探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性

2023年09月27日14:09:03 科技 1365

本文内容来自于网络,若与实际情况不相符或存在侵权行为,请联系删除。本文仅在今日头条首发,请勿搬运。


Introduction

With the rapid advancement of hardware, software, and communication technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) has garnered increasing attention in both academia and industry. IoT applications span across various aspects of people's lives, revolutionizing sectors such as smart healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and entertainment.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


One critical challenge lies in handling the vast amounts of data generated by IoT applications, given that IoT devices often lack sufficient processing and storage resources. This is where blockchain, an encrypted distributed computing storage system, steps in. Its purpose is to create real-time, tamper-proof records.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


By merging IoT and blockchain, a theoretically verifiable, secure, and permanent method for recording data processed by IoT smart devices is established.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Related Studies

Existing frameworks integrating IoT systems with cloud computing can be broadly categorized into two types: those focusing on specific applications and those providing a general Platform as a Service (PaaS) model. Rahmani et al. have developed a prototype-based framework for supporting IoT healthcare systems, emphasizing local storage and data processing. In this framework, the cloud serves as the backend system for data analysis and decision-making. Azimi et al. have used Raspberry Pi and Intel Edison development boards as edge nodes in IoT, employing authentication to safeguard data privacy. However, in this framework, data is stored in the cloud.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Services within this framework are divided into two types: core operations for managing the framework, including resource management and security assurance, and application-specific requirements. The framework's security is guaranteed by authentication and access mechanisms.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Hybrid Blockchain Structure for IoT Wireless Sensor Networks

This article introduces a novel hybrid architecture for monitoring and managing IoT systems, as illustrated in Figure 1.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Traditional smart home systems monitor all activities through wireless sensor networks and send the collected data to the blockchain via wireless sensor networks for storage in the cloud. This enables the utilization of all advantages offered by blockchain. In the new architecture proposed in this article for IoT monitoring, smart devices are equipped with sensors and Raspberry Pi for controlling these sensors. Each smart node consists of different transceivers capable of capturing data and incorporating it into the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The sensors include an accelerometer model LIS3DH, which accurately measures acceleration within different ranges (0 and ±16g) and automatically adjusts to usage conditions while maintaining constant precision.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


For temperature control, a low-power sensor TC1047A is used to collect temperature data. Through this process, data is transformed from IoT devices to the blockchain in the Edge Computing layer during the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process, rather than directly in the blockchain. This significantly reduces the energy consumption of the main chain in the cloud when converting data and constructing blocks, enabling the smart controller to perform the same tasks with lower energy consumption. Simultaneously, a side chain executed on Raspberry Pi 4B is created using smart contracts, storing all the data collected by WSN nodes.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Smart contracts verify the identity of smart devices, and once a WSN node is identified as a member, the smart contract executes an event to send data to the side chain. Once the smart contract is verified (i.e., data is fully inserted into the side chain), the side chain is inserted into the main chain. The cloud-based blockchain main chain is constructed from subchains built by smart devices and merged into one. To build the blockchain, this novel architecture uses side chains (i.e., small-scale blockchain for preprocessing data) to create an intermediate layer (i.e., Edge Computing layer) between IoT devices and the blockchain.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


These edge chains optimize transactions sent to the blockchain by performing data processing at the network edge close to the data source. Executing side chains with WSN data reduces communication between WSN nodes (i.e., sensors) and the blockchain. This approach requires leveraging Edge Computing resources that cannot maintain a continuous connection to the blockchain network, reducing the waste of computing resources in the IoT layer.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Edge Computing pushes applications, data, and computing capabilities away from the blockchain. As a computing paradigm, Edge Computing is also referred to as grid processing, peer-to-peer computing, autonomic and distributed computing.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


The advantages of Edge Computing relative to current computing lie in (1) significantly smaller amounts of data needing to be transmitted over the network, (2) elimination (or reduction) of centralized computing, and (3) enhanced virtualization capabilities for improved scalability.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Empirical Study on the Performance of Blockchain Framework Design

