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Rabbits that have survived well for millions of years in harsh environments in the wild, and have difficulty breeding in captivity. Should the rabbits really bear the blame themselves?
Recently, the news that an internet celebrity rabbit died unfortunately once became a hot search. It is a good thing that the public can pay attention to the local "niche" species raised and exhibited by the zoo. As stated in the statement released by the relevant zoo: "Let countless people know, understand, pay attention to and care about the species of rabbit."
To this day, this matter remains quite popular, and related reports on search engines can be described as numerous. If you add another search term "immune", you will even get the following results directly:
Well, "the autoimmune system is not sound" . I didn't expect that the popular internet celebrities have such a "tragic" life experience.
So, where does this statement come from? I dare not say that I found the original source, but in March this year, a well-known big V visited the zoo, there was an expression like "the immune system of the rabbit is not sound."
is the earliest source of "the autoimmune system is not sound" for rabbits? It has not been verified. If we consider the extremely high popularity and very considerable spread of this video on the Internet, perhaps it can be regarded as an outlet for making the statement that "the autoimmune system is not sound." This way, it shouldn’t be too much, right?
Then, the next question is, does the rabbit really have the problem of "the autoimmune system is not sound"? So how did they survive the long evolutionary path of nearly six million years and survive in the wild?
CATnews, a publication under the Feline Expert Group of the World Union for Conservation of Nature Species, released a rabbit album in 2019 (click 'Read the original text' at the end of the article to access the official website for the full text). Let’s see if people who are engaged in rabbit research and protection internationally have any opinions on “the autoimmune system is not sound”.
CATnewsBunny Album Cover. The volunteers of the translation team of Maomeng have translated and sorted out the main content of the 2019 Rabbit Album, but click: What? ! Is the rabbit snail safe? No need to protect it? This issue of the rabbit horn album by
CATnews actually originated from an international rabbit horn protection action plan seminar held at the Nordens Ark Zoo in Sweden in mid-November 2018. The scale of the conference was not large, with only 28 participants in total, but it included representatives of 8 of the 16 countries with rabbit worm distribution ( Iran , Pakistan , Afghan , Uzbekistan , Russia, Nepal , India, Kyrgyzstan ).
In addition to the zoo held in Sweden , there are also representatives from the Cincinnati Zoo in the United States (Cincinnati Zoo, please remember this and the next name, which will appear later), the Highland Wildlife Park under the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, and several zoos from Russia participated.
Participants took a photo | Quoted from CATnews N° 13
Finally, the results of exchanges and discussions of participants were compiled into 10 chapters for this rabbit rogue album, which can be said to have condensed people's important understanding of the current situation of rabbit rogues in the wild and under captivity conditions at that time. Some of the chapters in
may be particularly valuable for friends who are interested in rabbit sluts. For example, Chapter 3 "The behavior and ecology of the manul" (The behavior and ecology of the manul); if you want to understand the situation of captive populations, you should not miss Chapter 8 "Ex-situ conservation of manul" (Ex-situ conservation of manul); if you are particularly concerned about the health of the manul, then Chapter 10 "Pathogens and parasites as potential threats for the Pallas's cat" (Pathogens and parasites as potential threats for the Pallas's cat) is worth reading.
CATnewsRabbit Album Catalog
"The Behavior and Ecology of Rabbit" has a special section on disease. The first sentence mentions that "Rabbits, especially young people, have a unique and obvious susceptibility to infectious pathogens, especially toxoplasma gondii". The second sentence of points out the possible reason: "Rabbit gondii is suspected to be due to the rare presence of toxoplasma gondii in the wild, which causes (rabbit gondii under captive conditions) to be easily infected by Toxoplasma gondii." The translation of
may be a bit confusing. To put it bluntly, it is because rabbits living in the wild do not have any natural risk of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii, so they lack immunity to Toxoplasma infection.
is quoted from Ross et al. 2019
later mentioned that rabbits will be infected with cat immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the wild. The infection of this virus is not fatal, but may lead to immune depletion.
"The Expiry Conservation of Rabbits" reviews the captive history of rabbit trolls. According to records, Moscow Zoo had a breeding record in 1949, and by the late 1950s, other zoos also began to raise rabbit trolls.
According to the International Studbook, had the first record of breeding rabbits in captivity at the Washington National Zoo in the United States in 1960, but the cubs only survived for three days. It was not until 1971 that a captive breeding pup was successfully raised at the Augsburg Zoo in Germany. The individual died at the Hannover Zoo when he was about three years old.
