The beautiful Lantana flower is taken home and planted by many people, but it is also an invasive and harmful alien species. (@ Visual China )
Fire ant queen and eggs
White snail eggs
African giant snail
Spodoptera frugiperda Old larvae harm the tassel.
Li Yongtao
Qi Guojun
staff are carrying out prevention and control of harmful invasive species.
The widely distributed Mikania is also an invasive and harmful alien species.
"To catch two alligator gar , a lake was drained." Recently, this sensational news has once again attracted people's attention to invasive alien species.
In addition to the alligator gar, what other threats from invasive alien species do we face in our production and life today? Where did these species come from? Through what channels? What are some good ways to deal with this? How to conduct a nationwide census of invasive alien species in Guangdong? How should the public improve their ability to identify and deal with invasive alien species?
In response to this series of questions, Guangzhou Daily's all-media reporters interviewed authoritative experts from South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences . They gave detailed and systematic answers.
text and pictures/Guangzhou Daily all-media reporter Wuwei and Zhang Dan
Harm:
"Like a quilt covering the tree, suffocating it"
"Invasive alien species spread very quickly, just like fire. It is easy to extinguish the fire when it is small, but once it is It has spread and there is nothing we can do to cure it.”College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University. Li Yongtao, dean and second-level professor of , told reporters that in recent years, the college team has undertaken a series of major invasive alien harmful species investigation and prevention work for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and various parts of the province. Including harmful invasive plants, insects, pests and diseases and aquatic organisms four categories. "Through grid surveys in western Guangdong, northern Guangdong , the Pearl River Delta and eastern Guangdong, we have a clear understanding of the occurrence, types, distribution areas, frequency of occurrence, transmission paths and harm of invasive alien harmful species in the province. Characterization and basic understanding of "
.Li Yongtao told reporters that since the implementation of the " Biosafety Law of the People's Republic of China " on April 15, 2021, the country, Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City have intensified the investigation and prevention of invasive alien harmful species and achieved significant results. . According to the latest statistics, more than 660 alien invasive species have been discovered across the country, involving a wide variety of plants, aquatic animals, pests and diseases, and various ecosystems. Among them, the invasive plants that we are familiar with and have greater harm include Mikania micrantha, Pleurotus , water hyacinth, Eupatorium , Solidago canadensis, etc.; invasive aquatic animals such as apple snail, bullfrog , Brazilian turtle And the "strange fish" crocodile gar, which has been highly exposed in the news recently; invasive pests and diseases such as red imported fire ant, Spodoptera Frugiperda, pine wood nematode, etc. Most of these invasive harmful species originate from the Americas, which are thousands of miles away from my country. They have strong reproductive capabilities and have no natural enemies to control them after invading our country, causing more serious harm.
According to reports, the harm caused by harmful invasive species is mainly manifested in: 1. Destroying the local ecosystem and affecting biodiversity. For example, the carnivorous crocodile gar can eat all kinds of small fish around the living waters. ; 2. Occupation The living space and nutrients of crops and cash crops may or feed on crops, spreading various destructive diseases that reduce industrial and agricultural production, such as the widely spread Mikania micrantha, Spodoptera Frugiperda, and pine wood nematode; 3. Directly or indirectly endanger human health , such as fire ant bites, can cause shock and death in severe cases.
"Invasive plants such as Mikania are also green, hidden in a large green space, and difficult to distinguish with the naked eye. The most harmful thing about this plant is that it likes to cover and wrap around various fruit trees, not only competing with the fruit trees for water, but also The nutrients and light are still very dense, just like a quilt covering the fruit trees, suffocating them to death," Li Yongtao said.
Currently, there are more than 100 species that are seriously endangered.
Associate researcher Qi Guojun, director of the Agricultural Biosafety Research Office of the Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, has long been engaged in research on monitoring, early warning and prevention and control technologies of red imported fire ants and other major invasive alien organisms. He told The reporter showed a directory that recorded in detail the origin, invasion time, classification status, occurrence and distribution of nearly a hundred species of invasive alien insects, including crop pests, garden pests, sanitary pests, stored grain pests, etc., such as those commonly seen in the south. Cockroaches have invaded our country as early as the 1930s. "Our country is one of the countries most affected by alien biological invasions in the world. There are currently more than 100 species that occur on a large scale and cause serious harm." Qi Guojun said.
Li Yongtao said: "The apple snail is also an invasive species that is currently causing serious harm, and we must also be vigilant. The apple snail used to be an aquatic creature introduced to my country, but because of its bad taste, it has basically been withdrawn from people's 'recipe'; but now, the large number of apple snails Reproduction has a greater impact on rice production It will bite the roots of rice and reduce rice production. "
Li Yongtao introduced that there are also some aquatic organisms, such as "scavenger" fish , tilapia , bullfrogs, etc., because of their tenacious vitality and lack of natural enemies. , also reproduce rapidly in the wild. "'Scavenger' has the most tenacious vitality. It can survive even if it is exposed to the sun on land. This fish lacks natural enemies in China, which squeezes out the living space of native fish."
