On April 24, 2022, the book "Missile Life" compiled and published by the Second Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation was officially released, and for the first time, the commander-in-chief and chief designer of the previously hidden Chinese missile weapon model was disclosed to the whole society. Among these twelve missile experts, the two chief engineers of Qian Wenji and Chen Guoxin are Xidian . Recently, with the approval of China Aerospace Press, Xidian Memory will serialize the missile lives of two chief engineers in installments for readers.
In May 1960, Qian Wenji was appointed chief designer of the "543" missile; in February 1962, he was appointed chief designer of Hongqi No. 1; in April 1964, he was appointed chief designer of Hongqi No. 2. As the chief engineer of China's first generation of surface-to-air missiles, Qian Wenji organized the missile copying to self-design, and was responsible for and led the development of several ballistic missiles control systems.
In the early 1960s, he presided over the imitation of the P-2 liquid short-range ballistic missile control system introduced from the Soviet Union, opening up this new technical category, allowing China to have its own missiles from then on. has accumulated valuable experience in the subsequent missile development work, cultivated my country's first generation of aerospace workers, and made important contributions to the start and development of my country's missile industry.
The first generation missile chief
Starting from March 1958, the US-Chiang high-altitude reconnaissance fleet frequently flew to mainland my country for high-altitude reconnaissance. The reconnaissance targets are mainly nuclear industrial bases, nuclear test bases and missile launch bases in western mainland my country. The U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft produced in the United States is specially equipped with a B-type camera for high-altitude reconnaissance, which can capture intelligence and retain photos more clearly.
Every once in a while, the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft will enter the country from the southern part of the mainland, circle through the northwest, and then return to Taiwan. In the first half of 1962 alone, U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft conducted more than 10 reconnaissances in the deep areas of the mainland.
In order to escape the attack of our surface-to-air missile forces, the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft received the lesson of the RB-57D high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft being severely damaged by our surface-to-air missile forces. It has been constantly changing its flight routes and flight altitudes, making it difficult for our only three surface-to-air missile battalions to capture the fighter jets. The Central Military Commission and the Air Force leaders were very anxious about the situation where anti-aircraft guns and fighter were powerless. The only weapon that could deal with U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was the surface-to-air missile introduced from the Soviet Union.
11958, Manzhouli Railway Station . On a cold winter night, a train from the Soviet Union drove into the station, and the first Sam-2 missiles provided to our country were installed.
Sam-2 missile adopts radio command guidance and can destroy air targets with a height of 3000~24500 meters under various complex meteorological conditions. The combat radius reaches about 29,000 meters. It is a medium-high altitude and medium-range weapon system. It mainly undertakes the important air defense mission and has a high hit rate. It is one of the world's advanced air defense weapon systems at that time.
The entire system consists of six parts, namely missiles, target search indication radars, guidance radars, missile launch frames, power supply equipment, and technical support equipment. It is a complex large system. After the
missile arrived in Beijing, China and the Soviet Union held a handover and signing ceremony at Changxindian . Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen, who is in charge of national defense scientific research, decided to develop China's first generation of medium and high-altitude and air missiles on the basis of introducing the Soviet Sam-2, on the one hand, equip the troops, and on the other hand, imitate the production, and develop my country's first generation of medium and high-altitude and ground-to-air missiles.
"543" missile system is the imitation code of the Soviet Sam-2 surface-to-air missile. Since 1958, with the help of the Soviet Union, my country's surface-to-air missile weapon system development has been difficult to start on the basis of imitating the "543" surface-to-air missiles that were aided by the Soviet Union.
"543" surface-to-air missiles are combat weapons, so the imitation production is mainly based on the Ministry of Machinery and the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense as a designer unit. In April 1959, the Second Branch organized the study of "543", aiming to enable young technical teams to master modern surface-to-air missile design technology through learning.
In order to complete this learning task, the Second Branch planned the learning arrangements in detail, including the learning content and number of participants: 21 people in the first squadron, learning autopilot; 116 people in the second squadron, learning the entire system of "543"; 3 people in the fifth squadron, learning guide radar ; 5 people in the sixth squadron, learning electronic devices, components, etc. A good atmosphere of learning "543" and imitating "543" has been formed in the whole school.
