For the Anti-Japanese War aid, the most known thing is the early German aid and the mid-term US aid. Due to the more publicity, many people ignored another country that aided China in the early stage of the War of Resistance. This was the Soviet Union. Long before the outbreak of the full-scale war of resistance, the Soviet Union had already begun to contact the National Government , and signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Non-aggression with China after the outbreak of the full-scale war of resistance, and successively provided a large amount of equipment and materials, and promptly and effectively resisted the Japanese attack in the early stage of the War of Resistance, and contributed to the victory of the War of Resistance.
Suiyao Ace Army—74th Army
Environment before the Soviet Union aided China
After the War of Resistance Against Japan, the military weapons and equipment of the National Government were extremely backward. Although there were German-cooperated German Division before, it was only a small part. Most of the troops were not only old, but even the number was extremely rare, let alone modern weapons and equipment such as tanks and aircraft.
German-Armed Division
At this time, the number of Japanese artillery was 5 times that of China, the number of aircraft was 13 times that of China, and the number of tanks was 36 times that of China. There was a huge equipment gap between China and Japan. At that time, there was no military industry in China, and it was impossible to produce heavy weapons , which could only rely on imports, but the cash-strapped National Government did not have enough money to purchase weapons and equipment.
At the same time, the National Government also wanted to stop Japan's aggression through the League of Nations, but under the appeasement policy, Britain, France and the United States adopted a non-interference policy, making Japan's aggression more arrogant. At the same time, the United States continued to export materials to Japan, making a lot of money. At the meeting of Brussels , except for the Soviet Union, other countries did not agree with sanctions against Japan. The United States not only firmly opposed it, but also required the invaded China to make concessions first. It was really a big joke. When the National Government sought fruitlessness from Western powers, it could only transfer its hope to the Soviet Union.
National League is a product of the post-World War
As early as December 12, 1932, China and the Soviet Union resumed diplomatic relations and had common interests in Japan. In October 1934, the National Government considered that after the outbreak of the full-scale war of resistance, the coastal areas would be blocked and it would be difficult to obtain foreign aid at sea. Therefore, at that time, Tsinghua University Professor Jiang Tingfu was ordered to go to the Soviet Union and Europe, and began to seek the possibility of Sino-Soviet cooperation in the name of collecting information on China's diplomatic history. In October 1936, Jiang Tingfu was officially appointed ambassador to the Soviet Union.
Jiang Tingfu
The signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Non-aggression
In April 1937, the Soviet Union had decided to sell aircraft and tanks to China and provide a loan of US$50 million, but the National Government did not respond and missed the opportunity.
The outbreak of the full-scale war of resistance in 1937, and the National Government realized the seriousness of the matter. At that time, except for Germany, the rest of European countries were moral assistance and had no substantial help. Therefore, seeking assistance from the Soviet Union was put on the agenda.
"Sino-Soviet Treaty"
On August 21, 1937, China and the Soviet Union signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty" and became the basis for the Soviet Union's aid to China. With the signing of the treaty, the Soviet Union's aid to the National Government began. At that time, the key points of the rough agreement to sign the treaty were as follows:
1. The Soviet Union provided China with a total amount of 100 million yuan. fiat currency loan;
2. China's loans start from the second year after the provision and are repaid in five years;
3. The Soviet Union provides 200 aircraft and 200 tanks;
4. All loans are repaid in metal, and the rest are made of tea or other consumer goods.
Maxim-style machine guns equipped by the National Army
Soviet aid content to China
loans
The entire War of Resistance Against Japan, the Soviet Union had aid loans to China three times, and they were all paid with credit loans from the Soviet Union.
1 March 15, 1938 : The Soviet Union provided 50 million US dollars (of which the credit loan was calculated from October 31, 1937, the interest was 3% annual interest rate, and it was repaid within 5 years from October 31, 1938, and the interest on the credit loan was paid at the same time.)
July 1, 1938 : The Soviet Union provided 50 million US dollars (of which the credit loan was calculated from July 1, 1938, the interest was 3% annual interest rate, and it started on July 1, 1940 10 million US dollars per year, and the interest on credit loans was paid at the same time. )
1 June 13, 1938 : The Soviet Union provided 150 million US dollars (of which the credit loans were calculated from July 1, 1939, and the interest on the annual interest rate was 3%. It was repaid within 10 years from July 1, 1942, and the interest on credit loans was paid at the same time). However, Because on June 22, 1941, the Soviet-German War broke out, the Soviet Union needed to fight the German invasion and interrupted the third loan to China. In the end, the actual amount of the Soviet Union's credit loan to China was .7 billion37175810.36 USD.
weapons
weapons are all provided from the Soviet Union, and the fees are paid from Soviet credit loans.
