This chapter begins and comes to the eighth fluctuation cycle of China's economy from 1987 to 1990. First, we introduce that the reform continued to move forward at that time (3686 words in total, and it took 11 minutes to read).
From "quadruple" to "three steps"
After the founding of New China, the economy has undergone several twists and turns. Whenever the economic situation improves, the next step is the economy "overheating". Overall, the economy has developed rapidly on the one hand, and on the other hand, it has never gotten rid of the cycle of "overheating-contraction-overheating".
The economy is overheated, mostly because the growth target is set unrealistic. In the face of the "heat control" cycle, what kind of long-term plan should you have to go your own way?
(1)
The second step is that at the end of the 20th century, the GDP doubled and the people's lives reached a well-off level;
The third step is that by the middle of the 21st century, the per capita GDP reached the level of in the middle developed countries, the people's lives are relatively prosperous, and they basically achieved modernization.
The Thirteenth National Congress not only clarified the development direction, but also clarified the size of the steps, and also deployed the economic focus.
report requires that in accordance with the principle of separation of ownership and management rights, revitalize the enterprise owned by all enterprises and promote horizontal economic alliance.
In the direction of reform, it is clear that it will accelerate the establishment and cultivation of socialist market system , improve the macroeconomic regulation based on indirect management, continue to develop a variety of ownership economies under the premise of public ownership as the main body, and implement a variety of distribution methods with distribution according to work as the main body.
(2) "Two ends are out, big in and out"
In terms of specific development strategies, combined with the opportunity of world industrial structure adjustment at that time. Developed countries and emerging industrial countries have been continuously upgrading their industrial structures, and they have gradually shifted their labor-intensive industry to developing countries with low labor costs.
. China's population accounts for 20% of the world's population, and its total exports account for only 1% of the world's population. This is extremely inconsistent with the current situation of abundant labor resources and low labor costs at that time.
To this end, at the end of 1987, the central government proposed to implement the outward-oriented economic development strategy of coastal areas, utilizing labor resources in coastal areas, and introducing foreign capital, advanced technology, raw materials in the form of " three to one supplement ", and vigorously developing labor-intensive industries.
"Both ends are out, big in and out", the raw material procurement and product sales of production and operation are all placed in the international market, and more foreign exchange are exchanged for my country's construction and accumulate more funds. The economic development strategy of coastal areas has received positive responses from all provinces in coastal areas.
Guangdong Province expanded the original Pearl River Delta "small triangle" into a "big triangle".
Shandong Province has identified 6 cities including Qingdao , Yantai , Weihai , and Weihai as Economic Open Zone .
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has expanded , the coastal economic open zone of , from more than 200 square kilometers to more than 18,000 square kilometers. At the same time, support is provided in many aspects such as factory buildings, funds, and technology.
Many coastal cities such as Shanghai and Tianjin are also actively improving the environment and developing an outward-oriented economy of .
At this point, the coastal open area has 293 cities and counties, an area of 426,000 square kilometers, and a population of 220 million, further promoting the strategic development pattern of "special economic zones-coastal open city-coastal economic open zone-inland".
(3) A letter about the development direction
Author Chen Di (working in the United States) has learned from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan in recent years. He proposed that the development of high-value-added products is the key to the future solidity of the foreign economy. Otherwise, the outward-oriented economy will always be passive and there will be danger of being led by others.
When Taiwan's economy "takes off" in the 1960s and 1970s, it vigorously developed labor-intensive products with less investment and fast results. Although there are Taiwanese goods everywhere, there is no truly well-known brand. Later, when the transition to high added value fields, it was necessary to spend huge sums of money when manufacturing, R&D, self-created famous brands, etc., which was no longer affordable for small businesses.
is so big in China that it can fully implement dual-track products with low added value and low fixed costs and high change cost and products. Let the development below and take macro control. For some industries with high added value and high fixed costs, the central government should formulate plans and centralize command at different levels. If you seriously focus on several corporate groups to go global, if you don’t have world-class companies, it will be difficult for big countries to gain a foothold in world economy .
and it is recommended to focus on the development of electronic products first, because electronic products are different from automobiles. They can jump to the development level and grasp the latest product technology. It is also recommended to develop mobile phones, computers, and TVs first.
After that, the term "value added" officially entered China's economic planning and commodity production fields.
Overall, the development of Sino-foreign relations has made a new improvement. China's national sovereignty (territorial integrity), the number and distribution of countries that establish diplomatic relations, its relations with neighboring countries and surrounding regions, and its position and role in the world economy have all had new atmospheres and progress.
Urban development
Focus of regional development
(1) "To build a bigger special zone"
(1) "To build a bigger special zone" ml5
First, based on the island resources, vigorously develop production, and gradually establish a distinctive outward-oriented economy.
