" Wuqiu Business Geography " wishes every Qiuqiu that in the new year, they will not take any side projects, and with the spirit of drilling into the earth, let their career snowball and get bigger and bigger, and finally become famous all over the world !
"Yuanhui"
(Three Kingdoms) Cao Zhi
Yuan Zuo was in his first year, and the auspicious day was very good. It was a grand gathering, and the banquet was in this high hall... It was full of laughter and entertainment, and the joy was not yet young.
"Shou Sui"
(Tang Dynasty) Li Shimin
Dusk scene in Xiefang Hall, the palace is gorgeous in the year.
The cold leaves the winter snow, and the warmth brings the spring breeze.
level fushumeisu, coiled flowers and candle red.
Let’s celebrate the new year together and send you off in the sky.
"Yuan Day"
(Song Dynasty) Wang Anshi
The sound of firecrackers marks the end of the year, and the spring breeze brings warmth to Tusu.
Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old charms every day.
"Selling Dementia Ci"
(Song Dynasty) Fan Chengda
People don't sleep in the late hours on New Year's Eve, and they are tired of being dull and sluggish to welcome the new year.
Children call to walk down the long street, and clouds of dementia call people to buy.
"Firecrackers"
(Ming Dynasty) Li Chun
self-pity ended his little body, but his heart refused to fade away.
The season is coming, and the cold flames are coming, and there is a thunder over the heads of thousands of people.
"New Year's Message from Fengcheng"
(Qing Dynasty) Zha Shenxing
cleverly cut flags to win the test of Silla, painted colors and gold to make moths.
From then on, I have no time for scissors for a month, and I have more needlework in my boudoir.
"New Year's Day of the Sino-Japanese War"
(Qing Dynasty) Kong Shangren
The childlike innocence is in listening to the burning firecrackers, but the old excitement is partial to watching the peach charms.
Drums and horns add plum blossoms, and we celebrate the New Year with joy at the fifth watch.
一
The Chinese New Year is always started with the sound of firecrackers.
When the sound of firecrackers grows from thin to thick, from far to near, and the cold winter air is filled with the smell of sulfur, we know that the New Year is here again.
No one will deny that when I was a child, I was full of expectations for the Chinese New Year. The Chinese people have scrimped on food, clothing, food and clothing and run their homes frugally for a year, just for these few days of fun. More importantly, the Spring Festival also means that the winter of withering grass and trees is about to pass, and the days of spring and flowers are coming, so people naturally have to welcome it in the most solemn, lively and festive way. This is equivalent to the Chinese New Year being a happy carnival.
Therefore, the expectation for the New Year always reminds people of Zhu Ziqing's "Spring", "Looking forward, looking forward, the east wind is coming, and the footsteps of spring are approaching. Everything is like just waking up, and I open my eyes happily. The mountains are brighter, the water is rising, and the sun's face is blushing..."
Then, our hearts also come alive.
[Image: Children at this time are often the boldest]
二
Just like the annual Spring Festival Gala, which opens with a routine group dance, Chinese people are also keen on singing and dancing at the beginning of the New Year.
In ancient times, worshiping heaven and worshiping ancestors during the Chinese New Year had certain witchcraft etiquette characteristics, and this characteristic was expressed through dynamic and passionate dance.
Dance is the appearance of witch. The word "witch" in oracle bone inscriptions is also very common with the word "wu". At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou established a rational system through "making rituals and making music", which preserved and continued the fundamental characteristics of shamanism in an institutionalized way. It became the core of the Chinese cultural tradition.
So, ever since Banpo pottery, we have loved dancing. Some people say that if we look at our civilization from now on, we can say that the core soul of our civilization is dance.
[Picture caption: Seeing these waist drums and long silks makes my heart skip a beat]
However, Zhou Gong’s "making rituals and making music" also standardized people's behavior. When Confucius adjusted it to "sad but not sad, happy but not lewd", the people's desire to dance gradually subsided, and their interests turned to visiting relatives and friends, eating, drinking and wearing, playing games, worshiping Bodhisattvas, etc.
