As quantum satellites, quantum computers, quantum communications, etc. enter people’s lives, quantum mechanics is gradually being understood by more people. But even the top scientists cannot understand the weird phenomena in quantum mechanics. The quantum superposition of is one of these weird phenomena.
Everyday experience tells us that an object must have a certain spatial position. This kind of existence is not dependent on human will, but is objective. For example, if my daughter is in the living room now, or my daughter is not in the living room now, one of the two must be. If someone says "My daughter is in the living room and not in the living room now", it will definitely be considered nonsense. But it’s different in quantum mechanics. Its weirdness is: if you don’t observe it, it is in a superposition state, that is, an electron is at point A and not at point A. As soon as you observe it, it’s a span1 span superposition state. crashed, it was really only at point A or really only at point B, and only one appeared.
Some people will say: You are sophistry. How do you know that when the electron is not observing it, it is at point A and not at point A?
This is what has been confirmed by many experiments during the development of quantum mechanics. The most famous experiment is the so-called " Schrodinger's cat ", a superposition cat that is both dead and alive. The brief description is as follows:
Put a cat in a closed box, and then connect the box to a device that contains a nucleus and a poison gas facility. The nucleus has a 50% chance of decay, and when it decays, a particle will be emitted.This particle will trigger the poison gas facility when it is emitted, and the poison gas will kill the cat as soon as it is triggered, which means that the cat is also in this superimposed state of both dead and alive. This is an experiment in Schrödinger's imagination.
When this question was raised, physicists were all stunned. They thought that only the microscopic world can have this superposition of states, that is, the state is uncertain, both in this state and not in that state. It’s the same in the macro world now, isn’t it the case with cats? There is a cat that is both dead and alive. This is a serious violation of our experience. This experiment is actually a change of "the daughter is in the living room, and the daughter is not in the living room". Is this cat dead or alive? Both dead and alive exist at the same time, and quantum mechanics believes that both exist at the same time.
So how can there be both dead and alive at the same time? People can't imagine this state, so everyone discusses this experiment further.
Wigner , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, thought of a new way. He said: I let a friend wear a gas mask and stay in that box with a cat. I hide outside the door. To me, this cat is dead or alive. I don’t know, the cat is both dead and alive. Afterwards, I asked a friend who was wearing a gas mask in the gas chamber, is the cat alive or dead? My friend will definitely answer that the cat is either dead or alive, not half-dead.
As soon as his statement came out, everyone found out, where is the problem? A person stays in a box with a cat. The person is conscious. Once consciousness is included in the quantum mechanics system, its wave function collapses, and the cat becomes either dead or alive. That means the cat is dead or alive,As long as someone’s consciousness participates, it becomes either dead or alive, and it is no longer in a fuzzy state.
My friend once told an example: a child accidentally fell down while running, he looked up at the adults around him, if the adult hurried over to help, and said something to care about, the child would cry, if The adult pretends not to see it, and the child gets up and will continue to run. The moment a child falls is the superposition of crying and non-crying states. As soon as the adult's consciousness participates, it becomes certain, which proves that superposition does exist in the macroscopic realm.
Are these examples as people say that consciousness determines matter and consciousness determines existence? I think so. According to the principles of dialectics and dialectical logic, matter determines consciousness and existence determines correct thinking. Then the opposite principle—consciousness determines matter and thinking determines existence has the right time and place, that is, there is the right space-time area. Now we know that consciousness determines matter and thinking determines existence, which is correct in the quantum realm, and there are correct times and places in the macroscopic realm. So quantum superposition is just another proof of the correctness of dialectics and dialectical logic.
Let us take a look at Engels's argument. He said: "When we deliberately examine nature or human history or our spiritual activities, what first appears before our eyes is an endlessly intertwined picture of various connections and interactions. There is nothing in it. Things are immovable and unchanging, but everything is moving, changing, arising and disappearing. This primitive, naive but essentially correct world view is the world view of ancient Greek philosophy, and it is created by Heraclitus stated clearly for the first time: everything exists, but at the same time it does not exist, because everything is flowing, constantly changing, constantly emerging and disappearing."(Engels: "Span1span Anti-Duhring Theory", People's Publishing House 71st edition, p. 18)
"Everything exists, but does not exist at the same time", this is a statement that violates the contradiction law of formal logic , Or the argument that is self-contradictory , according to people's usual opinion, this argument is absurd. However, according to Engels's argument, this is the argument of dialectics and dialectical logic. How can people understand it? Engels said "Because everything is flowing, constantly changing, constantly arising and disappearing." Therefore, "everything exists but does not exist at the same time." I think this explanation of Engels is understandable by ordinary people's intellect. Obviously, "Everything exists, but does not exist at the same time", and " Schrodinger's cat is both dead and alive", which belong to the same statement, belong to dialectics, dialectical logic. Therefore, if Engels is alive He would definitely say: "Schrödinger’s cat" is just another proof of the correctness of dialectics and dialectical logic. Engels said: "Nature is the touchstone for testing dialectics, and we must say that modern natural science provides such a test. The extremely abundant and ever-increasing material proves that everything in the natural world, in the final analysis, happened dialectically, not metaphysics. "(Ibid., page 20) This passage can be used to comment on quantum superposition.
Engels added: Metaphysics "thinks in absolutely incompatible opposites; what they say is:'Yes, yes , No, no; other than that, it's all nonsense. In their view, a thing either exists or does not exist; similarly, a thing cannot be itself and another thing at the same time. "(Ibid., p. 19) Engels said that the metaphysical way of thinking is: A is A, A is not non-A; A either exists or does not exist; A cannot be A and at the same time is B. Dialectics, dialectical logic The way of thinking is opposite to the way of thinking of metaphysics,Its way of thinking is: A is A, and A is not A; A exists, but does not exist; A is A, and A is B at the same time. These are all contradictory claims.
Take quantum superposition as an example. Formal logic holds that Schrödinger’s cat is either a dead cat or a live cat. It cannot be a dead cat, and at the same time it is a live cat. Dialectics and dialectical logic hold that complete It can be said that Schrödinger's cat is a dead cat, and at the same time a live cat. Therefore, quantum superposition and Schrödinger’s cat did not run out of the scope of dialectics and dialectical logic, but were just a living example of dialectics and dialectical logic. Since the mainstream philosophy of our country believes that "dialectical contradiction and logical contradiction are not the same thing at all", "dialectical thinking by no means means that for the above-mentioned moving object, it can be said that it is both in one place and another at the same moment, and at the same time. It's not like this" ("Philosophical Encyclopedia", editor-in-chief Xing Cengsi, pp. 51-53), so they think that the statement "Schrödinger's cat is dead and alive" is fundamentally wrong.
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