Second, it is recommended that the state allow foreign investors to develop land in Hainan in large areas and implement paid development of mineral resources and natural resources. State-owned and collective enterprises can conduct contracting, stakeholders, bidding and purchase.
Third, it is recommended that the country expand Hainan's economic management authority and the approval limit for foreign investment projects.
Fourth, it is allowed to establish industrial production enterprises, retail commerce, and social services through personal fundraising or joint stocks.
Fifth, considering that Hainan has a weak foundation, it is recommended that the country provide support within five years in terms of finance, credit, taxation, etc.
Hainan has established a province and become a special zone, and it immediately attracted the attention of overseas investors. In the year of its establishment, it absorbed 489 foreign investment projects, which was 106 more than the total investment projects in the first eight years of its establishment.
(2) Yangpu storm
Shortly after Hainan was established as a province and designated as a special zone, it encountered the "Yangpu storm".
For the rapid development of Hainan, the "Yangpu model" came into being: that is, on the premise of safeguarding national sovereignty, foreign investors will contract in large quantities, give corresponding land use rights for a fee, take the land with projects, and exchange low land prices for high investment and high efficiency.
Yangpu began to look for foreign investors. Japan's Kumaya Group (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd. expressed strong interest. After negotiation, the two parties reached an agreement: Hainan Province approved the lease of 30 square kilometers of land adjacent to the Kumaya Group of Yangpu Port to the Hong Kong Kumaya Group, with a rent of RMB 2,000 per mu, with a lease period of 70 years.
At this moment, the storm suddenly started. In 1989, five CPPCC members spoke together, believing that Yangpu’s land renting practice was inappropriate; then more than 200 CPPCC members submitted proposals to oppose Hainan Province’s practices.
Some people expressed deep "shock and anger": How can you bear to let foreigners build such a good port? Why can't we build ourselves? Since you have decided to develop, just use the money to invest in development!
Faced with heavy public opinion pressure like mountains, Hainan's decision makers felt wronged and confused.
At that time, a five-person investigation team was organized to conduct on-site investigations in Yangpu. The investigation team saw that the soil layer in the entire Yangpu area was very thin, and the peninsula was surrounded by coastal areas that maintained the original natural scene. The annual precipitation was only 1,000 mm, while the evaporation amount exceeded 1,800 mm. The land was dry and cracked, and there were almost no other plants growing except for the cactus with extremely strong vitality.
According to estimates, the land leased, the investment in in infrastructure of alone will cost RMB 6 billion to RMB 7.5 billion, while Hainan Province's fiscal revenue of in 1989 was only RMB 420 million. Infrastructure investment alone is equivalent to the fiscal revenue of Hainan Province for more than ten years.
As for land rent, Yangpu’s rent is 2,000 yuan per mu, which is indeed very low compared to Beijing and Haikou, but the entire Yangpu has not yet been developed. To attract foreign capital, you have to come up with preferential conditions. It is estimated that the Xionggu Group will invest more than 2.2 million yuan per mu of land to develop this land. About 3/4 of this investment is left in Hainan through labor, raw materials and taxes. This is a low land price that attracts high investment and high efficiency.
In the long run, after the successful development of Yangpu, the land price of hundreds of square kilometers around will increase exponentially, and 200,000 to 300,000 people can be hired. Therefore, a local cadre in Yangpu said: "If Yangpu can be developed into Shenzhen, not to mention that they are giving two thousand yuan, even if they don't give a penny, they are welcome to develop it."
The investigation team told the local cadres: We originally thought that all the land in Hainan was treasure, and we could grow rubber and coffee, but we didn't expect that Yangpu's land could only be developed. Therefore, it also expressed its support for Yangpu development.
However, Hong Kong Kumaya Group was discontinued. The power station that was originally planned to start construction that year, after the survey, there was no further information. At the beginning of the year, Yangpu, which was noisy in thousands of horses, suddenly became silent.
html At the end of October, Hainan Provincial leaders met with Yu Yuanping, general manager of Xionggu Group Hong Kong Co., Ltd., and emphasized that Hainan's large-scale development policy will remain unchanged; Yu Yuanping also said that he will continue to develop Yangpu.
After three years of intermittent experience, Yangpu finally started to "move" again.
(3) Development Pudong
Reform has reached a crossroads wherever it goes. Deng Xiaoping pointed out seriously: "The reform and opening-up policy remains unchanged, and has not changed for decades, and we must talk to the end."
In fact, Shanghai opened later, mainly to consider Shanghai's special status. After all, Shanghai and Shenzhen are different. Before development, Shenzhen was just a small fishing village. Taking it as a pilot, even if it encounters major difficulties or even fails, the impact will be very small for the entire national economy. Shanghai is a completely different situation. Once it fails, the entire national economy will be seriously affected.
trailer: Next chapter, the eighth fluctuation from 1987 to 1990, the only way for market economy - price reform.
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