Spread:
With the growth of seedlings and floods , Wind invasion and spread
In addition to their strong survivability, some harmful invasive species have special modes of transmission, which is also an important reason why they are difficult to eradicate.
Qi Guojun told reporters that there are two main ways of spreading red imported fire ants: natural diffusion and artificial spread. Natural dispersal includes nuptial flights of winged breeding ants, dispersal with floods and relocation of ant nests. Mature ant nests will produce winged breeding ants throughout the year. If the conditions are right, they can fly for marriage. Winged female ants and male ants will fly for mating at high altitudes. After fertilization, the fertilized queen ants will find a suitable nesting site to build " Kingdom" and can spread further if assisted by wind.
In addition, after floods occur in some areas, fire ant colonies will form "ant rafts" to drift with the water, and wait for the floods to recede to a suitable place to rebuild their nests. This method is called water flow diffusion.
Qi Guojun told reporters that human spread is the main reason for the long-distance spread of red fire ants. Fire ants can spread to long distances along with turf, flowers, and seedlings.
"There are many ways for species to invade , such as intentional introduction to invasive species, introduction through international trade, transportation, and natural spread." Qi Guojun said that invasive species can be carried by wind, water flow or insects. , the spread of birds, causing plant seeds, animal eggs or larvae, and microorganisms to naturally migrate and gradually spread to new areas, such as Spodoptera Frugiperda migrating and invading my country, and Eupatorium adenophora invading Yunnan from the China-Myanmar border.
Li Yongtao said: "Mikania micrantha can only be easily distinguished by the naked eye when it blooms. At this time, its pollen has been scattered everywhere by the wind, and its spread is difficult to contain."
"People still have little knowledge of harmful species."
This type of proliferation also stems from the fact that people currently have little awareness of the dangers of invasive harmful species such as Mikania micrantha and Lantana camara. Li Yongtao said: "When we conducted a census survey, we found that Mikania micrantha and Lantana spp. Chamomile is widely distributed, but people do not know or find it difficult to identify this plant. Some tourists often take photos with these flowers. In the homes of some citizens, there are also situations where lantana is actively planted as an ornamental plant . The flowers are indeed beautiful, but its immature fruits and leaves are toxic and can cause poisoning if eaten by accident. It will also have a significant inhibitory effect on other surrounding plants, making it an infringement of pastures, forest farms, tea gardens and orange trees. Vicious weeds in the garden."
response:
Infrared remote sensing and biotechnology help accurate investigation and elimination of pests.
How to eliminate invasive harmful species that have already caused harm? Li Yongtao told reporters that at present, the main methods for preventing and controlling invasive organisms are people. Physical control, spreading of chemical drugs and biological control usually require a combination of methods to achieve the desired effect based on specific circumstances. “If restricted by the environment, water hyacinth is generally only removed by fishing, while Mikania is exclusively used for sowing. Manual-assisted excision along with preventive and treatment drugs is most effective. "Li Yongtao introduced that biological control refers to re-establishing the mutual regulation and mutual restriction mechanism between "pests and natural enemies" by introducing natural enemy factors from the place of origin where pests are introduced, and restoring and maintaining this ecology. Balance. “However, this control method requires the introduction of new alien species, so it usually needs to be carefully considered and implemented. "
Li Yongtao also introduced that since 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has made unified deployment arrangements and the technical team of South China Agricultural University has been responsible for the implementation. Five major harmful alien invasions in Guangdong Province have been completed: Mikania micrantha, Malus snails, red imported fire ants, water hyacinth and lantana. Grid survey and monitoring of species, the survey and monitoring area is 1 More than 100,000 acres, and comprehensive prevention and control technology demonstrations have been carried out in many places for the key hazardous species red imported fire ants, Mikania micrantha and water hyacinth, with remarkable results.
Li Yongtao said: “For example, along the Liuxi river where there is a high incidence of exotic harmful species. , we focus on the investigation and prevention of Mikania micrantha and red imported fire ants. For Mikania, we use infrared remote sensing and spectral characteristic analysis of drones to quickly identify Mikania. Using new genetic map identification technology, we can quickly identify the distribution and location of Mikania, as well as its hazards, against an all-green background. degree; at the same time, we also use physical and chemical methods to disinfect it. "
"Multiple killings in the same area can be eradicated."
Li Yongtao told reporters that the prevention and control of harmful alien species takes a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. "Like Mikania spreading in the wild, its management is very difficult. To kill Mikania micrantha, the same area must be disinfected several times before it can be eradicated. The first disinfecting may only be able to eliminate about 80%. Another disinfecting after a few months can disinfect the remaining 80%; disinfecting about three times can completely eradicate it. "
Li Yongtao introduced that for red fire ants, pesticides and powders do not actually solve the fundamental problem. Spraying and burning may kill them on the surface, but their burrows are deep and difficult to eradicate. "Now we use some baits After killing, ants will spread throughout the entire group after eating the toxic bait. This has a better disinfecting effect. But even so, it will take several, many times to achieve a relatively complete elimination. "
Prevention:
Customs builds a "fence" and citizens increase vigilance.