As the vice president of the Second Branch, Qian Wenji demanded that before Soviet experts arrived in Beijing, relevant personnel should be organized to translate, copy and digest and absorb the information, and to raise questions boldly.
In order to organize and translate the data, Qian Wenji requires that in the process of translation and copying, he must pay close attention to quality issues. he said: "I have some understanding of the content of this batch of materials, which is of great importance to our work in establishing the institute. If there are errors or inaccuracies in the translation, it will have a great impact on future work. Therefore, I believe that when organizing translation, we must emphasize quality, emphasize the correctness of the content and the unity of nouns, and emphasize no errors and omissions in copying."
In order to do this well, Qian Wenji has repeatedly asked that the proofreading system and responsibility system must be emphasized in the work, and the translator, the drawing makers, and the proofreaders must sign on the drawings. For the translators of the Second Branch, they are very unfamiliar with a large part of the information about civil engineering. Qian Wenji specifically discussed with Chief Engineer Lu Lifu of the Tenth School and asked the Tenth School to send someone to participate in the translation work.
1959, the "543" missile system information arrived one after another. In the first half of 1960, Soviet experts arrived one after another, and the data translation work was fully carried out. Some technicians from the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense translated materials, digested and absorbed materials, and some went deep into the factory to visit and practice.
In June 1960, just as the imitation work was just in full swing, the Soviet side suddenly tore up the agreement and withdrew the experts; in addition, my country's national economy declined, materials were scarce, and scientific and technological personnel were malnourished and physically declining. Many people suffered from edema, and some even suffered from night blindness. The “543” imitation work was forced to be in a semi-stop state.
▲In 1960, Qian Wenji (first from left) and Soviet expert
faced difficulties. Nie Rongzhen pointed out, "We must give full play to the enthusiasm of Chinese experts, rely on our own technical strength to imitate '543'." was very angry about the Soviet side's betrayal and decided to design surface-to-air missiles on their own.
In order to strengthen the imitation of "543", in May 1960, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense issued a document, appointed Qian Wenji as the chief designer of "543", Xu Xinbo was the deputy chief designer of "543", and Chen Huaijin was the chief designer of "543" bullets.
On September 19, 1960, the Hongqi No. 1 Model Design Committee was established, and Qian Wenji was appointed as the chairman.
On May 26, 1961, Qian Wenji presided over a meeting of the Hongqi No. 1 Model Committee. In particular, comprehensive confidentiality requirements are put forward for the “543” imitation work, and clear provisions are made on the storage, use, maintenance and transportation of “543” equipment, components, etc. The Party Committee of the Second Branch of
attaches great importance to imitation work and strengthens the imitation force of the "543" surface-to-air missile. By September 1961, a group of scientific and technological experts including Qian Wenji, Cai Jintao , Wu Shuoping , Huang Weilu , Liang Sili, Zhang Luqian , Chen Huaijin and other experts had been gathered, becoming an important scientific research force in the Second Branch.
At work, Cai Jintao and Qian Wen cooperate very closely. In 1956, Chief Engineer of the Military Electronic Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications of the Jinjie Army. After entering the Second Branch, he served as the chief engineer of the Second Branch, and later as the vice president and director of the second overall design department.
In the imitation of the "543" missile weapon system, Qian Wenji and Cai Jintao cooperated closely and worked sincerely, responsible for and led the development of several ballistic missile control systems, initially mastered the technology of self-development of missiles, and jointly witnessed the process of my country's missiles from imitation to independent development.
Organize designers to go to the factory
In December 1961, in order to strengthen the imitation work of Hongqi No. 1, the Party Committee of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense decided to establish a chief designer room for land and land models and land and air models as the service organization of the chief designer.
On December 28, 1961, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense reported the report on the establishment of the model chief designer's office to the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. The report pointed out that in order to improve the technical responsibility system in the design of new models and strengthen technical organization and coordination, a single model designer system is planned to be implemented, that is, each model has a chief designer, deputy chief designer, chief designer, supervisor designer and designer.
This report was quickly approved by the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. The implementation of the model chief designer system has enabled the model team to be responsible at each level and have clear responsibilities. A huge design team is organized in an orderly manner and coordinated work.
