Gethat school was born to oppose the definition of conscious experience by constructivism, and is also one of the main schools of modern Western psychology. Gestalt means complete in German, so it is also called Gestic Psychology , and its key characteristics Integrity, concretization, organization and constancy .
Today, Dr. Junjun and you will learn about the relevant knowledge of Gestalt School .
school brief description:
Gestalt school does not recognize separation, opposes the analysis of consciousness as meta elements, and emphasizes that psychology is a whole , as a whole cannot be restored to the sum of various parts and various elements ; the addition of parts does not equal the whole; the whole exists before the part, and it restricts the meaning and nature of the part. Psychology studies both direct experience and behavior; it uses both objective observation and introspection method .
Core theory:
1. Principles of perceptual organization
Perceptual organization principle is refers to the individual's influence of subjective experience that objective stimulation situations have a strong organizational tendency. Psychological phenomenon can only be understood when it is regarded as having organization and structure as a whole, rather than decomposing it into primitive perceptual elements.
In Gestalt psychology experiments, they studied how the perceptual array forms the of Gestalt: they proved that the sum of the whole and the local is very different. Change a single factor to observe how they affect people's perceptual array structure ,
They summarize a set of rules, namely 's perceptual organizational principles : 1, proximity. 2. Similarity. 3. Symmetry, 4. Good continuity, 5. Common destiny, 6. Closed, 7. Line orientation, 8. Simplicity.
2, gestal organization rules
gestal organization rules is a series of experimentally proven perceptual organization rules proposed by the Gestalt school. It explains the form in which the perceptual subject organizes the empirical material into a meaningful whole . It consists of epiphany learning, learning transfer and creative thinking.
Spiritual learning means that the subject of actively constructs cloze shape and forms a cognitive structure within the mind; learning does not form reaction habits through practice and reinforcement, but obtains expectations through epiphany and understanding .
Learning Transfer refers to the impact of One learning on another learning, or the impact of individual existing knowledge and experience on completing related activities .
Gethat School believes that creative thinking constitutes is to break the gesto shape and form a new gesto shape .
3. Research methods
Gesthat school advocates taking direct experience as the research object, and direct experience is a natural observation of complete phenomenon , so they advocate adopting natural observation method , , but for individual consciousness research, they believe that psychological research also requires introspection method .
advocates the overall highlighting of psychological forms. The method adopted by is the phenomenological experiment , which mainly discovers its meaning structure through direct description of the phenomenon. They do not care about the causal relationship between variables, but care about the significance of building phenomenon fields and discovering phenomenon field .
Representative characters:
·Werthimmer
Werthimmer is one of the founders of Gestalt Psychology. He believes that human psychological phenomena are not simply a combination of several elements, but should be viewed in a holistic manner.
Anamorphic phenomenon also belongs to a Gestalt. The nature of the Gestalt does not exist in part, but is attached to the entire psychological and physical situation.
He proposed three methodological principles of scientific creation: , namely , namely logic-non-logical complementarity principle ; structure-integrity principle ; harmony-simplicity principle . At the same time, Wertheimer also pointed out that teachers should break the box and be brave in innovation, and then cultivate students' creative thinking .
·Kele
Kele Through experiments on chimpanzees, the famous epiphany theory .
Epiphany learning is a complete solution that appears relative to the layout of the entire problem, allowing individuals to understand the situational relationship.
Not only that, Kele also believes that after an epiphany, an individual will gain a certain migration ability , and can discover or understand the dynamic relationship pattern in one situation, and then apply it to another situation .
·Kafka
Kafka first introduced Gestalt psychology to the American psychology community, and gave a detailed explanation of the object , method and other problems in Gestalt psychology, making Gestalt psychology systematic.
He believes that The physical and mental development of children also follows the overall principle . For example, the movements of babies are initially overall reactions and then gradually differentiated later.
When discussing the memory theory of , he pointed out that , the heart field , and , pointing out that , the heart field contains two parts: self and environment, , and both have their own structure. Among them, the self is not a set of a point, a sum or desire instinct . He believes that the concept of personality may be used to illustrate the meaning of self .
Professional writings:
·Werthheimer: "Study on Experiments in Motion Perception", "Three Essays on Gestalts", "Creative Thinking", "Confrontation: Psychology and the Problems of the Current", "Basic Issues of Psychology"
·Keler: "The Status of Value in the Fact World of Value 》, "Dynamics in Psychology", "Tasks of Gestalt Psychology", "Gethat Psychology", "Gethat Psychology", "Gethat Psychology After Effects", "Wisdom of the Apes"
·Kafka: "Development of the Heart", "Perception: Introduction to Gestalt Theory", " Gestalt Psychology Principles "
OK, I'll share the knowledge about Gestalt School today. In fact, there are still a lot of relevant knowledge that you need to discover and understand by yourself. If you are very interested in psychology and want to learn more, you can read psychological books, or you can systematically learn psychology through the basic training course of psychological counselors. The training course will elaborate on the theories and theories of each school in more detail and specific, so that we can have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the emergence and development of psychology.
Sanjunyuan, see you, me and him! Learn a little psychology every day to let you understand yourself better!
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