To assess the performance of the entire framework, an integrated computing environment consisting of multiple cloud and edge nodes was prepared. Table 1 describes the complete configurations of servers and related running components. The environment used to build nodes for the blockchain was uniformly a Docker environment, resulting in the construction of seven server nodes. One node was allocated for customer-related control operations, and the remaining nodes were assigned internal private IP addresses for internal data transmission and authentication. Of the six nodes, three were remote servers serving as data storage for the blockchain main chain. Two Raspberry Pi 4B devices were used as edge devices for collecting data from various sensors, constructing subchains, and executing smart contracts. After the smart contract execution was completed, the subchain data was uploaded to the cloud and inserted into the cloud's main chain, reducing the communication frequency between edge devices and the main chain. Additionally, a microcontroller was used as the control center between edge devices.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Figure 2 represents the average Docker sizes of different components in the framework under compressed and uncompressed conditions. The compressed Docker image sizes were obtained based on the average sizes stored in Docker hub for multiple architectures, while the uncompressed Docker image sizes were obtained based on extracted Docker images from instances. The compressed Docker image sizes indicate that the framework is lightweight and can be downloaded on different platforms, ranging from a few megabytes to a maximum of 100 megabytes.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Furthermore, the uncompressed Docker image sizes demonstrate that the framework components do not occupy excessive storage space. Figure 3 displays the average RAM sizes of different components in the hybrid architecture during runtime. From the figure, it can be observed that the proposed framework occupies very little memory, making it suitable for deployment on edge devices. The memory usage of different components ranges from 25 MB to 45 MB.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


However, for existing edge devices, individual components can still be deployed on different edge devices with low resource requirements. Therefore, from an overall performance analysis, the entire framework does not excessively consume physical resources. It also better utilizes the existing resources of edge nodes, allowing various components to run reasonably through a distributed structure. Figure 4 demonstrates the average startup times of different components in the hybrid architecture. This includes the time required to start the containers until they are in a fully available state for processing incoming requests.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


It is found from Figure 4 that this framework only takes a few seconds to complete startup and enter the processing state. The startup time of the system is related to its existing hardware resources. If faster startup speed is needed, edge devices with better computing performance can be employed, significantly enhancing overall response speed. Moreover, in the deployment phase, it greatly extends many important scenarios, widening the overall application prospects. Figure 5 describes the task quantities generated under different experimental settings in the hybrid architecture. It is observed that when deployed only at the edge, more tasks can be generated compared to tasks generated in the cloud or in a combination of cloud and edge.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


This occurs because the edge is closer to the data source, allowing rapid delivery of results from the previous task while generating the next task. The communication latency is lower in this scenario. However, if computation is only performed at the edge, the data processing speed may be too slow, negatively impacting the overall data processing

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


speed. On the other hand, the cloud offers higher data processing speed.

From Figure 5, it is evident that combining edge and cloud computing generates a higher quantity of tasks while maintaining a balanced data processing speed. This hybrid architecture presented in this paper exhibits a well-rounded performance.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


Conclusion

This paper introduces a novel hybrid blockchain structure based on IoT wireless sensor networks. This structure maximizes the computational capabilities of edge nodes, distributing a portion of the cloud's computational burden to the remaining edge nodes. Subchains are constructed on edge nodes, and once smart contracts are completed, the subchains are inserted into the cloud's main chain. This effectively reduces communication pressure between edge and cloud, resulting in a system with enhanced scalability.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


The study also assessed the resource consumption of various components in the framework and their system response times. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework aligns with the practical resource constraints of edge devices. The entire system exhibits high task processing capabilities and data processing speed, significantly improving blockchain processing throughput and efficiency. In practical applications, it can cater to a wide range of scenarios, offering significant practical value.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


In conclusion, the hybrid architecture presented in this paper showcases a promising approach to harnessing the potential of both IoT and blockchain technologies. By effectively utilizing edge computing capabilities and optimizing data flow between edge and cloud, the framework offers a scalable and efficient solution for handling IoT-generated data.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


References

[1] HUH S., CHO S., KIM S. Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform [C]// Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). Pyeongchang, Korea (South): IEEE, 2017: 464-467.

探究物联网混合区块链架构,它的新型架构模式,及模式的可行性 - 天天要闻


[2] WALKER M. A., DUBEY A., LASZKA A., et al. PlaT-IBART: a platform for transactive IoT blockchain applications with repeatable testing [C]// Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Middleware and Applications for the Internet of Things. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017: 17-22.


[3] CROSBY M., PATTANAYAK P., VERMA S., et al. Blockchain technology: beyond bitcoin [J]. Applied innovation, 2016, 2: 6-10.

[4] PAN J., YANG Z. Cybersecurity challenges and opportunities in the new edge computing+IoT world [C]// Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Workshop on Security in Software Defined Networks & Network Function Virtualization. Tempe, AZ, USA: ACM, 2018: 29-32.


[5] RAHMANI A. M., GIA T. N., NEGASH B. Exploiting smart e-Health gateways at the edge of healthcare Internet-of-Things: a fog computing approach [J]. Future generation computer systems, 2018, 78 (P2): 641-658.