1962, the central government decided to resume the "543" imitation work, requiring concentrated efforts and to complete the "543" task. On February 24, 1962, the Standing Committee of the Party Committee of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense decided that Qian Wenji was appointed as the chief designer of Hongqi No. 1, and was mainly responsible for the work of the chief designer room of the ground and air model.
Wang Zheng, deputy director of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, instructed that the design task of Hongqi No. 1 cannot be shaken. It is necessary to implement new materials, electronic components, instruments, precision machinery, special equipment, testing technology and metrology standards, and do a good job in imitating models.
In May 1962, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense appointed Lin Shuang as the chief designer of the first chief designer of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, responsible for ground-based missiles; Qian Wenji was the chief designer of ground-based missiles in the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, responsible for ground-based missiles in the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, responsible for ground-based missiles. At this point, China's missile industry has a chief designer system. As the chief designer Qian Wenji, Qian is conscientiously implementing the instructions of Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen. He asked scientific researchers to be self-reliant, continue to strengthen the study and study of technical materials, and proposed to ensure that the "543" technical learning is obtained and the construction of the Second Branch is comprehensively accelerated.
In order to promote the imitation of "543", in September, the branch was preparing to hold a 543" learning exchange meeting. During the preparation work, Qian Wenji, Cai Jintao and others carefully prepared the exchange meeting, reviewed and revised 13 technical reports proposed by the Second Branch to strictly control the quality of the technical reports. This meeting was an inspection of the imitation learning of "543" since 1958. It summarized the experience and also raised the shortcomings, which played a positive role in promoting the imitation of "543".
In order to strengthen the The fifth institute of the Ministry of National Defense has set up the chief designer's office of the ground-to-air missile. Qian Wenji moved to the Fifth institute of the Ministry of National Defense, leading more than 1,100 people from the First and Second Institutes, and participated in the imitation work of various industrial departments. Most of the people involved in the imitation are college students who have just graduated from college.
Qian Wenji has a strong memory and rarely records it in his work notebook. All work is fully remembered in his mind. Whether it is arrangements or implementation inspections, he is always organized and comprehensive and accurate. The colleagues he works with are very admirable. This has also become Qian Wenji's unique way of working.
In the office of the chief designer of the surface-to-air missile, Qian Wenji organized and led technical personnel to work with the scientific researchers of the Third Machinery Department to solve various technical problems in the production of imitation. He often stayed all night and ate and slept, ensuring the smooth progress of imitation work. Many technical personnel in the chief division office of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense at that time became elites of missile professions in the future.
China's economic and industrial foundation was very weak at that time. There are 18 factories responsible for the production of imitation, including 8 missile manufacturers, 6 guidance station factories, and 4 ground equipment factories. Together with the trial production and production plants of new components and new materials provided by the outsiders, there are dozens of factories. Each factory has a design department and a group of technical personnel participating in the imitation. The imitation work of
"543" is divided into technical front and technical rear. The front is a working group stationed in the imitation factory, which mainly deals with the design technical issues in imitation production, and sends technicians to the factory to directly participate in imitation production and perform the responsibilities of designers.Behind the branch is the use of laboratory equipment in the branch to deal with the coordination between the plants and the design technical problems that cannot be handled by the factory working group. This working model is also a management innovation in model work.
Qian Wenji actively advocates, organizes and encourages scientific and technological personnel to go to the factory. He insists that technical personnel go to the factory to participate in production practice is a shortcut to accelerate the cultivation of technical teams. factory production is a complete process from the factory under the drawings to the product leaving the factory. This process is also a process of combining theory and practice.
will have a series of technical problems in the production process, which need to be solved by technical personnel. Therefore, Qian Wenji advocates that training through imitation and training through factory learning to cultivate a team that can be designed independently. Technical personnel go deep into the front line of scientific research and production, and practice it in practice, and go deep into the imitation factory to deal with and solve various technical problems. This is the best way to cultivate a team of technical talents.
In order to coordinate the relationship between factory personnel and production plant technicians in imitation production, Qian Wenji led the factory leaders and relevant departments to jointly formulate the "Regulations on the Work of Plants for Land and Air Model Designers".