Of course, there is also the setting off firecrackers mentioned above. However, this had to wait until the emergence of Li Tian, the "father of firecrackers" in the Tang Dynasty.
There is a beautiful legend about him among the people. It is said that at that time, people on both sides of the Nanchuan River were heard to be harmed by mandrills.Li Tian, who was born in Dayao, Nanxiang, Liuyang, Hunan, was inspired by his ancestors' "burning bamboo to drive away evil spirits". He worshiped the medicine king Sun Simiao (who lived in seclusion in "Sun Yinshan" in the east of Liuyang City at that time) as his teacher to develop gunpowder, filled the gunpowder into the bamboo tube, and changed "burning bamboo" to "firecracker". Later, he learned papermaking technology, replaced bamboo tubes with paper tubes, and changed "bamboo explosions" to "paper explosions."
From then on, firecrackers (also known as firecrackers and firecrackers) that were "rolled with paper and exploded with medicine" came into being... This kind of firecrackers developed with great pains will not only be used to ward off evil spirits and protect the safety of a place, but also to drive away evil spirits for Taizong. Li Tian was instrumental in rescuing the enemy, so he was named the "Patriarch of Firecrackers" by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
Later, Li Tian's descendants developed a new variety of fireworks based on the invention of their ancestors. This variety and firecrackers are collectively called "firecrackers". "China Industrial Chronicle" contains: "The manufacturing of Chinese fireworks began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and originated in Liuyang."
With firecrackers, the New Year's Eve has become increasingly vivid from taste to vision to hearing.
[Caption: Every child has had such a moment]
Wang Anshi died "amidst the sound of firecrackers." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, fireworks entered the homes of ordinary people. According to
data, during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, firecracker shops spread all over Hunan Province, and the annual output of fireworks and firecrackers increased sharply. Ninety percent of the residents in Dayao, Jingangtou, Tanjiang, Wenjia City and other urban areas produced in family workshops. Fireworks and firecrackers have developed into a big industry, known as "nine out of ten firecrackers". Every New Year's Eve, families set off firecrackers and fireworks to worship gods and ancestors, express their celebration, and pray to the gods and ancestors to bless the family with success and all the best.
In addition, Chinese people also have a saying of "opening the door with firecrackers". The arrival of midnight on New Year's Eve also means the arrival of the new year. The first thing every household does is to open the door and set off firecrackers, firstly to get rid of the old and welcome the new, and secondly for celebration. Regardless of whether the family is rich or poor, hanging firecrackers is always inevitable. People from wealthy families can set off firecrackers one after another at dawn in order to please them or to show their strength. Of course, there is also a custom that some people take a rest when they can't stand it any longer on New Year's Eve, get up at dawn, open the door, and then release the firecrackers.
At this time, perhaps the happiest thing is the children in every household. They may hide behind adults and watch them light firecrackers. Or they cover their ears and carefully extend the fire rod to the two-kicking whip, and then jump away while the whip shortens, and then, as if they want to hear it but are afraid to hear it, listen to the "thunder on the heads of thousands of people". The adults are usually very strict in discipline, but at this time they also let the children make noises. Some of them laughed and said, "Listening to the burning of firecrackers, my childlike innocence is still there", and I felt that my childish innocence was still alive.
三
As the firecrackers are gradually set off, another "expression" of the New Year - the Spring Festival couplets have also begun to be posted, with black characters on a red background, printed in front of your eyes.
Wang Anshi said, "Thousands of households always replace old talismans with new peaches." The new peaches here replace the old talismans, pointing to the Spring Festival couplets.
Before the Song Dynasty, folklore said that all ghosts in the world were afraid of the gods Shen Tu and Yu Lei, so they often carved their images on peach wood and placed them at the door of their homes to avoid evil and harm. In the future, in order to save trouble, I would simply engrave their names on the peach wood board instead. It is believed that doing so can also suppress evil and eliminate evil. This kind of peach wood board was later called "Peach Run". In the Song Dynasty, the process was further improved, and couplets began to be written on peach boards. One was to keep the meaning of peach wood to suppress evil, the other was to express one's best wishes, and the third was to decorate the door for beauty. This later evolved into writing Spring Festival couplets on red paper.