The first contract : signed on March 3, 1938, with the arms value of US$29.726631, and the contract plus equipment organization fee of 2% of the total value of the arms, which is US$594,533, and has a total of US$30.321,164 .
first contract details
second contract : signed on March 11, 1938, the arms value is US$7.976,700, the railway freight is US$202,892, the ship loading fee is US$40,167, and the organization fee is still 2% of the total value of the arms, that is, US$159,534, and has a total of US$8.379,293 .
second contract details
third contract : signed on March 22, 1938, with a total value of munitions of US$6.287,969, plus railway freight, ship loading, packaging, and repair engineering team dispatch fees of US$3.443,251, organizational fees of US$125,759, and total 9.856,979 .
The third contract details
The fourth contract : signed on July 3, 1938, with the total value of arms being 7.172541 US dollars .
The fourth contract details
The fifth contract : signed on June 20, 1939, the total value of arms was 9.4 million9773 US dollars .
The fifth contract details
The sixth contract : signed on June 20, 1939, with the total value of arms 2.936885 US dollars (China statistics are 18622024 US dollars) .
The sixth contract details
The seventh contract : signed in the second half of 1939, the total value of arms was US$6.86 million,459.
The seventh contract details
The eighth : used on June 1, 1941, is worth 49.52 million US dollars 0828.85 , but there is no detailed list;
The ninth : The date is unknown, is worth 1.12 million US dollars 1.232.51 , but there is no detailed list;
Source: "A Brief Introduction to Sino-Soviet Trade Borrowing" (1948), compiled by "Historical Materials of Foreign Debt Archives of the Republic of China" Volume 11, page 61.
These weapons and arms are generally lower than the international price of . For example, an aircraft is only 30,000 US dollars, and the weapons and equipment of a division are about 1.5 million yuan in fiat currency, and there are certain discounts in loan repayment. The second discount is repaid for 2 years, and the third loan is repaid for 3 years. It breaks international practices before the contract is signed, and priority is given to transporting materials to China, and then the contract is signed. Moreover, Sun Ke said that after his second visit to Moscow, he received a loan of 160 million rubles. According to the international price, it is equivalent to 400 million rubles. Therefore, the Soviet Union really gave many discounts.
Weapons
aircraft : provides two types of aircraft , among which I-15 and I-16 are more flexible and suitable for horizontal combat, and I-16 is fast and more advanced, making it convenient for vertical combat and pursuit combat.The bomber is a light bomber CB type and a heavy bomber IB type. It has participated in the Spanish Civil War . It is quite excellent, not inferior to Japan's Type 95 and Type 96 at that time. The Soviet Union sold 904 aircraft, improving the combat capabilities of the anti-Japanese army.
I-15 Fighter, the "P-7180" at the tail is the serial number of the Chinese Air Force aircraft
tank : The tank provided by the Soviet Union was the T-26 type , which was the main tank used by the Soviet Union in the 1930s. It was equipped with a 45mm caliber artillery and a 7.62mm machine gun. Its firepower is relatively strong, but its shortcomings are obvious, its armor is poor and its mobility is relatively poor. At that time, only 82 vehicles were sold to China, and Chiang Kai-shek was reluctant to use it, so it did not improve the combat effectiveness of the anti-Japanese army.
Su-type T-26 tanks equipped by the National Army
number of equipment : 904 aircraft of various types, including 318 light and heavy bombers, 82 tanks, 1,526 cars, 224 tractors, 1,190 cannons of various types, 9,720 light and heavy machine guns, 50,000 rifles, more than 167 million rifles, more than 17 million machine gun bullets, 31,100 bombs, more than 1.87 million artillery shells, 221 aircraft engines, as well as a full set of spare parts of the aircraft, gasoline and other military supplies .
Chinese army equipped with Soviet weapons
other aid
Military Advisory
After the German military advisory group left China, Chiang Kai-shek asked the Soviet Union to send military advisers and experts to China for assistance. The Soviet Union accepted the request and in 1937 he sent three people to serve as general military advisers of China, including three people, Cherepanov (July 1938 to autumn 1939), Kachanov (September 1939 to early 1941), and Cuikov (early 1941 to February 1942) .
Cui Kefu
In addition, there are more than 300 military consultants from the Soviet Union aid to China, and more than 3,000 experts and technical personnel. They participated in the training of the National Government's army and the formulation of major battle plans. The major battle plans participated in the formulation include the 1938 Wuhan Battle Defense Plan, the 1941 Yichang Battle Plan, etc., but Chiang Kai-shek did not accept or only accept part of the combat plan, and completely adopted the passively beaten defense plan, which led to the failure of many battles. In the end, the Soviet Consultant Plan was completely adopted in the second Changsha Plan in September 1941, which caused the Japanese army to suffer heavy damage. At the same time, there were 90,000 trainees trained by Soviet consultants and instructors.
Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team
Soviet pilots directly participated in the battle
Soviet Air Force was almost wiped out, and they had to ask the Soviet Union for assistance. The Soviet Union quickly dispatched troops from the Air Force to support and sent Soviet pilots to fight together as Soviet volunteer air force to fight in China. On October 22, 1937, the first batch of air force and aircraft aided China, a total of 254 pilots and staff arrived in China.
