Author: Sasha
This article is original by Sasha. Any media reprinting is prohibited
Chiang Kai-shek Why did he still lose? Sasha Q&A Episode 141
The fixed view in our past is that Chiang Kai-shek's military strength is extremely strong, and the People's Liberation Army is very weak, and he completely defeats the strong with the weak.
In fact, Chiang Kai-shek's military advantages must be divided into periods.
During the Red Army period, Chiang Kai-shek had great military advantages.
During the fifth anti-encirclement and suppression of the Red Army, its troops reached its peak.
At that time, the Central Soviet Area in southern Ganzhou had 120,000 troops, which was considered a strong army. However, the troops encircled and suppressed by Chiang Kai-shek, including the direct troops and the warlords who fought in concert, reached 500,000, and their military advantages were very obvious.
After the Red Army passed Long March to Shaanxi Northern Soviet Area , the total strength was only 50,000.
On the contrary, Chiang Kai-shek's strength reached its peak at that time, with the direct troops alone reaching a scale of 600,000, and a large number of warlords who surrendered to him, and his strength had an overwhelming advantage.
However, the situation was different when the Second Civil War of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, that is, during the War of Liberation.
When the Anti-Japanese War broke out, the Eighth Route Army had more than 40,000 people, the New Fourth Army had more than 10,000 people, and the total force was more than 50,000 people.
At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Eighth Route Army had 900,000 regular troops, 600,000 local troops, and a total force of 1.5 million.
New Fourth Army regular troops were 220,000 and local troops were 100,000, totaling 320,000.
It should be noted that local troops are not militias, but local combat troops.
Take , the Hezhong base area as an example, and the troops of military sub-district are regular troops. They have official numbers, officers and soldiers are in uniforms, have good weapons, and are strictly trained. Most of the officers and sergeants are experienced veterans. The troops of the military sub-district can fight hard battles and can also be used for attacking tough battles, which is no different from the main force of the Red Army back then.
On the contrary, the Eighth Route Army regional team is a local force.
Due to the need of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Eighth Route Army usually set up local armed forces such as regional teams within 2 to 4 counties.
regional teams are group-level, but they are usually small-group sizes, that is, less than a thousand people.
regional team sometimes does not wear formal military uniforms for combat needs, but it is not much different from regular military forces.
regional teams have departments, government agencies and post-organizations. Generally, the department includes district captains, political commissars, chief of staff, director of the political department, and brief staff officers, officers, assistants, etc.
Also because of the needs of guerrilla warfare , the regional team does not have a battalion organization, but sets up several companies, each company with 3 platoons and 3 squads. The weapons and equipment of the regional teams are worse than those of the regular army, but they are much stronger than the militia and are very strict in training.
In fact, there is no fundamental difference between the regional team and the regular army. It can be regarded as the regular army being transferred to local guerrilla troops.
The regional team wears military uniforms and becomes a regular army.
movie " tunnel battle ", the Eighth Route Army that covered the evacuation of the people during the 51 major raids is the regional team. Their highest officer is Company Commander Cui, and there is also a light machine gun in the company. Its combat effectiveness is relatively strong, so that it can withstand the attack of the Japanese and puppet troops.
As for the militia, it is the county brigade, district squadron and district squadron that we are familiar with.
These are local people's self-defense armed forces, and they are usually under the command of the county party committee and district party committee, not the Eighth Route Army.
At that time, every village had to organize militias. In principle, young and middle-aged men aged 16 to 23 were militias, and even young women could become female militias. Of course, militia not all have to go to war, but are more engaged in assisting work such as driving teams, transportation teams, military shoes, and road breaking teams.
Several villages form a district, select outstanding militias to form district squadrons or district squads, and several districts form a county, forming a county brigade.
county brigades are mostly organized with one battalion, some have only one company, and large counties may have organized with independent regiment .
District Squadron and County Brigade are different from militias in each village.
militia in each village are generally not allowed to be out of production. They farm and train while training. What are the uses of weapons? Many of them hold red tassel gun and big sword.
The militia in the county brigade are mostly full-time and have better weapons and equipment.
When conducting guerrilla warfare in peacetime, local troops mainly lead county brigades and district squadrons to fight, and the militias in each village are responsible for logistics and assistance.
