Although the United States took the lead in completing the Apollo manned moon landing program as early as half a century ago, and completed the "footing" of mankind from the earth to the moon, but with the development of the world pattern, at this stage, both China and the United States have already The re-manned lunar landing program has begun. For example, the United States is developing and testing a new generation of SLS heavy launch vehicles for returning to the moon. At this stage, my country is also developing the Long March 9 super-heavy carrier rocket for manned moon landing, and has achieved breakthroughs in the core 10-meter diameter arrow body and 500-ton liquid rocket engine technology .
Of course, if you carefully compare the progress of China and the United States in the new round of manned moon landings, the American SLS super-heavy launch vehicle has already started the ground test assembly task at this stage by using the mature technology of the space shuttle project. After all, the core rocket body structure technology of the new generation of SLS super-heavy launch vehicle comes from the orange fuel tank technology of the space shuttle project of that year, and the four super-thrust liquid rocket engines equipped in the first stage of the core are also from the RS25 hydrogen-oxygen rocket used by the space shuttle. The engine, and it is directly from the 16 mature products in stock and dismantled in the space shuttle project, four RS25 hydrogen-oxygen rocket engines can generate more than 900 tons of super thrust, plus two thousand tons also from the space shuttle project. With the help of the high-level solid rocket booster, the SLS super-heavy launch vehicle has a maximum take-off thrust of more than 4,100 tons under the premise of a large number of space shuttle projects, and a maximum carrying capacity of 130 tons in the near-earth orbit and 130 tons in the lunar orbit. 57 tons, fully satisfying the new round of manned lunar landing missions.
Although the core 10-meter diameter arrow body structure ring of my country's Long March 9 was successfully rolled off the assembly line as early as 2017, and at the end of 2020, the core YF480 500-ton liquid oxygen kerosene rocket engine was officially completed. The turbo pump joint debugging test, the first prototype is also officially off the assembly line at this stage, it is believed that my country will be able to achieve manned moon landing before the planned 2030, of course, as the Long March 9, which was developed from scratch, is on the manned landing. In terms of monthly speed, it is definitely not as good as the SLS super-heavy launch vehicle that uses a large number of mature technologies.
Does it mean that we are really slower than the US in manned moon landings? In fact, everyone may not know that the " Shenzhou manned spacecraft " that undertakes my country's manned spaceflight project can also achieve manned moon landing missions. After all, my country's Shenzhou manned spacecraft is "under the tutelage" of the alliance of the Soviet The manned spaceship , but when the Soviet Union developed the Union manned spaceship, it was designed for the purpose of manned landing on the moon from the beginning, and compared with the Union manned spaceship, our Shenzhou manned spaceship is more advanced and more advanced. If it is bigger, , that is, my country's Shenzhou manned spacecraft theoretically also has a manned mission to the moon, just replace the orbital module with the lunar module .
Of course, why is it theoretically available? Because the Shenzhou manned spacecraft is too small and light, compared with the weight of the American Apollo moon landing spacecraft, which is as high as 45 tons, the maximum weight of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft is only 8.6 tons, a difference of more than 5 times.But why is it still said that the Shenzhou manned spacecraft theoretically has the potential of manned landing on the moon? Because , an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, is currently the chief designer of the launch vehicle series of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Long Lehao once said in a public interview that the Shenzhou manned spacecraft will use the Long March 5 new generation of large-scale launch vehicles The launch advantage of the rocket's earth-moon transfer orbit exceeds 14 tons, and the manned moon landing requirements can be achieved in three times.
In the three specific launch processes, the first is to launch the descending stage of the lunar module to the orbit around the moon. With reference to the weight of the Apollo lunar landing spacecraft’s descending stage of 8.4 tons, we can completely transfer the return capsule of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft to the lunar orbit. The orbital module was cancelled, and a more complete lunar module descent stage was configured for it like the Tianzhou cargo spacecraft , and the weight of the entire spacecraft was no more than 9 tons.