[Picture caption: Those who have not posted Spring Festival couplets are not enough to celebrate the New Year]
Posted together with the Spring Festival couplets, there are New Year pictures, such as " The Three Stars of Fortune, Luth and Shou", "Blessings from Heavenly Officials", "Abundance of Grains" and "Carp Jumping over the Dragon Gate", all of which have certain meanings. Therefore, there are three important producing areas for New Year paintings in China: Taohuawu in Suzhou, Yangliuqing in Tianjin and Weifang in Shandong. In addition, there are window grilles and the word "福" on them.However, the word "福" is often used upside down, meaning "happiness has arrived" or "blessing has arrived". Of course, the goalkeeper is indispensable. Because the doors of country houses always have two doors opening opposite each other, those who are honored as door gods also come in pairs.
However, the goalkeeper must also be certified. One requires righteousness and force, and the other requires an extraordinary appearance, because the ancients believed that people with extraordinary looks often have magical talents and extraordinary abilities. Therefore, those who can be door gods will never be the tall, handsome and rich people they are today. Most of them have angry eyes and ferocious looks. They hold various traditional weapons in their hands and are ready to fight any ghosts who dare to come to the door. After the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the previous two generals Shen Tu and Yu Lei, people also regarded the two Tang Dynasty generals Qin Shubao and Yuchi Gong as door gods.
According to legend, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was ill and heard ghosts calling outside the door, making him restless all night. Speaking of which, whether it is a mandrill or a ghost, it is probably related to the fact that Li Shimin launched the Xuanwu Gate Incident in order to fight for the throne, intercepted and killed the prince Li Jiancheng, and finally went on a killing spree. After all, they are fratricidal, and they always feel guilty when they get the throne. But fortunately, the two generals stood guard by the door with weapons in hand, and there were no more ghosts to disturb them the next night.
Later, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty asked people to draw the images of these two generals and paste them on the door. This custom began to spread among the people.
四
The smell has become stronger and stronger, but the majority of women have begun to work harder and harder.
According to the customs and traditions of old China, "men are in charge of outside and women are in charge of home", major sacrificial events are not available to them, but they not only have to sweep the house, sweep away all bad luck and bad luck, but also dress up their family and themselves.
The Chinese New Year is undoubtedly a great opportunity for them to show off their feminine beauty, so they need to skillfully make jewelry and try on new clothes, just like the fashionable girls running around in the streets now.
In addition, they also have to carefully prepare the New Year's Eve dinner. Maybe we have to wait until after the New Year's Eve dinner, when everyone gathers around the fire to watch the New Year, "I will have a month of free time with scissors from now on", and finally have a rare leisure.
As for the custom of keeping the year old, it originated in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. "It was night, and the sound of firecrackers was heard outside. In the homes of the common people, they sat around the stove and couldn't sleep until the end of the day."
Many literati in the Liang Dynasty had poems and essays about keeping the year old, "One night lasts two years, and the fifth watch divides two years." Staying the year old is also called "taking care of the waste" - the ancients lit candles or oil lamps and stayed up all night, symbolizing driving away all evil plagues and diseases, and looking forward to good luck in the new year.
At the same time, watching the New Year's Eve is when the whole family gets together to chat and play, and it is also a rare reunion.
[Image: I used to watch Spring Festival couplets to keep the year old, but now do you still watch the Spring Festival Gala]
If we dig deeper, in ancient times, keeping the year old had two meanings: older people staying up late meant "saying goodbye to the old year", which meant cherishing time; young people staying up late was to extend the life of their parents. Since the Han Dynasty, the transition time between the new and the old year has generally been at midnight. "Shou Sui is obviously a symbol. The ancients specially used this night with the sacred and genetic connotation of handover to let us measure the time that is usually ignored."