Regulations stipulate the division of responsibilities between factory personnel and production plant technicians under the designer system of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, and specifically clarify the approval authority for factory personnel to be responsible for the "extra-default materials" and base map changes in the production process, stipulate the relationship between the composition of the designer system and designers at all levels, and solve the problem of technical command relationship between personnel of different administrative units in the imitation work.
The publication of the "Regulations" clarifies the technical responsibility system at all levels, controls the quality of the "543" imitation work from the source, laying a solid foundation for ensuring the success of the imitation test.
▲Qian Wenji (fourth on the front row left), Lin Shuang (third on the front row left) and chief commander office staff
Faced with the characteristics of the designer team that they have never been exposed to missile technology, Qian Wenji put forward the requirements of "understanding the design principles, understanding the design ideas thoroughly, grasping the technical key, and strictly controlling quality." In the work of , Qian Wenji requires the implementation of the "one-third" plus "two-thirds" working method, arrange one-third of the technicians to stay in the factory for a long time, and the remaining two-thirds of the personnel will conduct counter-designs in the office of our hospital and take turns to work in the factory.
practices enable technicians to understand the connotation of design documents through anti-design in the work of combining theory with practice, and basically master the design technology of surface-to-air missile weapon systems in the training of participating in production practice.
In factory production, "extra-default material" is a problem that must be solved. Whether the error exceeds the problem can be used, the factory needs to confirm it. The designer must solve the problem and sign and confirm it, and the chief engineer must make the final sign and confirm it.
During his work in the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, Qian Wenji had a deeper understanding of the importance and necessity of planning. He believes that "work must have long-term goals and direction." Qian Wen attaches great importance to long-term planning and talent team training, which has a lot to do with the long missile development cycle.
During this period, business trips became Qian Wenji's normal job. At that time, there were also military-industrial enterprises in Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenyang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guilin, Liuzhou and other places, which undertake the development and production of my country's surface-to-air missiles. As the chief designer of the model, Qian Wenji has been on business trips for several months of the year. He often goes deep into these companies to understand and grasp the situation, and promptly deal with and solve various problems.
Hongqi No. 1 was transferred to batch production
In 1964, "543" was officially named Hongqi No. 1. After more than two years of hard work, the products of each factory have been shipped out and shipped to the Jiuquan Missile Test Base for subsystem testing. By autumn, the live-fire test of the full-type weapon system imitating the "543" surface-to-air missile was successfully conducted and passed the production finalization.
In December 1964, the State Council Special Weapons Finalization Committee approved the finalization of the Hongqi No. 1 surface-to-air missile weapon system, and transferred to mass production, and the imitation work was completed.The significance of the successful imitation of
"543" is: First, it has enabled my country to form a complete surface-to-air missile production line that can produce and equip the troops; second, it has formed a full production cooperation network based in China. While imitating and producing, it has tried to produce and produce a batch of new materials and new components, overcome many production technical difficulties, and established the conditions for independent production of a full set of weapon systems in China; third, it has cultivated my country's first young design team that has initially mastered the development technology of surface-to-air missile systems, and laid the foundation for my country to design surface-to-air missile weapons systems on its own.
Looking at the entire process of the "543" surface-to-air missile imitation work, it is in the two aspects of producing results and talent. All of them are embodied in Qian Wenji's efforts.
Major research on radar technology
In January 1965, Qian Wenji was appointed as the deputy director of the Second Research Institute of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. In May, all soldiers of the Second Academy were transferred to the job, and Qian Wenji also retired from active service, and was designated as the 9th national administration level from the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the 9th national administration.
At the same time, the first branch and second branch of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense have been changed from the original division by major to the division by model. The First Branch has become the ground-based missile research and design institute, which is renamed the First Academy; the Second Branch has become the ground-based missile research and design institute, which is renamed the Second Academy. The design part of the
bullet body and engine was originally in the First Hospital. If you want to move to the Yongding Road area, there is no suitable factory here, and there is no venue to build a new factory. Therefore, it was decided to jointly build a full-fuse scientific research trial production base with Shanghai, and move the missile body and engine design part of the first hospital's surface-to-air missile, plus the missile equipment part of the Second Hospital, including autopilot, command receiver, radio fuse, etc. to Shanghai. To this end, Shanghai specially established a Mechanical and Electrical Bureau to be responsible for this matter, and the Second Mechanical and Electrical Bureau became part of the Second Hospital.