[6] AZIMI I., ANZANPOUR A. M., RAHMANI A. M. HiCH: hierarchical fog-assisted computing architecture for healthcare IoT [J]. ACM transactions on embedded computing systems, 2017, 16 (5s): 174.


以上内容资料均来源于网络,本文作者无意针对,影射任何现实国家,政体,组织,种族,个人。相关数据,理论考证于网络资料,以上内容并不代表本文作者赞同文章中的律法,规则,观点,行为以及对相关资料的真实性负责。本文作者就以上或相关所产生的任何问题任何概不负责,亦不承担任何直接与间接的法律责任。

科技分类资讯推荐

发布不到2个月,小米玄戒,已拿下安卓手机芯片0.6%的份额 - 天天要闻

发布不到2个月,小米玄戒,已拿下安卓手机芯片0.6%的份额

前段时间,小米发布了玄戒O1芯片,这也是中国大陆首款3nm的手机芯片。虽然这颗芯片被人黑的不要不要的,但说真的,它的表现还是相当不错的,据大家的评测,他的性能是比高通骁龙8Gen3还要强的,只是没有基带芯片,需要外挂基带才行。
电压互感器谐振 - 天天要闻

电压互感器谐振

电压互感器谐振。电压互感器谐振,在过去的几个月里我们收到了几个不同的问题,关于什么是VT电路中的铁磁谐振,它何时发生以及我们如何防止它发生。当电压互感器的初级在未接地电路中与地线相连时就会发生铁磁谐振,这种配置导致VT的磁化电抗与系统接地的
中国高铁营业里程已占世界七成以上,未来将围绕多个领域持续攻关 - 天天要闻

中国高铁营业里程已占世界七成以上,未来将围绕多个领域持续攻关

7月8日上午,第十二届世界高速铁路大会在北京开幕,这也是继2010年第七届世界高速铁路大会在北京举办后,该项世界性大会再次来到北京。1825年,世界上第一条铁路在英国诞生,而今年正好是世界铁路诞生200周年。 世界高速铁路大会由国际铁路联盟(UIC)于1992年发起并主办,每2至3年举办一届,至今已成功举办十一届,成为展...
淘宝闪购日订单超8000万,3724个非餐饮品牌订单翻倍增长,光明增长558% - 天天要闻

淘宝闪购日订单超8000万,3724个非餐饮品牌订单翻倍增长,光明增长558%

7月8日,淘宝闪购、饿了么联合宣布,淘宝闪购日订单数超8000万,其中非餐饮订单超1300万,淘宝闪购日活跃用户超2亿。最新数据显示,有3724个非餐饮品牌订单数对比淘宝闪购上线之初增长了100%以上,食品、母婴、个护、家电、酒类、3C数码等品类订单也增长超过100%。淘宝闪购7月2日启动500亿补贴计划,社会消费热情被极大点燃...
脑机接口新进展,将如何改变我们的生活? - 天天要闻

脑机接口新进展,将如何改变我们的生活?

大家有没有想过,未来有一天我们不用说话,只用大脑就能和外界交流;不用动手,仅凭意念就能操控各种设备。这可不是科幻电影里的情节,随着脑机接口技术的不断发展,这些场景正一步步走向现实。脑机接口,简单来说,就是在大脑和外部设备之间建立直接的连接通
谷歌 Pixel 10 系列 4 款机型颜色和存储阵容曝光 - 天天要闻

谷歌 Pixel 10 系列 4 款机型颜色和存储阵容曝光

IT之家 7 月 8 日消息,科技媒体 Droid-life 昨日(7 月 7 日)发布博文,报道称从分销商处获悉,谷歌 Pixel 10 系列手机将从 128GB 存储起步,并透露了颜色和存储阵容。IT之家援引博文介绍,附上谷歌 Pixel 10 系列四款机型的存储和颜色阵容如下:Pixel 10:曜石黑(Obsidian):128G / 256GB霜(F
罗马仕一充电宝突然爆炸:不是召回型号 - 天天要闻

罗马仕一充电宝突然爆炸:不是召回型号

7月8日,据媒体报道,昨日有网友发布一段办公室监控视频称,其同事去年买的罗马仕充电宝在办公室充电时又爆炸了,并且还不是召回型号。 据此前报道,罗马仕于6月16日宣布,召回2023年6月5日....
vivo Y04e配置曝光:天玑T612处理器+5500mAh电池 - 天天要闻

vivo Y04e配置曝光:天玑T612处理器+5500mAh电池

【CNMO科技消息】近日,有外媒报道,还未发布的vivo Y04e的身影出现在Google Play控制台的数据库中,一同出现的还有Y04e的性能信息。vivo Y04e根据Google Play控制台披露的信息,vivo Y04e搭载了紫