Introduction
Humans have been in awe of the ocean since ancient times. There are too many ocean secrets waiting for us to explore and discover. For centuries, scientists have continued to explore the ocean. Although there are many discoveries, they have only explored a small part of the ocean.
The ocean occupies 71% of the earth, and there are hundreds of different creatures living in it. Through the exploration of the ocean, mankind has discovered a lot of treasures. However, sea water is not drinkable, it contains a lot of salt. It is completely different from the body fluids in the human body. Drinking seawater will cause the body's water loss and cause dehydration symptoms.
sea-land ratio
Tips: The ocean area accounts for 71% of the earth's total area, and the land only 29%. The global ocean area is 361 million square kilometers, and the land area is 149 million square kilometers. The ocean is mainly distributed in the southern and western hemisphere, and the land is mainly distributed in the eastern and northern hemisphere. The ocean area of any hemisphere far exceeds the land area.
Deep Sea World
Some scientists once said that humans know much more about the universe than the ocean. The sea is very deep. If you don't have professional equipment, you will be crushed to death by strong water pressure if you enter a certain depth. If you throw a medium iron box into the sea, when it reaches a depth of several kilometers, the iron box will be pressed into a piece of iron sheet by strong water pressure.
The water pressure in each area of the sea is completely different. If a diver does not wear a professional diving suit and does not feel the strong water pressure, he can dive to about 34 meters. If the diver wears professional equipment, he can sense the water pressure in the deep sea, and can dive into the sea about 300 meters if he can breathe in fresh air.
Ahmed Gabr
Tips: On October 3, 2014, an Egyptian named Ahmed Gabré,Ahmed Gabr, whose English name is Ahmed Gabr, dived into the Red Sea about 332.35 meters deep and created the Guinness World Record for the deepest deep-sea diving for humans.
According to the exploration of scientists, it is found that the world under the sea is very similar to the world on land. The sea floor is also composed of mountains, canyons and marine vegetation. Sometimes we see an island appearing in the middle of the ocean, extending to the bottom of the sea, and we will find that it is actually the top of a mountain in the ocean. In the abyssal plain in the depths of the ocean, cracks will appear, extending to the deepest part of the ocean. This crack is called a trench.
Mariana Trench
Tips: Mariana Trench is the deepest known ocean in the world, and the deepest place reaches 6~11 kilometers. The water pressure here is extremely high, there is no sunlight at all, the temperature is low, the oxygen content is low, and food resources are scarce, making it one of the harshest areas on the planet.
Humans have found that nuclear submarines can dive at a maximum depth of about 600 meters, while the average depth of the ocean is about 3,57 meters, and the depth of the trench is about 10,972 meters, which is equivalent to two thousand higher than and Mt. Dom. This is just the average depth of many oceans. The depth of each ocean is different. There are many areas in this world that we humans have not explored.
Tips: The world's deepest dive record is 10970 meters. This record was set in 1995 by the Japanese unmanned submersible , the Kaiko submarine. This record has not been surpassed so far.
Ultra-Abyss Zone
Scientists call the area below the depth of 6096 meters the Hadar Zone.This is named after Hades, the lord of the underworld in ancient Greek mythology. According to the statistics of scientists, there are about 40 Hadar regions in the entire ocean. There is another part of the deep sea area that is classified as a trench, and the formation of the trench is caused by the continuous movement of the crustal plates.
In the deepest part of the sea, even sunlight cannot penetrate, and no life on land can survive in an area without any light. With the continuous development of new technologies, we are also constantly exploring the deep sea.
Tips: Hadar area, also called ultra-abyss area, ultra-abyss zone. Geographically, the ocean is divided into five areas based on depth. The deeper the area, the less sunlight it can receive. From top to bottom, it is divided into shallow sea layer, mid-ocean zone, deep water layer, abyss layer, and ultra-abysmal layer.
Located in the Kemadek Trench in the South Pacific, it is 9,977 meters deep. Surrounded by many active volcanoes , violent volcanic eruptions may occur at any time. In 2017, when a deep-sea research ship named Nius dived here, there was a violent explosion. Fortunately, it was an unmanned ship. Although there was an accident, a lot of discoveries were made during this dive. Many unseen new species were discovered in the crater near the Kemadek Trench. This is a great time for exploring the secrets of the deep ocean. Not a small improvement.