▲In 1964, after the trial production of China's first batch of Hongqi-1 ground-to-air missiles, Hongqi-1,
"543", was finalized, and the most difficult production technology problem was left behind. The main reason is that the frequency of the radar antenna did not meet the standard, which seriously affected the performance of the "543" and restricted the development of the new surface-to-air missile. The antenna uses the skin riveting technology used to manufacture aircraft, and the dimensional accuracy requirements are extremely high, but due to the low production process level, it cannot pass the test for a long time.
1963-1965, the Second Branch carried out the improvement of Hongqi No. 1. Qian Wenji, as the chief designer, actively organized scientific researchers to carry out related work. In order to overcome this technical difficulty, Qian Wenji personally served as the leader of the radar research team, played the role of technical experts, organized experts in this technical field to conduct design analysis and repeated calculations, formulate technical plans, and went to the factory with the experts to coordinate their relationship with the factory. After half a year of repeated calculations and trial production, the method of opening inside the antenna finally broke through the difficulties, so that all the available frequency count of radar antennas met the standards. This technology also won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Commission's achievements.
▲Qian Wenji's military officer certificate
On January 10, 1965, our Air Force used the Hongqi No. 1 domestic missile to shoot down a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft that invaded the North China area. This is the fourth U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down by our Air Force missile forces, and it is also the first U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down by the imitation and improvement of Hongqi No. 1 domestic missile.
Hongqi No. 2 was successful
After each production plant completed the first batch of imitation production tasks one after another, the designer representatives of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense also gradually returned to their respective research institutes to carry out anti-design and improvement work of Hongqi No. 1. Therefore, after the Hongqi No. 1 was finalized, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense immediately began to organize the development of Hongqi No. 2.
In January 1964, in order to meet the urgent needs of the fight against the enemy, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense proposed the task of developing the Hongqi No. 2 missile based on the Hongqi No. 1 missile, and raced against time to carry out new anti-jamming research work. The Hongqi 2 missile was the most advanced air defense weapon in the world at that time, with a maximum firing height of more than 20,000 meters.
On April 22, 1964, the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense issued an order to appoint Qian Wenji as the chief designer of Hongqi No. 2, Wu Zhan , Chen Huaijin and Li Yunzi as deputy chief designers. In the development team of Hongqi No. 2, Zhang Luqian was also the chief designer of the guidance station, Liu Congjun was the chief designer of the bullet body structure, and He Wushan was the chief designer of the bullet radio equipment, etc. They later became important technical backbone in the development of the aerospace defense industry.
Compared with Hongqi No. 1, Hongqi No. 2 has increased the fuel compartment capacity, increased the front wing area, increased the shooting height and range, and has also targeted the installation of the "No. 28 Anti-interference Circuit". As a missile powered by liquid propellant, its maximum range can reach 35 kilometers and its maximum firing height is 27 kilometers, but the launch preparation time is still long. The basic combat unit of
Hongqi No. 2 is the battalion, each battalion has one guided radar station, 6 missile launchers, and 10 to 20 missiles are distributed. You can launch up to 3 missiles at a time when dealing with each target. In addition to these main equipment, there are also huge technical service support equipment, which has poor mobility. If long-distance transfer is required, the entire camp will need to load two trains to complete. The production of
Hongqi missile is completely domestically produced, so through mass production, my country has established a considerable missile production system. This is different from ground-to-ground missiles. Because of the small batch volume of ground-to-ground missiles, they can basically be produced by the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, but the production of ground-to-air missiles is distributed in various military production departments for cooperative production, which has promoted the production of conventional weapons in my country.
In April 1965, the seventh aircraft held a working meeting on the development of the Hongqi No. 2 missile and decided that the Second Hospital would be responsible for the overall missile technology and the trial production of telemetry missile design.
