For humans, water, sunlight and oxygen are all important, but if we say which one is the most important, must be oxygen , which is . After all, when water and sunlight are lacking, people can survive for a while, but without oxygen, our brains will die in just a few minutes.
Oxygen is the fundamental for human survival
is actually not just humans, Oxygen is a necessity for most organisms on the earth , at least that has always been the case in the past. Until an animal that does not survive on oxygen appears , it is our protagonist today salmon cerebrosporidium .
Scientists are not clear about why this organism can survive without oxygen and metabolize it in how it is. After research, they believe that may subvert the understanding of life .
Salmonella with big eyes like aliens
So, what exactly is this Salmonella? What is its special feature? Next, let’s take a look together!
The magical "Salmon Cervicalis"
First of all, from its name, we know that this organism should be a certain parasite , because Cervicalis is a genus of the subphylum of and the subphylum of the class . There are different types of Cervicalis in this Cervicalis.
In terms of morphological characteristics, its spores are often round or spindle-shaped, with the entire spore length between 8 to 17 microns and the width between 4 to 9 microns.
It is not difficult to see that the creatures in the Celestialis family are very "mini", at least we cannot observe their existence with the naked eye.
Optical microscope view of Celestialis
As a mini parasite, Celestialis like to parasite in the body of fish , and it has its figure whether it is fish gills, fish intestines, fish bladder or fish bladder. Speaking of this, I believe everyone understands why there is a risk of infection with various parasites when eating raw fish.
Salmon cerebrosporidium is a parasite found by scientists in salmon muscle tissue. Its alias is also called Salmon cerebrosporidium . It was discovered by a research team in Israeli in 2020. According to the data, scientists accidentally discovered this organism when they observed the muscle tissue of salmon on a microscope.
Salmonella cerebrosporidium parasitizes in salmon, forming cysts
Then people conducted in-depth research on Salmonella and finally came up with a shocking result, , that is, this guy's body does not have mitochondrial genome , and it is the only multicellular organism that does not have mitochondrial genome discovered by humans so far.
It may be difficult for you to understand why scientists are so excited, because the mitochondrial genome is often closely related to the respiration of organisms. For the salmonic genome, which has no mitochondrial genome, is undoubtedly the that does not require breathing.
Optical microscope image of Salmon Ceresis
Therefore, scientists believed at the time that this guy's discovery might subvert people's understanding of earth's organisms. After all, in our eyes, all living things had to breathe and needed oxygen. In this comparison, Salmon Ceresis was undoubtedly an alien.
Researchers used deep sequencing and fluorescence microscope to conduct in-depth analysis and found that they had lost their mitochondrial genome. In addition, they have also lost the ability of aerobic respiration , and almost all nucleus genes involved in transcription and replicating mitochondrial have been lost.
Salmonella Celestialis Organelles (Center) TEM image
So, how did this guy come about? If it does not require breathing, then what method is used to metabolize it?
Scientists have basically figured out the parasitic method of for the salmonella .
As a parasite, the death of the host means new to it, because then the spores will be released, and will be eaten by some worms. and these worms will be eaten by salmon , and then the salmon Celestialis will enter their bodies smoothly and survive in their muscles.
Salmonella cysts dissected from fish muscles
In fact, in our opinion, Salmonella does not look like a creature at all, because it is not only very small, but also looks similar to sperm cells .
According to research data, Celestialis seems to be "reverse evolution" of . In short, it may not be what people observed at first. During the evolution of , it degenerates its tissues, nerve cells, etc., and eventually turns itself into this inappropriate appearance .
Fluorescence microscope of Celestialis halberdis
So, what method does the metabolic process of treating degeneration as an evolutionary Celestialis halberdis halberdis halberdis dysfunction to complete the metabolism?
Scientists are not sure about the reason for this problem and can only successfully infer it based on some existing research. Scientists point out that cannot breathe salmon may have some specific skills that allow it to obtain energy from salmon cells, or that it has evolved a survival method similar to single-cell organisms .
Category of single-cell organisms
In addition, scientists also believe that the characteristic of Celestialis in salmon that can survive without relying on oxygen is not innate, but is evolved to adapt to the environment for to .
In other words, in the tight salmon muscles of , there is really little oxygen in , so in order to survive smoothly, the salmon celestialis chose the most beneficial evolution path, which is to evolve in reverse and give up breathing.
"Who is not forced by life?"
I have to say that there are countless unsolved puzzles in it, and these puzzles can only be answered until the research goes further. It is worth mentioning that in fact, in addition to the salmon genus Celestialis, there are also many organisms in nature that do not like oxygen.
The widespread anaerobic organisms
In the past, people always felt that there were no organisms in this world that dislike oxygen, , but in fact, " anaerobic " organisms are widely present in nature . However, these creatures do not often seem to be regarded as "biota" in people's eyes, and can only be regarded as bacterial .
The main feature of anaerobic organisms is of course that it is difficult to survive under aerobic conditions. Unlike the Celestialis, which changes themselves in order to adapt to the environment, most anaerobic organisms "do not bow their waists for five dou of rice." In other words, for the aerobic environment, would rather die than compromise and make changes or evolve .
Several common anaerobic organisms
We mentioned above that anaerobic organisms are basically bacterial, and anaerobic bacteria is actually an important part of normal bacterial flora , and likes to live in human skin or deep mucosa you get. It should be noted that anaerobic bacteria can also be divided into three types, is obligate anaerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria and micro-demand anaerobic bacteria .
divides it into three types because these guys have different tolerance to oxygen. is more delicate like obligate anaerobic bacteria. Once exposed to oxygen, it dies immediately. , such as , Bifidobacterium , which is very beneficial to the human body, is an obligate anaerobic bacteria, which has many effects such as anti-tumor and anti-aging.
Obviously, for these effects, we don’t want this bacteria to die too much.
Bifidobacterium microscopic image
So, except for the above guys who seem to have nothing to do with the creatures that everyone understands.Which animals in nature are the champions of breath holding?
The "Breath Holding Champion" in nature
I believe that when you were young, you would often be surprised by the swimming and breath holding skills of the protagonists in the film, because they all seem to be "naturally" mastering breath holding and swimming skills . Of course, this is not innate, but related to the education and the curriculum they have participated in.
So, in reality, how long can humans hold their breath for the longest time?
According to news reports, the longest time for humans to hold their breath is 4 minutes and 3 seconds , which is the record set by a Spanish diving enthusiast in 2017 . For ordinary people, this number is really amazing, and it makes people sigh whether this guy has iron lung .
Alex Segura, the freediver who holds breath for the longest time, but in fact, this breath-holding time is not very powerful compared to other creatures in nature. Why do you say that?
Take Desert Thornfish , which has been listed as a critically dangerous species, as an example. This guy originally lived in a wide lake, but with the rise in temperature and the change in the environment, the lake where it is located has become a small pond, and the water temperature continues to rise.
"Demonic Bird" that can survive in the desert
In this case, the desert bird fish with a strong desire to survive began to change themselves, and allows itself to withstand high temperatures and live in an oxygen-free environment for a longer time .
Researchers believe that 文化 slows this injury by random switching between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In extreme cases, the pinefish can perform anaerobic respiration for five hours. During this period, ethanol will be produced in the body of the croaker, which will then be further decomposed under anaerobic conditions and obtain energy.
In addition to it, there is also a kind of reptile called thorn . has lived on the earth for more than 200 million . This guy relies on his superb internal circulation system, and can complete 10-hour diving activities , which is very shocking.
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