Da Qian Vision·Vision Guanzhi
1279, the Mongolian army that had established Yuan Dynasty 38 years approached the last line of defense of the Southern Song Dynasty court. The two sides fought a large-scale naval battle in the Yashan waters in Jiangmen, Guangdong. This decisive battle between the Song and Yuan dynasties ended with the annihilation of the entire Song Dynasty. Minister Lu Xiufu carried the young emperor and committed suicide by jumping into the sea. Other loyal ministers, generals, families, and people who fled with the emperor, a total of more than 100,000 people jumped into the river with the emperor to die for their country.
Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army at this time, and he stood at the bow of the Yuan army, witnessing the tragic situation of this naval battle with his own eyes and witnessing the demise of Song Dynasty .
After the war, the floating corpse stretched across the sea of cliffs. The Yuan army found a child wearing a dragon robe and a crown on the sea, and there was also an jade seal hanging on the chest.
This is a sea battle in history where fewer wins more. Why was the last battle of the demise of the Song Dynasty so vulnerable? At that time, what happened to the army of the Song and Yuan on both sides.
Yashan Navy
Comparison of the situation in the Song and Yuan dynasties at that time
1271, Mongolia built the Yuan Dynasty, which accelerated the pace of unifying the Central Plains. The following year, the Yuan army began to attack the Southern Song Dynasty by water and land respectively. At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty court was in danger, so they wanted to avoid war and negotiate peace with the Yuan army, intending to preserve the stormy Southern Song Dynasty, but the result was not as good as it wished.
At this time, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty had no ambitions to coexist with the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan army, who was determined to destroy the Song Dynasty, did not agree to peace talks. Seeing that the situation was hopeless, Emperor Gong of Song, who was only 5 years old, surrendered to the Yuan army.
At that time, Yang Shufei took her two sons, Yi Wang Zhao Jing and Guang Wang Zhao Bing , and fled to Jinhua in a hurry. He met with ministers Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie and Wen Tianxiang, and since then, the " Three Heroes of the Song Dynasty " became the last ministerial team of the Southern Song Dynasty court.
The Little Emperor of Southern Song (stills)
Then he fled to Fuzhou. The 7-year-old Zhao Cheng ascended the throne and became emperor, called " Song Duanzong ". Under the powerful offensive and relentless pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, Fuzhou was captured again in 1277. Song Duanzong and his small court went straight to Quanzhou , preparing to escape from the sea to Guangdong. However, at this time, the Southern Song court had long lost its former majesty and could no longer control its sea ships in the Song Dynasty.
At this time, the "Three Heroes of the End of Song Dynasty" decided after discussing and Wen Tianxiang led his army to resist the Yuan army on land to alleviate the crisis of the court and retreated to Guangdong step by step to achieve the purpose of rendezvous with Song Duanzong. After Zhang Shijie snatched some merchant ships, Song Duanzong and the minor court of the Southern Song Dynasty went from sea to Guangdong.
Song Yuan offensive and defensive roadmap
As the saying goes, "Damage never comes alone". He encountered a typhoon on his way to sea. Song Duanzong fell into the water and fell ill after being rescued. He died of illness soon after. Then he was 7-year-old Zhao Bing ascended the throne, and his reign was Xiangxing . Under the protection of ministers such as Lu Xiufu, the Southern Song Dynasty court came to Yashan in Guangdong and temporarily established a stronghold, becoming the last bleak palace in the Southern Song Dynasty.
1278 On December 20, 201278, Wen Tianxiang, who was resting and having dinner in Wupoling, Guangdong, was betrayed by a local traitor, led the Yuan army to suddenly surrounded the Song army. Already exhausted, the Song army was in chaos and was instantly defeated by the Yuan army. The scattered Song army each fled.
Most of the Song army were annihilated. After the remaining soldiers escaped by luck, they hid in the areas of Meizhou and Shantou . Wen Tianxiang was unfortunately captured, and since then the Southern Song Dynasty's anti-Yuan power on land disappeared completely.
Then the Yuan army escorted the captured Wen Tianxiang to Yashan.
Wen Tianxiang was captured
The process of the battle of Yashan
1279, the Yuan army commander Zhang Hongfan had already entered Yashan. And began to surround the Song army. At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty court, which had experienced the typhoon shipwreck, had a total of more than 100,000 military and civilians. They settled in the temporary palace in Yashan, Guangdong. As the combat commander of the Song army, Zhang Shijie felt great pressure and thought hard to resist the attack of the Yuan army.
1 In February 279, Zhang Shijie ordered the Song army to burn all the houses in the temporary stronghold of Yashan, including the little emperor's palace, and more than 100,000 people boarded the ship and waited for the decisive battle. At this time, thousands of boats had been connected with ropes to form a huge ship array. In the middle was the little emperor's "dragon boat", surrounded by layers of protection.
