大眼
Abstract: Recently, the ancient costume drama "Above Jin Yiwei" with the background of Ming Dynasty Jin Yiwei is very popular. Jin Yiwei, a famous secret service agency in history, has once again become the focus of attention, but the performance of Jin Yiwei in the play, It is very different from the real Jin Yiwei in history.
Recently, the costume drama "On the Jin Yiwei" with the background of the Ming Dynasty Jin Yiwei was very popular. Jin Yiwei, a famous secret service agency in history, has once again become the focus of attention, but the performance of Jin Yiwei in the play, It is very different from the real Jin Yiwei in history.
In the play, the two heroes and heroines are Jin Yiwei and the man at Six Doors, but they work together to handle the case. This is obviously impossible in real history, because Jinyiwei and Six Doors are two completely different systems, just like how can the military intelligence department and the public security jointly handle cases today? Even if there are major and important cases that require joint handling by multiple departments, the military intelligence department will not be allowed to participate in ordinary criminal cases. If the military intelligence department is required to take the initiative, it must be carried out separately in two lines. Investigation, mutual supervision and mutual corroboration.
So, what kind of organization is Jinyiwei in history?
To talk about Jinyiwei, first of all, we have to explain the guard system of the DPRK. The military system of the Ming Dynasty was a system of guards, which was essentially a military establishment system of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty army has two levels of guard and post. One government has offices, and several have guards. The chief officer of the guard is called the commander, and there are five thousand and six hundred guards in one guard. There are thousands of households under the guard, and the chief official of the thousand households is called the thousand households, and each thousand households has a staff of 1,120. One hundred households are set up below one thousand households, and the chief official of one hundred households is called one hundred households. Each one hundred households has 112 soldiers. The health posts in all prefectures and counties are under the jurisdiction of the General Commander Division. All Commanders Division is referred to as “Dusi”, Hecheng Proclamation Department of Political Envoys (referred to as Chief Minister), and Criminal Prosecutors Division (referred to as “Presidential Division”), and called three divisions, respectively. The chief officer of a province’s administration, justice, and military affairs is called the capital commander. He is the highest military commander of a province and is equivalent to the current provincial military commander. All commanders are under the jurisdiction of the Central Five-Army Capitol. At the same time, it is also affiliated to the Ministry of War, and will be dispatched for enlistment if something happens, and returned to the guard station if nothing happens.
The guards in Kyoto are different from the locals. They are divided into two situations: one is the 5th army camp of the Beijing army, the 3rd army camp of the Sanqian army and the Shenjiying army, and the practice camp of the 5th army army. The three-thousand battalion patrol guards, and the Shenji battalion practiced firearms. In addition to the soldiers from the capital guards, the soldiers from the three battalions also rotated from the guards of Shandong, Henan and Daning. The elite of the army, the total strength is about 150,000 to 200,000; the second type is the emperor's army, usually led by the eunuch, directly under the emperor.
The soldiers made by the guards have military status and are hereditary soldiers. They usually open fields or garrison. In the event of a war, the imperial court appoints generals and leads the soldiers from various guards to fight. The Weisuo system is a bit like the Shibing system, and a bit similar to the Tang Dynasty government military system. This military system is a military system that draws on the military’s experience in farming fields in China’s history.
And Jin Yiwei is a guard made by the guard, of course it is a very special guard that is different from ordinary guards.
Jin Yiwei's predecessor was the "Gongweisi" established by Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, and later renamed "Qinjun Captain Mansion", which governs the Yiluansi and is responsible for the emperor's guard of honor and guards. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang abolished his pro-jun Duwei Mansion and Yi Luan Division, reorganized the imperial army, and established twelve pro-military guards, the most important of which was Jin Yiwei.
is different from the front and rear guards, Jinwu left and right guards, Habayashi left and right guards, and Huben left and right guards of the Twelfth Military Guard. Jinyi Fresh Horse is dazzling, so it is named "Jinyiwei".