As a zoo with natural distribution of rabbit horns, the Moscow Zoo and the Novosibirsk Zoo achieved successful breeding of rabbit horns in 1979 and 1995.
As of the time of publication of this paper, more than 1,300 captive breeding records were registered in the International Rabbit Bloodline Book.
is quoted from Barclay et al. 2019
This chapter points out that although there are still various challenges in captivity management of rabbit veins, four major captivity populations have been formed in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan.
According to the International Zoo Yearbook report published in 2020 in the International Zoo Yearbooks, as of December 31, 2018, there were 170 captive rabbit worms recorded, living in 63 institutions respectively. The birth of 36 cubs (23 males/11 females/2 gender unknown) and the death of 42 individuals (25 males/15 females/2 gender unknown).
Mr. David Barclay of the Highland Wildlife Park is the custodian of the International Rabbit Bloodline Book. He has been engaged in the breeding and management of captive rabbit veins for a long time. If you are interested in the media friends here, you can write an email (email address above) to interview him to see what colleagues in the European zoo industry think This chapter also mentions a study in the Highland Wildlife Park, which believes that oral clindamycin (Clindamycin) can reduce the risk of toxoplasma infection before the mother of rabbit veins gave birth. also pointed out that rabbit worms rarely have a risk of Toxoplasma infection in the wild, which may lead to their susceptibility to Toxoplasma in captivity.
is quoted from Barclay et al. 2019
This chapter also provides information on the lifespan records of captive rabbit snails. At that time, the longest known captive rabbit snails were 15 years and 11 months (male) and 16 years (female).
The two authors of "Pathogenic Microorganisms and Parasites that pose a potential threat to rabbit worms" are from Russia. They reviewed their predecessors and themselves on pathogens infected with rabbit worms, and summarized three types that are considered to be most relevant to rabbit worms: Toxoplasma gondii , cat panleukopenia virus, and cat calicivirus (FCV).
The author believes that compared with domestic cats and wild cats in Russian Far East, the infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii in Mongolia and Daur is lower, which may be related to the extremely dryness in the local area, plus the extreme temperatures in winter and summer.There is no mention of any content related to "the autoimmune system of rabbits" in the entire article.
is quoted from Naidenko et al. 2019
Although since 1960, there have been more than 1,300 captive breeding records so far, rabbit horns are still considered to be extremely difficult to breed in captive, which is prominently reflected in the extremely low survival rate of pups.
In 2003, a doctoral thesis from Oxford University conducted a study on factors that affect the reproduction of captive carnivores. Based on the data from the International Zoo Yearbook Volumes 26 to 35 (1986-1996), the author compiled the rabbit breeding data recorded during this period, and the results were very, very unoptimistic.
In the past ten years, only three zoos have provided data on rabbit veins, and the mortality rate of cubs is as high as 90.9%!
counts from top to bottom The second is the record of rabbit horn | Quoted from Karin 2003
Such a poor breeding record of rabbit horns in the past seriously hindering people's efforts to establish a self-sustaining population (no longer obtaining individuals from the wild), which naturally attracted the attention and attention of the zoo industry. In the summer of
000 to 2001, the Cincinnati Zoo, one of the "Handlings Cincinnati Three Treasures", organized a study conducted in Mongolia . In a sense, it was this work that greatly changed the fate of the newborn baby of rabbits and croakers later.Researchers obtained test samples from 15 wild rabbit horns and some of their preys and domestic cats in the Mongolian wild, and compared them with nine rabbit horns held in North American zoos. The results showed that there were significant differences in the antibody test of Toxoplasma gondii gondii in wild and captive rabbit horns. Only 2 wild individuals had positive serum reactions, while all 9 captive individuals were positive. The test of Toxoplasma gondii in the wild was also negative.
Toxoplasma gondii infection immunoglobulin titer and PCR test results of , 15 were wild individuals (left), and 9 were captive individuals (right) | Quote from Brown, et al. 2005
Based on the above detection results, researchers believe that the susceptibility of captive rabbit worms to Toxoplasma is the result of long-term evolution in a relatively unique environment.
Mongol does not have the typical habit of raising cats as companion animal , which makes the number and density of domestic cats in the local environment not conducive to the survival of Toxoplasma gondii. Secondly, the higher altitude and harsh winter climate of Mongolian Plateau are not conducive to the survival of Toxoplasma gondii.
In other words, rabbit seldom be affected by Toxoplasma gondii in the local wild environment, so they naturally lack adaptation to Toxoplasma infection, resulting in their high susceptibility after exposure to Toxoplasma gondii under captive conditions and the high cub mortality rate.