, we will know that there are a lot of militias.
1945, there were more than 960,000 militias in the New Fourth Army alone.
And the Eighth Route Army had 900,000 militias in a Jin-Cha-Hebei base.
Some militias can be upgraded to regular troops, while most militias can at least be called logistics personnel, and they will be on duty immediately without training.
Let’s not look at the militia for the time being. In 1945, the regular troops of the People’s Liberation Army had 1.82 million troops, which was close to 2 million. There are also millions of militiamen, who are reserve troops and are very strong as members.
These 1.82 million people are definitely not guerrillas. Taking Lin Biao Fourth Field as an example, he accepted hundreds of thousands of Kwantung Army and the equipment of the puppet Manchukuo Army transferred by the Soviet Union, and quickly completed the fieldization of the troops.
So, how many people are there in Lao Jiang’s army?
Civil War broke out in in 1946, with the total strength of the national army of 4.3 million.
looks awesome, more than twice the PLA's 1.82 million.
In fact, these 4.3 million people include 1.01 million logistics and military academies, and 740,000 informal soldiers.
These 1.85 million people cannot fight, either logistics or civilian services. What can really be fought in
is that the 2 million regular army is organized into 86 reorganized divisions and 248 brigades.
In addition, the National Army also has special forces .36 million, navy 30,000, and air force 160,000, totaling 550,000.
The special forces here are mainly artillery, armored soldiers, , automobile soldiers, communication soldiers, etc., and they were all special combat personnel back then.
So, the field troops that the National Army could use in 1945 were actually 2.55 million. The number of
still has an advantage over the PLA's more than 1 million, but the gap has been greatly narrowed.
What's even more unlucky is that there is no faction within the PLA. These nearly 2 million troops are obeyed by Yan'an , and all commanders can be replaced at will. The opposite was true for the National Army, and it was still full of warlords until 1946.
Guangxi warlords and Guangxi army have 200,000, Shanxi Yan Xishan .1 million, Yunnan Lu Han 60,000, Suiyuan Fu Zuoyi 100,000, Qinghai Ningxia Ma Family Army 100,000, Xikang Liu Wenhui 30,000, etc.
The total number of warlord troops of all sizes is at least 600,000 to 700,000.
is ridiculous, these warlord troops are afraid of the Central Army and even surpass the People's Liberation Army.
They often disobey and even bite back in order to protect themselves.
During the three major battles of , the warlords were still constantly fighting in the internal strife.
During the Huaihai Battle, Bai Chongxi made the Gui army remain unmoved and did not reinforce the Central Army.
During the Liaoshen Battle, facing Chiang Kai-shek's repeated urging to send troops to reinforce, Fu Zuoyi from North China was dismissed and was unwilling to send troops to enter the Northeast.
During the Battle of Pingjin, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly ordered Fu Zuoyi to give up on the north and southward movement, and even the second son Jiang Weiguo was sent to be a lobbyist. The final result was that Fu Zuoyin would rather choose to surrender to the People's Liberation Army than violated Chiang's orders and refused to retreat.
As for warlords such as Lu Han, Liu Wenhui, and Ningxia Ma Hongbin, they later rebeled to the People's Liberation Army.
If these sixty or seventy thousand warlord troops were removed, Chiang Kai-shek would have any military advantage.
It can only be said that in the early stages of the Second Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek obtained 36 divisions of American weapons, which greatly improved the equipment.
In addition, some troops of the National Army fought with the Japanese army for 8 years, and their field experience was richer than that of the People's Liberation Army, and they could gain the upper hand one-on-one.
However, the number of these troops is limited, and most of the national army's combat effectiveness is almost the same as that of the People's Liberation Army, and it is even quite inferior to that of the People's Liberation Army.
From the perspective of hindsight, Chiang Kai-shek had no military advantage at that time. It was absurd whether it was a full-scale attack or a key attack, and it was a serious overestimation of his own strategic misjudgment.
Chiang Kai-shek's strategy should be offensive defense, defend himself, confront the People's Liberation Army, and try to win full victory.
He was so arrogant that he wanted to swallow the People's Liberation Army in one go, so he had already lost 60% or 70% before he fought.
The authorities are confused, and the bystanders are clear, and things are always like this.
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