Pilots of the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team
From 937 to early 1942, the Soviet Union sent more than 2,500 Soviet Air Force personnel, and there were other technical personnel in total, a total of more than 5,000 . They were not only responsible for training Chinese pilots, but also directly participated in the Japanese air combat in addition to reorganizing the flight brigade.
Kurishonko Martyrs Tomb
Soviet Volunteer Air Brigade has participated in 25 battles, including Nanjing Defense War , Nanchang Defense War, Wuhan Defense War , bombing Taipei Japanese army Songshan Airport , Lanzhou Defense War, recapture Kunlun Pass Battle , Guangnan Battle and bombing Hangzhou and Wuhan enemy airports, and other major battles, destroying 1,049 Japanese planes and more than 100 ships, but there are also 35 Soviet pilots who died on the Chinese battlefield .
Wuhan Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team Martyrs Tomb
Aid to the Eighth Route Army
After all, the Soviet Union signed the National Government, and the materials were basically given to the National Government. However, the Soviet Union also considered the situation of the Eighth Route Army and gave the Eighth Route Army a lot of weapons and equipment through secret assistance. The most important thing is to provide assistance through the highway from Xinjiang to Lanzhou. The following are several records of aid.
Yan'an City during the War of Resistance Against Japan
1937 On December 21, 1937, the Soviet Union provided paper sheet, white sugar, fifteen boxes of rifles, and thirty-one boxes of bullets, and handed them to Eighth Route Army Office ;
93 On February 16, 8, the Soviet Union provided a total of 16 military vehicles, including full-series rifles, light machine guns, artillery shells, grenades, , etc.;
1, 11, 25 military vehicles, including weapons, ammunition, goods, and food.
However, after the second half of 1938, the National Government began to strengthen surveillance of Soviet transport convoys, and the records of secret transport weapons began to decrease until the secret transport route was completely cut off in mid-1938. However, even though the route was cut off, the Soviet Union continued to assist the Eighth Route Army through secret methods, but it was even more hidden.
China's loan repayment
Of course, the Soviet Union's aid was not free, they were all provided domestic mineral products and agricultural and sideline products. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the National Government provided the Soviet Union with tungsten sand 1 177 tons, 10892 tons of antimony, 13162 tons of tin, 560 tons of mercury, 600 tons of zinc, and 18 tons of bismuth; 8868 tons of tung oil, 14300 tons of wool, 2309 tons of raw silk 09 tons, 2885 tons of bristle 85 tons, 2.233 million pieces of raw leather, and 30293 tons of tea ( source "Compilation of Modern History of China" ) .
However, since the price of the products submitted to the Soviet Union is lower than the domestic market acquisition price, and even lower than the international market price. At the same time, the price of tungsten sand soared soar in 1941, the batch of materials totaled US$450 million according to the price at that time.
The end of Soviet aid to China
1941, the Soviet Union and Japan signed the "Soviet Japan Neutrality Treaty". At this point, the Soviet Union's aid to China was greatly reduced. After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, Soviet aid basically stopped, and a large number of Soviet pilots, military experts, etc. returned to China one after another. Until 1942, the last military adviser Cui Kov was ordered to return to China. The Soviet aid to China, which began to aid China in the early stage of the War of Resistance, came to an end.
Signing the "Soviet Japan Neutral Treaty"
Overall, the Soviet Union's aid in the early days of my country's War of Resistance greatly improved our combat capabilities. Getting real money from the Soviet Union when seeking help is fruitless is tantamount to a timely help. It is indeed a great help, but it is undeniable that the basis of Soviet aid is based on the interests of the Soviet Union.
htmlThe Soviet Union in the 130s had a threat to Germany in the west and Japan in the east. Given that Germany had a great threat, the Soviet Union had always considered how to mitigate Japan's threat, so it was considered to strengthen the military power of the National Government so that it could fight against Japan for a long time. In addition, the Soviet Ambassador to China Bogmolov cleverly encouraged China to fight against Japan. After all, when China and Japan were carried out, Japan would fall into the quagmire of war, eliminating Japan's worries about attacking the Soviet Union ( source "Foreign Military Aid to China during the War of Resistance Against Japan" page 100 ).
Bogmolov
However, the Soviet aid was still commendable. It helped the Chinese military and civilians fight against Japan's invasion in a timely and effective manner, shattering the arrogance of the Japanese army to destroy China within three months. At that time, Britain, the United States and other countries were still watching the wall, which further highlighted the preciousness of Soviet aid.
Note: Reference materials include "A Discussion on the Quantity of Military Materials such as Aircraft Aiding China during the War of Resistance Against Japan" ( Li Jiagu ), "History of Economic and Trade Relations between Soviet and China (1917-1974)" (written by m.c. Sladkovsky), " Gu Weijun's Memoirs ", "Yang Jie Archives" and other