Tips: submarine volcano is a variety of volcanoes formed at the bottom of shallow seas and oceans, including extinct volcanoes and active volcanoes. The distribution of submarine volcanoes is quite extensive. The lava surface of submarine volcanic eruption is rapidly cooled by seawater on the seabed, like a toothpaste squeeze, but the interior is still hot.
The Kamchatka Trench on the Thousand Islands,Located on the edge of the Pacific Northwest, 10500 meters deep. It is the habitat of many marine creatures, where scientists discovered a marine creature that lives near the volcano, the sacred shrimp. This is a relatively large group belonging to a kind of soft armour class and true soft armour subclass.
This species has a total of 6 orders. There are about 18,000 species from the orders of the Anemone prawns, Mysid shrimps, Lepidopteras, Amphipods, Isopods, and Protopods. Researchers are still exploring the seabed. In recent years, a German expedition ship discovered that there are plastic fragments and large and small pieces of fishing nets in the deep sea. This shows that humans are constantly affecting the ocean, even the deep sea. The pure land will disappear.
Tips: Japanese sacred prawns are distributed very widely, south of Hokkaido, Japan, coastal China, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, eastern Africa and the Red Sea. It can be caught from January to March and from September to October along the coast of my country. The spawning period of this kind of shrimp is from December to March of the second year each year.
The Philippine Trench, also known as the Philippine Depth, is 10,540 meters deep. It is located in a submarine depression in the Philippine waters of the Western Pacific Ocean, on the eastern edge of Mindanao Island. The Philippine Trench is second only to the Mariana Trench and the Tonga Trench. It is the third largest trench in the world. It has a history of more than 7 million years. There are many active volcanoes at the bottom, which may erupt at any time. The depths of the Philippine Trench are rich in helium resources, which have very high commercial value and play a very important role in nuclear energy.
Tips: A trench is a trench with steep, narrow walls and a water depth greater than 5000m in the ocean. It is the deepest place on the seabed. The maximum water depth can reach more than 10,000 meters. The deepest trench in the world is the Mariana Trench, with a depth of 11034m.
The Tonga trench is 10,882 meters deep. It is located to the east of Tonga Islands in the South Pacific, connecting the Samoa Islands to the north and Kemadek Trench to the south. The deepest part of the Tonga Trench is called the Horizon Abyss. Pacific plate is submerged in the Tonga plate at the northeast corner of the Australian plate. The Tonga Trench and its front arc form an active subduction zone in the lithosphere between the two plates, which occurs frequently due to plate movement After the earthquake, there were a lot of bipeds in the Tonga Trench.
Tips: Plate movement refers to the relative movement of one plate on the earth's surface with respect to another plate. In 1968, French geologist Le Pushun divided the earth’s rock layers into six large plates, all of which float on the fluid mantle asthenosphere. With the movement of the asthenosphere, the corresponding horizontal movement of each plate will occur.
Measure the maximum ocean depth
Mariana Trench is located in the eastern part of the Philippines, Mariana Islands near the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, Mariana Trench has been formed for 60 million years. first learned that the depth of the Mariana Trench was created by the British Challenger, who dived to the bottom of the trench in 1875. There was no advanced equipment at the time, and the measured depth was 8184 meters.
In 1951, the British Royal Navy ships developed a new submarine and continued to survey the Mariana Trench. When they dived, they found a deeper position and used echo to detect that the depth was 10,900 meters. In the end, the Royal Navy named the place Challenger Abyss.
Tips: In 2009 and 2010, researchers developed sonar and performed new measurements on the Mariana Trench. The final measurement result was 10994 meters. In the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, food resources are severely lacking, and the water pressure is high, the temperature is low, and the oxygen content is low, making it one of the harshest environments on earth.
Mariana Trench earthquake
The Mariana Trench is located on the edge of the Philippine plate and the Pacific plate, while the Pacific Ocean is on the southeast sides of this boundary, and the Philippines is on the northwest sides, completely sandwiching the Mariana Trench. In the middle.