This function is basically the same as the traditional Janitor, among which the more famous one is "General Dahan". Although these people are called "generals", they are actually only responsible for standing in the temple, passing on the emperor's orders, and also serving as security guards. In fact, it is the "stake" on the palace hall. Of course, these "stakes" are not idle generations. They are generally tall and big, with sturdy backs, full of air, loud voices, and they are very majestic from the outside. BigGeneral Han formed his own battalion in Jinyiwei, with about 1,500 people at the beginning, and increasing to 5,000 by the end of the Ming Dynasty.
General Dahan is also responsible for a job, which is to "hold the palace staff". The court rod is a punishment used by the emperor to teach ministers. Once a minister angered the emperor and was punished with a court rod, he would immediately be stripped of his official uniform, tied his hands behind his back, and taken to the execution site Wumen. Then wrapped in a big brie, with a "beat", the stick fell on his thigh and buttocks. After finishing the rod, he had to lift the four corners of the cloth bag wrapped around the victim, lift it up and then fall heavily. The torture of the court rod is a double blow to the body and soul of the tortured, especially to ministers who were born in scholar-bureaucrats. And this penalty was also pioneered by the Ming Dynasty.
The second function of Jinyiwei is to "patrol and arrest". This is also the biggest difference between Jinyiwei and the previous imperial guards and other guards in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang established Jinyiwei at first and was only responsible for guards and guards. However, because of his slaughter of heroes, he felt that the traditional judicial institutions, the Ministry of Justice, Dali Temple, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate were not easy to use, so he added this function to Jinyiwei. Become the emperor's private policeman. The Jinyi Guarding agency responsible for criminal investigations is the Fusi of the Nan and Bei Towns. The Fusi of the Beizhen Town was established in Hongwu 15 years ago to handle cases designated by the emperor himself.
Beizhen Fusi is also responsible for the management of the imprisonment. The so-called "jail" is different from ordinary prisons in the "zhao"-the emperor's order is "zhao". As the name implies, the criminals in the "jail" were all convicted by the emperor himself. In other words, the "jails" were all imprisoned criminals who were arrested directly by the emperor without going through the regular judicial system. The Lieutenant Jinyiwei who was arrested under the emperor's order was also called "Tiqi". The number of Jinyiweiti rides is 1,000 at least and 60,000 at most.
In the first year of Chenghua, the Beizhen Fusi seal was added. In this way, all prison affairs would no longer have to be stamped with Jinyiwei seal, or report to Jinyiwei commander. The status of Beizhen Fusi is even more unique. He only takes orders from the emperor, and can arrest, torture and even execute prisoners without going through ordinary judicial institutions or Jin Yiwei's own system. This authority can be said to be quite scary. It is possible to arrest people and kill people without going through normal judicial procedures. It is not an exaggeration to describe it as "lawlessness". As a result, Jin Yiwei became a horrible cave, which is why Jin Yiwei was later regarded as a spy agency.
Nanzhen Fusi is responsible for the internal legal and military discipline of Jinyiwei, which is a bit similar to Jinyiwei's Supervision Department.
At the same time, Jin Yiwei is also responsible for collecting military intelligence and countering enemy generals. In the war against Mongolia in the Yongle period and the war against Japan in the Wanli period, there were commendable achievements. Therefore, Jin Yiwei also serves as a military intelligence agency. Because, in essence, Jinyiwei belongs to the military system, which is completely different from the investigation and patrol of the Ministry of Justice and the administrative system of Dali Temple. Therefore, it is logical for Jin Yiwei to take on military intelligence.
The highest leader of Jin Yiwei is the commander (the third rank), which is roughly equivalent to the current deputy ministerial rank. The rank is not very high, but the power is very large. The command envoys are the two commanders (from the third rank), the two commanders (from the fourth rank), the two Zhenfushi (from the fourth rank, that is, the chief officer of the Nanbei Town Division), and the fourteen members of the thousand households. (Fifth product of the positive), Thousand households of the deputy (from the fifth product), Baihu (sixth product of the positive), 100 households (of the sixth product), Zongqi (seven product of the positive), Xiaoqi (from the seventh product).