Talking about how to prevent the invasion of harmful species, Li Yongtao believes: "First of all, we still need to raise social awareness and increase publicity. At present, people's safety awareness of invasive species is still relatively weak. Many invasive species are actively introduced from abroad by some domestic planting and breeding units without reasonable risk assessment and safety control, resulting in large numbers of introduced species escaping and breeding. . Invasive species pose a great threat to the safety of native species, ecological security, human health, and especially the sustainable development of society, and the whole society must attach great importance to it. "
Secondly, Li Yongtao suggested accelerating institutional construction and improving the governance system. "Establish a complete institutional system and integrate it with international standards, including ecological risk assessment of species introduction, information network construction, ecological risk monitoring of alien species, and establishment of multi-departmental relationships. Strengthen legislation and law enforcement in various aspects such as cooperation and coordination mechanisms, improve liability investigation and economic compensation mechanisms, and make species management work systematic, legal and scientific. "
Third point, Li Yongtao believes that the level of prevention and control technology should be improved and resource utilization efficiency should be improved."We must not only strengthen the integration of multidisciplinary knowledge and learn from each other's strengths to achieve the purpose of comprehensively controlling the invasion of alien species, but we must also study the biological characteristics and functions of each part of the invasive alien species, explore ecological and resource utilization, and master Suitable for scale and turn disadvantage into advantage”
ht. ml1Not long ago, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the "Measures for the Management of Invasive Alien Species", which will come into effect on August 1, 2022. The "Management Measures" put forward clear requirements for strengthening source prevention from three aspects: First, standardize the management of introduction. If crops, forest grass seeds, seedlings, aquatic seedlings and other exotic species are introduced from abroad due to special needs such as variety cultivation, import approval and quarantine approval shall be handled in accordance with the approval authority; second, port prevention and control shall be strengthened. Customs should strengthen port prevention and control, crack down on illegal activities such as the illegal introduction, carrying, delivery, and smuggling of alien species, and deal with discovered invasive alien species in accordance with the law; third, strengthen domestic quarantine. The departments in charge of agriculture, rural areas, forestry and grassland at or above the county level shall strengthen the quarantine supervision of cross-regional transportation of crops, forest and grass seeds, seedlings, plant products, aquatic seedlings, etc.Census:
will form a list of invasive species, a database, and a specimen library
Li Yongtao introduced that currently, in accordance with the requirements of the overall census plan for invasive alien harmful species issued by the state, and under the specific guidance of the Department of Science and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the General Station of Agricultural Ecology and Resource Protection, Nationwide foreign invasion has The census of harmful species is progressing. Starting this year, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have successively carried out comprehensive censuses and key surveys of invasive alien species in agriculture and forestry. It is planned to master the number and distribution range of invasive alien species across the country in three years. , occurrence area, degree of damage and other basic information, forming census results such as invasive species lists, databases, and specimen libraries.
Li Yongtao said that Guangdong Province, as an economically powerful province open to the outside world in my country, has an active flow of logistics and people and suitable water and heat conditions. It is the "main channel" for the invasion and spread of alien species and the "bridgehead" for prevention and control. According to statistics, there are more than 400 alien species in Guangdong Province. At present, Guangdong Province has issued a series of guidance documents for the census and prevention and control of invasive alien species, and is solidly promoting the effective prevention and control of invasive alien species.
reporter also learned that recently, the Guangzhou Forestry and Garden Bureau is carrying out a census of invasive alien species in Guangzhou's forestry. The relevant person in charge said that the census of invasive alien species in Guangzhou's forestry is to implement the invasive alien species deployed by seven departments including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. A specific measure implemented by the census in Guangzhou.
According to reports, in order to implement the requirements of the Guangdong Provincial Forestry Bureau and coordinate the census of invasive alien species in the city's forestry, the Guangzhou Municipal Forestry and Garden Bureau has established a leading group for the census of invasive alien species in forestry to simultaneously promote the census of invasive alien species in forestry at the municipal and district levels. Work. The objects of this census of invasive alien species in forestry cover diseases, insect pests, harmful plants, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates. The scope of the census covers natural ecosystems such as forests and wetlands in Guangzhou, as well as forestry production, operations, and processing sites. At present, the census work is being carried out in an orderly manner. A training course for the census of invasive alien species in Guangzhou's forestry industry has been held. The municipal census work has been carried out in the municipal state-owned forest farms, various types of natural reserves at all levels, wetlands and other important ecological sites within the jurisdiction. Census will be carried out in each region. The district-level forestry department will be responsible for the forest and wetland census in other areas except the municipal census. It is expected to complete the first round of comprehensive census before the end of this year.
"By conducting a census to find out the basic situation of the occurrence, quantity, distribution, and harm of invasive alien species, establish a database of invasive alien species in forestry, and carry out hazard risk assessments of key invasive alien species, so as to protect Guangzhou's native forestry species and maintain biodiversity. Sex has a positive effect," Li Yongtao said.
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