In a book written by contemporary writer Guo Wenbin, he described the classic style of keeping the year old in rural China like this: "Father and mother sit on the kang, hugging each other, brother and sister-in-law sit at the head of the kang around the fire, surrounded by boys. All around, I listened quietly to the sound of the New Year's Eve, and the joy of family life filled the air like water. Until I sat for a long time and watched the Beidou tilt." - In his opinion, that may be the most primitive state of happiness and family affection. Time becomes visible, audible, smellable and tactile.
五
If there is a New Year's Eve, there is also a New Year's Eve.
Li Shimin's "Welcome to the old year together and see it off in the sky" expresses his joy at bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the new.
Although public interest has shifted, dance still has a place in court celebrations.
In fact, Li Shimin himself was a master of dancing. "Zizhi Tongjian" once recorded that at the party celebrating the victory of Jieli Khan: "The wine was in full swing, the emperor played and danced by himself, and the ministers came to wish for longevity, and returned home at night..." Presumably in order to celebrate the New Year, he also "danced" again.
I just don’t know, is it classical dance or HIPHOP?
It is said that the New Year is a custom, a custom, and a folk custom. However, this "custom", according to the inference from Mao Gongding, Guodian Chu Slips and other documents, is connected with "desire", that is, the concentrated expression of people's desires. In other words, it is the demand of desire that promotes the emergence of customs, customs, and folk customs.
People have a great desire to eat, especially Chinese people. Of course, the New Year cannot be separated from delicious food. Therefore, Li Shimin can have a party as much as he wants, and Cao Zhi and others can feast their guests.
Cao Zhi's description in "Yuan Hui" actually means that the Spring Festival is an auspicious day, when the house will be full of friends, everyone will laugh and have endless happiness.
However, the officials attending the banquet should wear "fresh and clean clothes, and be well-dressed and well-dressed." Of course, the banquet in return for them was also a "mixed meal", with cold dishes and hot dishes, served in layers... It can be said that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, the banquet also showed new characteristics, with more grand scenes, complex etiquette, and rich dishes. Among these hot and cold dishes, there should be fish bream, five-flavored preserved meat, Hu Geng, Hu Pao Pork, Water Shield Geng, steamed dolphin (that is, steamed piglet), fried meatballs, Wuchang fish... These are all famous dishes popular during this period.
Of course, there was also likely to be dairy products that we are so familiar with today. But this is only because a large number of nomadic ethnic minorities from the northwest settled in the Central Plains, which promoted the development of animal husbandry in the Central Plains and gave them food such as cheese (fermented milk), butter (ghee), and fermented cheese (cheese). The food was considered high-end at the time. Perhaps, after eating, they could also drink "tea", which is what we call "tea" today.
In the literature before the Three Kingdoms period, the word "tea" was not mentioned, and only the word "tea" was mentioned. Fortunately, with the increase in the planting of tea trees, tea has gradually become a common beverage in the south, and the tea-drinking custom of the Shu people has spread to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Sometimes I think about it, children in the past years were eager to celebrate the New Year. It was very important to have something good to eat, and entertainment sometimes took a back seat. Although the New Year in the countryside is not as lively as those of the elites, there are still chickens and geese, various snacks, and lucky money. It’s just that no one expected that today’s living standards have developed so unexpectedly. Ordinary days are like the New Year in the past. This year will naturally fade away in our hearts.
Fortunately, there are still firecrackers and Spring Festival couplets to remind us of the existence of the New Year.