Speaking of Jinyiwei, I naturally have to talk about clothes. Nowadays, due to the rendering of some film and television dramas, many people think that the standard equipment of Jin Yiwei is the flying fish dress embroidered spring knife. In fact, senior officials of Jin Yiwei have three kinds of clothing: python clothing, flying fish clothing and bullfighting clothing.
Python robe is a special gift from the emperor. Strictly speaking, it is not a formal official uniform, but an honor. As the name suggests, the python robe is naturally a pattern of python on the clothes. There are single python clothes embroidered with two python patterns on the left and right sides of the front, and there are sitting python clothes with pythons on the front and back of the front chest and back in addition to the two pythons on the left and right sides. There are also python patterns on the front and back. In addition, on the knees of the gown skirt, there is a horizontal striped cloud and python pattern decoration. Sitting in python clothes is the most advanced style.
Flying fish clothing is a formal dress second only to the python robe. As the name suggests, it is the official clothing embroidered with flying fish patterns.And it must have a certain grade to wear. The bullfighting suit is named after embroidered with the bullfighting beast of the genus Qiu, which is one level lower than the flying fish suit.
The embroidered spring knife is a saber used by the Jinyiwei and the Imperial Forest Army of the Ming Dynasty. In the early period, the shape of the Xiuchun knife was integrated with the characteristics of the Japanese Japanese sword at that time, and in the later period it was more inclined to the Gongbu waist knife of the Ming Dynasty. It should be noted that the Xiuchun Dao was not Jin Yiwei's standard weapon, but was rewarded by the emperor. The word "embroidered spring" comes from Du Fu's poem "embroidered clothes spring as the Han Dynasty". The royal garden in the Song Dynasty was called "embroidered spring garden", so in the Ming Dynasty, "embroidered spring" was used to reward the emperor with the swords of Jinyiwei and the Imperial Forest Army. Named to indicate the special relationship between Jinyiwei, Yulinjun and the emperor.
By the late Ming Dynasty, the status of Jinyiwei gradually declined, to the point that Bidong Factory, the full name of Dongjishi Factory, was established by Ming Chengzu in the 18th year of Yongle (1420), and was led by the emperor’s cron eunuch, and Like Jin Yiwei, they were all directly responsible to the emperor, and they were seized, interrogated, and imprisoned without regular judicial procedures. They were even lower, or even become vassals of Dongchang, and were collectively referred to as "changwei."
Jinyiwei was established from the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382) to Emperor Yongli of the Nanming Dynasty in 1661. It lasted 279 years and almost ran through the entire Ming Dynasty. Throughout the Ming Dynasty, Jin Yiwei had served both as more upright commanders such as Yuan Bin and Mu Bin, as well as those with treacherous officials such as Ma Shun and Ji Gang. There have been excellent intelligence warfare in foreign wars, and there have been despicable acts of relying on Dongchang to frame loyal ministers. But in general, Jin Yiwei is mainly used as a tool for the emperor to monitor ministers. In addition to the well-known crimes, it also has a positive effect. It is to sanction bureaucratic corruption and prevent possible rebellions. It is also responsible for part of military intelligence . After all, it was the most effective tool used by the Ming emperor to monitor ministers.
Finally, many people think that Jinyiwei was only found in the Ming Dynasty. In fact, there were also in the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it followed the Ming Dynasty system and still established Jinyiwei. However, in the second year of Shunzhi (1645), it was renamed Luang Yiwei, so Jinyiwei in the Qing Dynasty actually existed for only one year, so it is no wonder that it is rarely known.
In the end, the so-called Jinyiwei is firstly a soldier, and is responsible for the emperor’s guards and intelligence collection. Secondly, he directly obeys the emperor’s minions-but later, the emperor trusted Dongchangxichang more because Dongchangxichang The head of the factory was an eunuch, a domestic servant whom the emperor trusted more.
(The picture in this article comes from the Internet)
