2022 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists dedicated to studying the weirdness of quantum , John · Clauze, Alan · Aspe and Anton · Cai Lingge. The work results of the three show that nature is even weirder than what Einstein dares to imagine. Their work independently is exploring the basic principles of quantum mechanics , the weird laws that dominate the behavior of the quantum world.
Through 50 years of experiments, they confirmed the reality of an effect. measures one of a pair of particles that are far apart, and can immediately change the measurement results of the other particle. No matter how many light years the two particles are apart, this strange phenomenon is called "quantum entanglement", which is the basis of the emerging field of quantum information .
Although Einstein was one of the founders of quantum theory , he refused to accept quantum mechanics. Einstein firmly believed in Spinoza's God and believed that the laws of nature were "God", but the principle of uncertainty in in quantum mechanics made him feel uneasy. In the argument with Bol , he said the famous saying - God does not roll dice.
1964 CNR Theoretical physicist John · Stewart · Bell pointed out an experiment that can detect which is right and wrong between Einstein and quantum mechanics. Bell pointed out that if is independently measured on two separate particles entangled, the result depends on the hidden variables in each half. If the hidden variable does not exist, then the particle activity in the entangled state cannot be explained by classical theory, is Bell inequality or Bell theorem .
Trial test
Dr. Clauze was the first person to carry out the experiment proposed by Bell. He accidentally saw Bell's doctoral thesis while studying for graduate school at Columbia University and realized that it was a meaningful thing. In 1972, Dr. Clauze and Friedman, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, tried to conduct the quantum entanglement measurement experiment proposed by Bell.
In the experiment, Crowze emitted thousands of photons to measure a characteristic called " polarization ", which can only have two values - up or down. The result of the detector is a series of seemingly random ups and downs, but when the results of the two detectors are compared, these ups and downs are incompatible, which neither classical physics nor Einstein's laws can explain. There is something strange in the universe in motion, and "entanglement" seems to be true.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
bet vulnerability
In the 1970s, Apes taught at Cameroon for 3 years, and studied quantum mechanics in his spare time in (really a strong man). Later, he returned to France to prepare to answer the difficult questions raised by Dr. Bell. In 1982, Apes and his team at the University of Paris and tried to plug the loophole of Clauze. He used calcium atoms as the source of photon pairs and then excited the calcium atoms to a certain energy level. When they fell back, a pair of photon pairs would be released. The experiment cleverly allowed two photons to fly 12 meters (photons need to fly 40ns). A polarizer in the middle changed the direction of measuring the polarization of the photon every 10 nanoseconds, but at that time he also thought Einstein was right.
Apest's research results made "entanglement" famous, making it a real phenomenon that physicists and engineers can exploit. Quantum language is applicable, but Dr. Crowze also discovered other possible loopholes in Bell's experiments, and to announce that quantum physicists defeated Einstein, they must plug these loopholes.
Apace in the experiment changes the polarization direction in a regular and theoretically predictable way, from which the photon or detector can be perceived. At this time, , professor at the University of Vienna, Cai Linge, began to relay. In 1998, he added more randomness to the Bell experiment, using a random number generator to change the direction of the polarization measurement in the state of entangled particles flying.Quantum mechanics once again defeated Einstein with an absolute advantage, blocking the "positional loophole".
Nevertheless, there are other possible sources of criticism or bias. In recent years, Cai Linge and his collaborators have been conducting "Cosmic Clock" experiments, that is, using the light fluctuations of distant stars called " quasar " billions of light years away here as a random number generator to set the detector direction.
Nowadays, as scientists conduct more experiments on entangled particles, "entanglement" is accepted as one of the main features of quantum mechanics and is used in fields such as cryptography , quantum computing and the upcoming "quantum Internet". One of the initial achievements of quantum entanglement in the field of cryptography is to use entangled quantum pairs to send information, which can safely send keys, because any eavesdropping behavior of will completely destroy quantum entanglement , thereby prompting the recipient for abnormal conditions.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-