The second launch is to directly use the Tianzhou cargo spacecraft to refit, retain the propulsion compartment of the Tianzhou cargo spacecraft, replace the cargo compartment with the upgrade required for the moon landing, and have its own rendezvous and docking function, and launch it to the moon In orbit, it rendezvous and docked with the first launch of the lunar module descent stage to combine into a larger lunar lander.
And the third launch is even simpler. The three astronauts directly ride on the Shenzhou manned spacecraft, relying on the super thrust of the Long March 5 to launch the entire spacecraft to the earth-moon transfer orbit, and then the Shenzhou manned spacecraft uses its own thrust. After entering the orbit around the moon, the orbital module of the spacecraft and the upper and lower levels of the previously successfully docked lunar module rendezvous and docked again. The three astronauts entered the lunar module from the return module, the lunar module and the orbital module were separated, and the lunar module began to descend the orbit. altitude and finally landed on the lunar surface, while the orbital module of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft was converted into a communication module to undertake the communication relay task between the lunar module and the earth.
After the three astronauts completed a series of scientific research missions to the moon, they directly took the lunar module to upgrade and return to orbit around the moon, and the descendants left directly on the lunar surface. Returning to the upper upgrade of the lunar orbit and docking with the orbital module of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft that orbited the moon before, the astronauts were upgraded from the upper to enter the interior of the return capsule, the entire spacecraft was separated from the orbital module and the return module, the Shenzhou spacecraft's The propulsion module returns to Earth with the return capsule.
In the whole process of the Shenzhou spacecraft manned to the moon, a total of three space launch missions, three space rendezvous and docking , and two space separations have to be completed, and my country has already mastered all of these technologies at this stage, especially the space rendezvous and docking and Returning directly to Earth from lunar orbit has been proven successful in previous space launches. For example, the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft that has just been successfully launched is equipped with my country’s second-generation space rendezvous and docking technology, which has laid a higher standard of basic strength for the Shenzhou manned lunar rendezvous and docking; previously, the Chang’e-5 lunar lander completed the lunar sample When returning to the earth after collection, the returner rushes directly from the lunar orbit to the earth's orbit at high speed, and directly enters the atmosphere. This method of decelerating without additional entry into the orbit of the earth lays the foundation for Shenzhou's manned return to the earth. mature and reliable technology and strength.
But why did our country not use the Shenzhou manned spacecraft to complete the moon landing mission, but spent huge amounts of money on the development of the Long March 9 super-heavy launch vehicle? Because the aerospace development experience of the United States and the Soviet Union tells us that "the more complex the system, the lower the reliability ", especially for the Shenzhou manned spacecraft to achieve manned moon landing, it has to go through three launches, three space rendezvous and docking, Two spatial separations, after all, any change directly increases the risk of a failure.Moreover, this kind of manned moon landing is not of great significance. It can only achieve the reputation of manned moon landing, but cannot truly realize the significance of manned moon landing.
is like India launched the Mars probe as early as 2011, nearly ten years earlier than my country, but the Mars probe launched by India is light in weight and single in function. The detection ability of the Martian atmosphere, and the ability to collect information on the Martian geology, is only a very light spacecraft orbiting Mars; for another example, as early as 1970, my country launched the first man-made spacecraft. After the satellite Dongfanghong No. 1, the country began to discuss the launch plan of my country's first manned spacecraft "Dawn No. 1". At that time, this plan was code-named Project 714, but why was it not actually launched later? Because although Dawning-1 has manned capability, it has little significance for China's aerospace development. Just like the first satellite in the United States weighs only 8 kilograms, it has little practical significance except for an international reputation. Although my country is following the Soviet Union The United States and France will become the fifth country in the world to launch artificial satellites, but our Dongfanghong-1 is heavier than the sum of the weights launched by the first four countries, and it has better functions and can perform more aerospace scientific research tasks.
Therefore, although the Shenzhou manned spacecraft has the potential to manned the moon, why did we not actually implement it, that is, , because this kind of manned moon landing only has a reputation, and it has no substantial significance for China's aerospace development. It will affect the correct direction of China's aerospace development.
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