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New Year micro-topic
#New Year's Day# China's New Year's Day, according to legend, originated from Zhuan Xu, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and has a history of more than 3,000 years. Also known as Yuanri, Yuanchang, Yuanshuo and Yuanchun. The word "New Year's Day" first appeared in the "Book of Jin": "Emperor Zhuan took the first month of Mengxia as the Yuan Dynasty, which is actually the spring of New Year's Day in Zhengshuo". China was the first to call the first day of the first lunar month "New Year's Day". Yuan means "beginning" and "beginning", and dan refers to "days". New Year's Day collectively refers to the "initial days", which is the first day of the year. Starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Meng Xiyue (the first month of the first lunar month) was stipulated as the first month, and the first day of Meng Xiyue (the first day of the first lunar month in the lunar calendar) was called New Year's Day, which was still used until the end of the Qing Dynasty. . This situation changed after the early Republic of China. New Year's Day was moved forward and became the first day of the New Year in the Gregorian calendar. The space vacated by it was used exclusively for the Spring Festival, or the New Year's Day, etc. to distinguish it. @元世凯
#神图和宇瀬# In ancient Chinese mythology, it is said that there is a world of ghosts. There is a mountain in it. There is a large peach tree covering three thousand miles on the mountain, and there is a golden rooster on the treetop. Whenever the golden rooster crows in the morning, the ghosts who wandered out at night will rush back to the ghost land. The gate of the ghost realm is located in the northeast of the peach tree. There are two gods standing by the gate, named Shen Tu and Yu Lei. If a ghost does something harmful to nature at night, Shen Tu and Yu Lei will immediately discover it and catch it, tie it up with a rope made of awning reed, and send it to feed the tiger. Therefore, all the ghosts in the world are afraid of Shen Tu and Yu Lei.So people carved their images out of peach wood and placed them at their doorsteps to avoid evil and harm. Later, people simply engraved the names of Shen Tu and Yu Lei on peach boards, believing that doing so could also suppress evil and eliminate evil. This kind of peach wood board was later called "Peach Run". @王安石
[Picture caption: Compared with these two great gods, people today are more familiar with Qin Qiong and Yu Chigong]
#First Deputy Spring Festival Couplets# It is said that Meng Chang, the king of the Later Shu Kingdom in the Five Dynasties, was a king who liked to be unconventional. On New Year's Eve at the end of 964 AD, he had a whim and asked one of his bachelors named Xin Yinxun to write two sentences on a peach board and hang them on the door frame of his residence as a peach charm. These two sentences are "New Year's greetings, happy festivals and Changchun". The main idea of the previous sentence is: In the New Year, we enjoy the legacy of our ancestors. The main idea of the next sentence is: The festival heralds the everlasting spring. Since then, the form and content of Taofu have changed, which is not only reflected in the use of parallel couplets to replace "Shen Tu" and "Yulei", but also expanded the connotation of Taofu, not only to ward off evil and disaster, but also to add blessings and wishes. This became the earliest Spring Festival couplets in our country. @花蕇 Madam @赵塡褤
# Write Spring Festival Couplets #明人 Jie Jin, the door is opposite the rich man’s bamboo forest. On New Year's Eve, he posted a Spring Festival couplet on his door: Thousands of bamboos stand opposite each other, and thousands of books are stored in his home. The rich man saw it and asked people to cut down the bamboo. Xie Jin understood its meaning deeply and added one word to each couplet: Thousands of bamboos are as short as the door, and tens of thousands of books are in the home. The rich man became even more angry and ordered the bamboo to be dug up by the roots. Xie Jin laughed secretly and added another word to the upper and lower couplets: There are thousands of bamboos in front of the door, but there are thousands of books in the home. The rich man was stunned with anger. @ Yang Shen @ Xu Wei
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Written and written | Wang Qianma (Chinese enterprise researcher, the first person to write on Chinese business geography. Published He has the novels "Media Circle" and "Hormones at a Glance", and is the editor-in-chief of "Unable to Live Alone: For Young People Who Have Been Grown Up" and "Youth Without Anxiety". In recent years, he has published "Rediscovering Shanghai 1843-1949", "Resurgence of the Shanghai Style", "Ningbo Gang: How the World's No. 1 Business Gang Disrupted Modern China", "Inventory" : China's Private Finance for a Century", "Playing with Beauty: Red Star Macalline's 30 Years of Exclusive Business Wisdom", "Papa Laver" and "New Manufacturing Era: Li Shufu and Geely, Volvo's Super Manufacturing", "Travel in a Great Power: Urban War in Cars" and other works. )
pictures | Except for signatures, all come from the Internet
editor | big waist fine
production | pink female Peppa Pig
The content of this article was published by the author of Yidianhao and does not represent the position of Qilu Yidian.
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