From April 1965 to February 1967, designers and craftsmen worked closely together and worked together, and the development of Hongqi No. 2 progressed rapidly. Hongqi No. 2 conducted 7 flight tests successively, and the results proved that the design met the requirements.
In June 1966, the State Council Special Weapons Finalization Committee notified that the Military Commission approved the list of the ground-air and sea defense missile finalization committees. Deputy Minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Qian Xuesen serves as deputy chairman of the surface-air missile finalization committee, and Qian Wenji, vice president of the Second Academy, was a member.
From July to December 1966, Hongqi No. 2 conducted two final flight tests, and achieved good results of 6 shots and 5 shots for the second time. The advent of
Hongqi No. 2 marks that my country's air defense missiles have moved from simple imitation to the road of self-development. Hongqi No. 2 has been continuously produced for more than ten years, providing the troops with a large amount of missile equipment.
In September 1967, enemy U-2 reconnaissance aircraft invaded East China and was shot down by the Hongqi No. 2 missile despite using broadcast interference. This is the fifth U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down by our Air Force missile forces, and it is also the first U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down by the Hongqi 2 missile.
The "near-fast tactic" created by the Second Academy combines technology and tactics. It has created the first battle example of shooting down U-2 reconnaissance aircraft in the world with the electronic warfare background, achieving remarkable and glorious results. Since then, the United States and Chiang Kai-shek stopped reconnaissance flights on mainland my country. The success of Hongqi No. 1 imitation production and Hongqi No. 2 improved design has shown that a design team composed of thousands of people can independently design modern surface-to-air missiles has been trained. As the chief designer, Qian Wen sighed with great satisfaction: "In the six or seven years from 1959 to 1965, young students who did not understand what missile technology were, were able to master the advanced surface-to-air missile design technology in the world at that time, and formed a complete design team of thousands of people. This is an amazing project!"
1965, the Second Hospital carried out the development of Hongqi No. 3, Hongqi No. 61 and other models, and continued to assist in solving some technical problems in the production of Hongqi No. 2 in various military production plants, the most prominent of which is the radar antenna produced by Xi'an 786 Factory.
This radar antenna has high production requirements, and the process of using an aviation factory to produce aircraft is a big problem for radio plants. In order to solve the problem of radar antenna technology, in early 1965, the Party Committee of the Academy decided to set up an expert group to go to Factory 786 to solve the problem.
expert group is composed of 23 relevant technical personnel from the Second Hospital and relevant technical management personnel from the Academy. Qian Wenji led a team to the factory to guide the work. In Factory 786, Qian Wenji organized technical personnel to analyze and demonstrate key technologies many times, and finally overcome this technical problem.
▲Hongqi No. 2 missile
Chief teacher's understanding of the efforts
Qian Wenji went from a radio amateur in his student days to engaged in electronic technology work, and then participated in the development of cutting-edge air defense weapons. As the chief designer of the first surface-to-air missile model in New China, Qian Wenji carefully summarized his work experience and management methods from engineering projects and technical research, providing an important reference for subsequent missile development.
▲Chief designer of surface-to-air missile Qian Wenji
First, use the concept of system engineering. assemble a radio station and can be completed with simple components and structures. A surface-to-air missile combat unit is a huge and complex system, composed of major equipment such as missiles, radar launchers and many auxiliary equipment. The various departments are closely related and indivisible in technology. The development process is a system project. Therefore, development and production must be grasped by the concept of system engineering and managed by the method of system engineering.
The second is to cross-border learning multiple technical categories. developed a radio station mainly using radio communication technology, while surface-to-air missiles involve many technical categories. The macros include radar technology, aerodynamics, bullet structure, liquid rocket engines, firework technology, automatic control, ballistics, , warhead killing technology, etc. When facing technical fields that researchers have never been exposed to before, they must constantly explore, expand their learning scope, and expand their knowledge.
Third, we must attach great importance to finishing technology. finishing technology is one of the outstanding indicators to ensure the quality of missile development. It is mainly included in gyro manufacturing technology, which is generally divided into precision mechanical processing and precision electroplating. Gyro is an ultra-high-speed operation device. In order to make it run smoothly and efficiently, it is necessary to have extremely high machining accuracy. The surface of the processed object should be as bright as a mirror, and the assembly should be spotless. Therefore, an ultra-clean factory must be available.
