On October 3, Beijing time, the list of winners of the "2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine " was announced. Swedish scientist Svante Pääbo won the award for his discovery of the genome of the extinct human race and the human evolution . He will receive a bonus of 10 million Swedish Kroner (approximately 6.42 million yuan).
Swant Parbo was born on April 20, 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden. He is a famous biologist and authoritative in evolutionary genetics.
Nobel Prize Committee said that when Parbo sequenced the first Neanderthal genome and found that Homo sapiens hybridized with Neanderthals, he "completed something that seemed impossible." Evidence for this major discovery first appeared in 2010, after Parbo pioneered a method for extracting, sorting and analyzing ancient DNA from Neanderthal bones. Thanks to his work, scientists can compare Neanderthal genomes to genetic records of humans living today. He also sensationally discovered a previously unknown race, the Denisovan.
"Humans have always been curious about their origins. Where do we come from, what do we have to do with those who were before us? What makes us, Homo sapiens, different from other humans?" The Nobel Prize Committee's award statement read.
According to the award statement, Parbo also found that after moving out of Africa about 70,000 years ago, the genes were transferred from the now extinct race to Homo sapiens. This ancient gene flow to today’s humans has physiological significance today, such as affecting the response of our immune system to infection.
"Pabbo's pioneering research has spawned a whole new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing the genetic differences that distinguish all existing and extinct races, his discovery provides the basis for exploring what makes us unique humans," the statement said.
As usual, the list of winners of Nobel Prize will be announced in early October each year, and then a prize dinner will be held on December 10th. Due to the epidemic, no award ceremony was held from 2020 to 2021, and the Nobel Prize Committee announced that it would re-organize. Therefore, the 2020 and 2021 Nobel Prize winners will join the latest 2022 winners to attend the award ceremony and dinner held in Stockholm, Sweden in December.
About the Nobel Prize
11-27, Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosives, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, signed his final will, giving the largest portion of the property to a series of awards, namely the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize was initially divided into five awards: physics, chemistry, physiology, or medicine, literature, and peace. In 1968, on the 300th anniversary of its establishment, the Swedish National Bank donated a large amount of funds to the Nobel Fund and added the "Swedish National Bank commemorating the Nobel Prize in Economic Science", commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economic Science .
The Nobel Prize prize comes from the interest or investment income of the fund established by Nobel . As the returns of the Nobel Fund change, the Nobel Prize bonus has fluctuated. The amount of Nobel Prize in 2022 is set to 10 million Swedish kroner per Nobel Prize, which is approximately RMB 6.42 million.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners for the past five years
2021, American physiologist David Julius and American molecular biologist and neurologist Ardem Patapoutian (Ardem Patapoutian) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine because they discovered temperature and tactile receptors.
In 2020, American virologist Harvey J. Alter), British biologist Michael Houghton ( Michael Houghton ) and American virologist Charles M. Rice) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine because they discovered the Hepatitis C virus.
In 2019, American cancer scientist William G. Kaelin Jr, British medical scientist Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and American medical scientist Gregg L. Semenza won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how cells sense and adapt to the availability of oxygen.
In 2018, American immunologist James Allison (James P. Allison) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Japanese biologist Honshuyu (Tasuku Honjo) because they discovered new ways to treat cancer by inhibiting negative immune regulation.
In 2017, three American scientists, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine because they discovered the molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms.
Some historical data since the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1901-2021):
112 times
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 112 times in total. During the period, there were no awards in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941 and 1942. Of these 112 awards, 39 were awarded to a single winner, 34 were shared by two people, and 39 were shared by three people.
224 people
So far, there are 224 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and no one has won the award twice so far. The youngest Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine was Frederick G. Banting, a Canadian surgeon and invented insulin , who was only 32 years old when he was awarded the Medicine Prize in 1923. The oldest winner is Peyton Rous, an American virologist who discovered tumor-induced viruses. He was 87 years old when he won the Medical Prize in 1966.
12 female
Among the 224 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, 12 are female. Among them, Barabara McClintock, a 2-member html html cell genetics, is the only winner to win the award alone. The most recent female scientist who won the award was Tu Youyou from China.
family
Couple: Gerty Cori and Carl Cori won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947; May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014.
Father and son: Hans von Euler-chelpin (Chemistry Award 1929) and Ulf von Euler (Chemistry Award 1970); Arthur Kornberg (Chemistry Award 1959) and Roger D. Kornberg (Chemistry Award 2006).
Brothers: Jan Tinbergen (1969 Economics Award) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973 Medical Award).
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