yi’s former residence still has public security, Daguan Building, Peiqiu Pavilion and other relics. Dingwangtai built by Liu Fa 4, the King of Changsha, Western Han Dynasty, was built as a library in Hunan Province at that time, and contains tens of thousands of precious books. These two famous places that once had infinite honors in Changsha were destroyed by the fire in Changsha. Tianxin Pavilion , which was built in the Ming Dynasty, is a symbol of the ancient city of Changsha, and it also turned into ruins in the fire. The fire in Changsha started for " scorched earth war of resistance " to fight against the invasion of Japanese fascists, use space to win time, and finally win the war of resistance against Japan. Changsha paid the "great and most tragic price" for the national war of resistance with the destruction of the entire city and the death of thousands of compatriots who broke the entire economy.
During the stalemate stage of the Anti-Japanese War, Changsha paid a greater price. Japanese planes bombarded Changsha indiscriminately, causing the scorched Changsha to become worse. On April 19, 1944, Changsha fell. Changsha suffered another disaster after " Wenxi Fire ". 250,000 people in the city fled and fell into chaos.
After the war, Changsha's economy has just recovered and immediately faced the devastating blow of inflation and fiscal collapse. After 1948, prices soared and the economy was in a downturn. By 1949, a total of 1,024 industrial and commercial enterprises went bankrupt.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a new Changsha city rose rapidly on the ruins. Commerce and agriculture developed rapidly, and industry also started to form a comprehensive industrial system mainly composed of four major industries: light textile, machinery, electronics and food. However, under the long-term planned economic system, Changsha lost many good opportunities for development. From the First Five-Year Plan period to the Second Five-Year Plan period, there were 156 key construction projects in the country, and none of them in Changsha. From then on, Changsha has never become a concentrated investment area for the country's productivity layout. In an era when national investment dominated local economic development, Changsha's industry was doomed to be small and scattered, and the road to industrialization was extremely difficult. Until reform and opening up in 1978, Changsha was still a deformed consumer city.
11 In 989, China's reform and opening up had been underway for 10 years, and Changsha's total industrial output value was still hovering around 10 billion yuan. Although it increased by 178 times compared with 1949, compared with the coastal cities that led to the atmosphere of reform and opening up, Changsha's development speed was so ashamed. Reform and opening up have pushed Chinese cities to a status of dialogue with world cities. Changsha felt the squeeze. The critical situation pushed her to find her own position, forcing her to implement an open strategy and become one of the world's cities.
The blessing and misfortune of Changsha may not be finished even if there are tens of thousands of words, but these 860 photos show it to the fullest. Since the first photo was born in China in 1844, the authenticity, documentary and appreciable photos have been loved by Chinese people. This photo collection of "Changsha Centennials" also strives to achieve the unity of authenticity, documentary and appreciability. This book adopts the arrangement method of vertical and horizontal duplex structures. According to the vertical direction, it is divided into three parts: the late Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China, and the Republic of China Chronicles. Each part is arranged appropriately in historical installments. However, the photos of each historical period are not listed in chronological order, but are horizontal and horizontal, and are divided into major events, secular customs, historical figures, etc. according to the content of the film.
Major events that occurred in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China in Changsha and the past political movements after the founding of the People's Republic of China can all be learned from the photos of this book. Many of these photos have detailed performances of some little-known political and military activities, and are highly informative and readable. For example, the photos of the Hunan-Guangxi Alliance Army Advisory Bureau after the restoration of Changsha, the photos of Cai E's wife guarding Cai E in Changsha, the photos of the three guilty people who were shot after the "Wenxi" fire, the photos of the Fourth Field Army in Changsha in the late period of the Liberation War, and some personal collections of "educated youth" photos, photos of the 1960s and 1970s, etc., are all released in Changsha for the first time.
Secular customs show readers the urban style of the old and new Changsha, folk houses, customs and folk customs, social customs, culture and education, economic life and even clothing and decorations of all classes. The development and changes of human history are synthesized by various forces. It is the most common and vivid social phenomenon. It is closely linked to politics and economy, democracy and science. It is an important symbol of the comprehensive reflection of productivity and the changes in production relations and various social relations. In the absence of records of the secular customs of Changsha, the photos left by these historical moments are the most realistic and vivid portrayals. The real shots in the album make readers feel as if they are in the residential, market and schools of Changsha decades or even a hundred years ago, reappearing the images of Liuyangmen, Duanlu Street, Shuifu Temple, Bible School, Old Railway Station, Huaxing Society, Cultural Book Club and other sites that have long disappeared.
Historical figures are not listed separately in the book, but are mixed in major events and secular customs. These historical figures include both the ranks of officials and celebrities from the late Qing Dynasty, the governors of various periods of the Republic of China, and more are reformers from Changsha, patriots and professional revolutionaries, as well as celebrities in the cultural and educational circles. These characters play important roles in various periods and stages in China, and play various roles in social development. Their appearance, demeanor and behavior are not clearly described in written materials, but they are vivid in these photos.
The album was released, and Mr. Liang Xiaojin from the Literature and History Committee of the Changsha Municipal CPPCC has made a lot of efforts. This is the fourth time that Liang Jun and I have worked together. The first time was to compile the "Changsha History and Culture Series" from 1995 to 1996, the second time was to edit the "Selected Books of Famous People of All Ages" in 1997, and the third time was to jointly write the large-scale TV documentary "Wenxi Dahuo" in 1998. Our cooperation was successful every time, thanks to Liang Junyuan's extensive historical knowledge and rigorous academic attitude. He is not only a modern Shitong, but also a Changshatong, so he is so easy to work with him.
This album received strong support from provincial and municipal libraries and provincial and municipal archives during the editing process. Changsha Museum provides dozens of historical photos, and refers to the (Qing Dynasty) "Dianshizhai Album", "Changsha", "Changsha Historical and Cultural Series", "Ancient and Modern Changsha Map", "History of Painting in the Anti-Japanese War", "Hunan Pictorial", " Hunan Daily " (New Hunan Daily), "Changsha Evening News", and other books, newspapers and magazines, as well as related exhibition albums, school history, etc. Editor-in-chief of "Century Changsha Old Photo Series" Zheng Jiaming , Executive Editor Liu Yaojie participated in the topic selection planning, framework design and finalizing drafts of this book from beginning to end. Many "old Changsha" have dedicated "old photos" that have been treasured for many years. Yi Jiamin, He Dingqiu and Chen Lanyue assisted in taking photos or scanning computers. Peng Yuefei was responsible for the shooting task of "New Photos" in the chapter "Towards the New Century"; Rosdan provided the binding design of this book, and expressed his gratitude to him.