Although it is a naval battle, the battlefield is actually in a long and narrow sea space in a mountain. At this time, Zhang Shijie made a mistake and did not listen to the suggestions of other staff members, and focused on setting up route defenses that can retreat in the west.
Yashan naval battle diagram
On the sixth day of the lunar month, Zhang Hongfan sounded the clarion call for a large-scale attack. The Yuan army surrounded the Song army from all directions, and Zhang Hongfan personally led the army to the front, but did not approach the Song army one mile away. Then the army north took advantage of the sea tide to attack the Song army's ship formation, and immediately retreated after failure. The Yuan army pretended to play music to confuse the Song army.
At noon that day, Zhang Hongfan launched a strong attack on the front. The Yuan army first laid ambushes and was not discovered by the Song army, but first attacked the Song army with bows and arrows. When the ships of the two armies approached, the ambush suddenly jumped out, leaving the Song army unprepared. In an instant, it defeated several Song army ships. The ship formation gate opened wide, and the Song army's morale was greatly reduced. They were unable to respond to the battle, and there was no way to retreat. At this time, the Yuan army had taken advantage of the situation to fight the "dragon boat" in the center of the ship formation.
Yamashan Navy
Because the emperor's "dragon boat" is huge, it is difficult to break through maneuver in extremely urgent situations. Lu Xiufu looked at the Yuan Dynasty army coming from all directions, the Song army officers and soldiers and the people who were wantonly massacred by the Yuan army, and was in a state of grief and anger, and he knew that he was powerless to turn things around.
At this moment, he showed great calmness and looked at the young emperor and said righteously: "Your Majesty should die for the country." Then Zhao Bing, who was 8 years old, jumped into the sea. The court officials, family members, and the people who followed along the way all went to the sea to sacrifice their country.
Wen Tianxiang, who was escorted on the Yuan army ship at this time, witnessed the entire naval battle with his own eyes. The tragic melee made him feel heartbroken.
Lu Xiufu carried the little emperor to the sea
On February 7, there were 100,000 soldiers and civilians of the Song Dynasty floating on the sea. Among the floating corpses, there was a child wearing a dragon robe with a jade seal hanging on his chest. This was the 8-year-old little emperor Zhao Bing. After the Yuan army obtained the jade seal, the body of the young emperor was discarded. According to legend, it was later found by the people and buried in Chiwan Village, Shenzhen, Guangdong.
Lu Xiufu's body was found by the people and was buried by the sea. This direct great-grandson of the Song Dynasty literary master Lu You , his jump represents the integrity of the Song Dynasty scholars and officials.
Zhang Shijie saw that the Song army had no strength to fight back at the end of the battle, and led some elite soldiers to break out and found the Queen Mother Yang Shufei to escape together, so as to raise the back. Seeing that his son had left, Yang Shufei was not interested in living anymore, so she jumped into the sea to commit suicide. After Zhang Shijie buried Concubine Yang Shu on the sea, he took the remaining Song army to float along the sea with the waves. Later, he encountered a typhoon and finally drowned on the sea near Pingzhang Mountain.
Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie
Wen Tianxiang failed in the Yashan Sea Battle, because he witnessed the unrepaired national destruction in the Song Dynasty, this grief was unspeakable. He once wrote that "The defeat in Yashan was witnessed by his own eyes, and he was punished with pain and cruelty, and he could not bear to win." Due to the obstruction of the Yuan army, he wanted to jump into the sea and die for his country without wishing.
Then, Zhang Hongfan repeatedly urged Wen Tianxiang to surrender to the Yuan Dynasty, but he said, "The country has been destroyed, and the ministers cannot live in secret." He also wrote a famous line from the past, "Since ancient times, no one will die, but keep his loyalty in Zhao Hisun." He was then escorted to yuan, and he died generously.
Wen Tianxiang
After the Battle of Yashan, the Southern Song Dynasty was defeated, the anti-Yuan forces were completely lost, and the descendants of the royal family never showed up to restore the country, and the Song Dynasty officially declared its demise.
Conclusion: The short-term resistance of the Yashan Navy Battle ended in failure, which is actually the result of the accumulation of many reasons. During the remaining days of this exiled small court, it was difficult to ensure food and clothing. Under the circumstance of tension and anxiety, surveillance and blockade, morale was already low.Only one-third of the more than 100,000 people were able to fight, and the others were followed by the family members of the court and the people of the Song Dynasty. In addition, there were also improper battle commands, so defeat was inevitable. After the demise of the Song Dynasty, which was a prosperous cultural era, there was a argument that "there is no more China after the Battle of Yashan". It was the first literati from Nanming , expressing the helplessness of the Central Plains after being unified by the nations outside the pass. In fact, this is just an alarmist statement. With the accumulation of Chinese culture for thousands of years, no matter who it is, it will be integrated into the general trend of the Chinese nation.
Today's Yashan Sea
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