In short, there is no mention of "the autoimmune system is not sound".
However, some people have thought so. Researchers and collaborators at the Ohrahoma City Zoo used the term " immunodeficiency" (immunodeficiency) directly in the title of the paper.
They tested rabbits infected with Toxoplasma gondii in the zoo and believed that the subjects were infected with immunodeficiency, but could not determine or rule out the infection of the cat immunodeficiency virus (FIV). At the same time, they also pointed out that the rabbits in American zoos may all come from the same area in Russia, and may have a relatively close kinship with each other .
At the end of the paper, the authors also pointed out that If rabbits do not have hereditary immunodeficiencies, they may be very sensitive animals, and many links involved in feeding management may lead to immunosuppression (immunosuppression).
Now it seems that Toxoplasma infection, as well as possible "immune deficiencies", is a big problem that managers of captive rabbit veins need to face.What should I do with
?
In 2020, researchers from institutions such as the Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland, the Highlands Wildlife Park and the Nordens Ark Zoo in Sweden published a paper reporting cases in which clindamycin was used to greatly increase the survival rate of rabbit horny pups in the latter two zoos.
From 2006 to 2016, the breeding success rate of rabbit creeping institutions under the European Zoo and Aquarium Association (EAZA) was very poor, and 71.59% of the newborn cubs failed to survive over 1 year old. To this end, since 2014, the oral use of clindamycin on pregnant female rabbits and their pups produced by them has achieved very good results. Nine cubs born between 2012 and 2013 failed to live to one year old, but only one of the 17 cubs born between 2014 and 2016 died before the age of one year!
is quoted from Girling et al. 2020
The authors of this paper believe that the immune system response of rabbit worms caused by toxoplasma gondii is worth further research, and the existing evidence clearly shows that the changes and efforts made by EAZA's zoos in feeding and management in rabbit worms before 2016 did not play a role in reducing the mortality rate of pups. Instead, it has played a significant role in prescribing the right medicine (clarindamycin).
European Zoo now seems to have taken another key step forward from the goal of establishing a self-sustaining rabbit vegetation population.
is right. This paper also provides rabbit horn recipes for reference. They will provide rabbit horn with mice (mice), rat (rats), chicken horn (day-old chicks), quail (quail ), rabbit (rabbit), bone meat ( beef, venison ) , and sometimes freshwater fish (freshwater fish) .
foods are usually frozen in advance at minus 18°C to kill pathogens that may be carried in it, and then fed after thawing.
is quoted from Girling et al. 2020
The earliest history of raising rabbit horns in China zoo may be traced back to Beijing Zoo in 1951. From this year to 1979, the park has raised a total of 16 rabbit horns, and achieved the first breeding under captive conditions in May 1979. Until 1984, the park still had 4 rabbit trolls.
Unfortunately, in history, most rabbits in domestic zoos have not lived long, and often not only last for three years. Although there is no clear evidence, from the above description, we may be able to reasonably infer that Toxoplasma gondii infection under captive conditions may be blamed.
Now, only in Xining can you see the captive rabbit robe in China. The death of an individual internet celebrity is undoubtedly a tragedy that no one wants to see.
As a garden party, in addition to catering to netizens' pursuit of the cute temperament of rabbit slut, there is probably still a long way to go to how to better guide everyone to "know, understand, pay attention to and care about the species of rabbit slut".
Reference:
Barcley, D. et al. 2019. Ex-situ conservation of manul.CATnewsSpecial Issue 13 Spring, 41-45.
Brown, M. et al. 2005. Exploring the ecological basis for extreme sustainability of Pallas's Cats (Otocolobus manul) to fatal toxoplasmosis.Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41 (4): 691–700.
Girling, S. J. et al. 2020. Use of Clindamycin in Pallas's Cats to reduce juvenile toxoplasmosis-associated mortality rates.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51 (1): 39–45.
Ketz-Riley, C. J. et al. 2003. Immunodeficiency associated with multiple concurrent infections in captive Pallas's cats.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 34 (3): 239–245.
International Studbooks for Rare Species of Wild Animals in Captivity. 2020. Int. Zoo Yb., 54: 393–423.
Jutzeler, E. et al. 2010. The smaller felts of China: Pallas's catOtocolobus manul.CATnewsSpecial Issue 5 Autumn, 37-39.
Naidenko, S. et al. 2019. Pathogens and parasites as potential threats for the Pallas's Cat.CATnewsSpecial Issue 13 Spring, 52-54.
Ross, S. et al. 2019. The behaviour and ecological of the manul.CATnewsSpecial Issue 13 Spring, 9-13.
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