And these two plates are moving to the northwest at the same time. Because they are moving, the two plates collide, resulting in the formation of a subduction zone between the two plates at the junction of the two plates.
Collision between plates will occur slowly at different speeds along the curved boundary, but according to the speed of movement of the plates, such collisions will not occur frequently. However, as the Pacific plate descends into the mantle, the uneven edges often lead to earthquakes of different sizes on the plate boundary.
Tips: Scientists named the outermost rock on the earth's surface as the crust. The average thickness of the entire crust is about 17 kilometers, of which the continental crust is thicker, with an average of 39 to 41 kilometers. The crust in high mountains and plateau areas is thicker, up to 70 kilometers, and the crust in plains and basins is relatively thin. The submarine crust is much thinner than the continental crust, only a few kilometers thick. Since the formation of the earth's crust, it has been in motion, and this movement has caused continuous changes in the structure of the earth's crust. The most obvious crustal response is earthquakes.
When the Pacific plate descends to the mantle, because the movement will produce friction,Therefore, the heat is greatly increased. At a depth of about 160934 meters, the rocks in the earth's crust have been heated to a certain degree, and some minerals have begun to slowly melt. will generate higher heat when it melts. Due to the density, it will rise slowly and gradually form a volcanic eruption. When the volcano erupts, it will bring out a lot of rocks, gradually forming the Mariana arc.
Tips: In ancient Rome, at that time, humans discovered the phenomenon of volcanic eruption. They thought it was the god of fire, Volcano, who was angry, so the English name of volcano was named Vulcan. Named Volcano. Volcanic eruptions are caused by geothermal heat, which is also a manifestation of crustal movement. When the temperature inside the earth is too high, the pressure will eject magma from the crater.
Explore the Challenger's Abyss
The Challenger's Abyss is the deepest place in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The pressure at this depth is 1100 times that of sea level. In 1960, Jacques Picard drove the Trieste deep-sea submarine. This was the first time mankind explored the Challenger Abyss. The depth of this dive was 10,916 meters, which is also a major advancement for mankind.
Tips: Jacques Piccard (July 22, 1922-November 1, 2008), the famous Swiss deep-sea expedition and inventor. Born in a special family in Brussels, Belgium, the family has been explorers for three generations. Its main contribution is the research on ocean currents and the invention and improvement of deep-sea explorers.
In 2009, mankind once again explored the depth of the Challenger Abyss,For the first time, marine researchers used an unmanned submarine submersible to measure the Challenger Abyss to a new depth of 10,902 meters. In 2010, the U.S. Marine Surveying and Mapping Center dived into the Challenger's Abyss for its survey, and measured the abyss as 11,000 meters. It is 1,609 meters higher than Mount Everest, the highest mountain on earth.
Tips: Mount Qomolangma (English: Mount Qomolangma; Mount Everest, Tibetan: ཇོ་མོ་གྤང་གस in Nepali). Mount Everest is the highest altitude in the world. It is the main mountain range of the Himalayas. At 4:20 on May 25, 1960, a Chinese mountaineering team climbed Mount Everest for the first time. In 1975, China measured the height of Mount Everest to be 8,848 meters. With the movement of the earth's crust, the height of Mount Everest is also increasing year by year. Detected in 2020, the new height of Mount Everest is 88.886 meters.
Conclusion
As early as prehistoric humans, people have begun to explore the ocean and make a living by fishing. Before the development of aviation, navigation was the main method of human transcontinental transportation and cultural exchanges. The exploration of the deep sea floor did not really begin until the middle of the 20th century. Although today humans use diving balls and submarines to explore the ocean, they still know very little about the deep sea. According to the statistics of scientists, human beings are currently exploring the sea by only 5%, and the unknown 95% of human beings do not know how many unknown creatures are hidden in it.
Human beings are in awe of the sea. Many creatures in the sea need humans to explore and discover. However, with the continuous development and progress of human science and technology, excessive mining of the sea has caused considerable damage to the sea and has begun to threaten the lives of creatures in the sea. As human beings continue to progress, they must also protect the environment in their lives.Only in this way can we achieve a win-win situation.
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