Secondly, the contact points of the gyro rotor and brush are required to be precisely electroplated with precious metals such as gold, palladium, and platinum to maintain the contact state, the surface layer of the electroplated is always bright and new, and will not oxidize due to changes in temperature, humidity, etc. The reason why missiles are cutting-edge technology is that they include finishing technology.
Fourth, strictly require product quality. The development technology of missiles is extremely complex, and the quality requirements are strict. At the same time, it must be ensured that the quality remains stable after 3 to 5 years of storage and long-distance transportation. To achieve this goal, a series of corresponding measures should be taken in the design and production process, such as formulating testing rules, maintenance rules and other design documents, considering various possible situations from the entire process of design, production and use, and formulating perfect measures as much as possible, requiring strict implementation of various regulations and regulations during the implementation process to ensure the normal use of weapons and equipment.
Five is a management method with clear responsibilities. Development and production system of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of Defense In the process of product from design, trial production to batch production, strictly abide by the management method of "the product design under management, trial production of the factory managed; the manufacturer has no right to change the design documents, and the production workers have no right to change the process documents formulated by the factory; the factory combines it and cooperates to produce qualified products under a unified plan" to closely combine design, trial production and production, and make a smooth transition.
6 is to establish a hierarchical and hierarchical working system. surface-to-air missile is a large weapon system, including subsystems such as missile bodies, radars, launchers, auxiliary equipment, etc., which are broken down into many components in each subsystem, such as the bullet bodies are divided into boosters, liquid engines, autopilots, command receivers, radio fuses, warheads and bullet body structures, etc.
There were many designers participating in this large-scale project. At that time, there were more than 3,000 technical personnel within the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, which belonged to various research institutes. Each of them often had two or three models developed tasks in the same period. Such complex and huge design tasks cannot be completed by a few chief designers. To this end, we must form a team of overall designers and sub-system designers with strong technical strength to form a designer system.
This way, the responsibility is clear, and a huge team of designers is organized to coordinate the work, grasp the entire system and the whole process and the whole cycle of development, from the feasibility demonstration of the task to the system and sub-system design task books, design conditions and other documents, until the final test outline and final test report are written.
During the whole process, we must also understand the progress of each subsystem design and coordinate the technical problems between each subsystem in a timely manner. The chief designer of the model relies on this designer system to complete the model design task. A model design work is a typical system management process.
7 is the management of large-scale comprehensive experiments. The test of the missile is a large-scale comprehensive test. The test site is within a range of tens of square kilometers, or even thousands or tens of thousands of square kilometers; there are hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of people participating in the test. For example, the design and finalization test of surface-to-air missiles is a large-scale comprehensive test, requiring thousands of people to participate. During the
test, the complete weapon system must be connected on the shooting range and live-fire target shooting tests are carried out. The test range itself is a huge organizational system with many advanced equipment, such as target machines, optical observation equipment, communication equipment, , etc.; it also requires airports, airport facilities and personnel for the target machines to take off. The subject to the test itself, that is, the weapon system, must have a set of operators outside the site to carry out the test. They all belong to the shooting range staff, and the entire test is carried out by the shooting range staff.
8 is crucial to make plans. The development cycle of the missile model is long and work cannot be carried out without planning. The planning should be broad, not only should there be plans for several models within the past three to five years, but also plans for pre-research projects to prepare for the development of new models in three to five years. The determination of the plan must be discussed by relevant personnel, and after a period of time, it will be discussed and revised to make it continuously improve and more in line with reality.
Only in this way can the development and production of a large-scale system project be carried out steadily and avoid huge losses in time, manpower and financial resources. Especially in the decision-making of major projects, there must be feasibility demonstration and research, and relevant personnel must participate in opinions.
These valuable experiences are a summary of important work in the early stage of my country's missile development, and embodies the love and hard work of a chief designer for the missile industry.
In 1978, Qian Wenji was transferred from the Second Hospital.
—To be continued—
This article is excerpted from: Ma Jie , Song Xiaoming. Missile Life (Part 1) [M]. Beijing: China Aerospace Press, 2022.
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