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Brief History of Germany
Germans lived in the territory.
Tribes gradually formed in the 2nd to 3rd century AD.
htmlThe early feudal states in Germany were formed in the 210th century.
html In the mid-213th century, it was feudal separatist.
8th century Austria and Prussia rose,
815 Vienna Conference formed the German Confederacy,
848 Revolution broke out across Germany, Prussia defeated Austria in the "Seven Weeks War" in 1866, and established the North German Federation the following year, and established the unified German Empire in
871.
914 provoked World War I and declared collapse in 1918 due to defeat. In February 1919, Germany established the Weimar Republic.
933 Hitler came to power to implement dictatorship.
939 launched World War II, and Germany was defeated on May 8, 1945. According to the Yalta Agreement and the Potsdam Agreement, Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union respectively.
On May 23, 1948, the Federal Republic of Germany was established in the merged western occupation zone.
On October 7 of the same year, the Democratic Republic of Germany was established in the Soviet-occupied area in the eastern part.
In 1990, Germany signed a national treaty on the establishment of a monetary, economic and social alliance in Bonn.
990, the two Germanys that had been split for more than 40 years were reunified.
Germanic period
About 700,000 years ago, humans stepped footsteps.
Starting about 500,000 years ago, humans have moved here one after another.
The Roman Empire first began to record the activities of Germanen tribes, but these Germanic tribes are not the same as today's German nations.
Germany tribes refer to some ethnic groups that originally lived in the southern part of Scandinavia (including Denmark) and its nearby areas. Their cultures and religions are quite close, so they have become a cultural circle.
Around 1000 BC, residents of the region began to migrate south because the climate in Nordic areas turned bad.
In 450 BC, it was distributed along the Rhine River, to the north of the Alps in the south and to the east of the Weichsel River (Vistula River).
By the 2nd century BC, these nations began another wave of ethnic movements and began to have more contact with the Roman world.
Around BC, many Germanic tribes had settled in the Danube and Rhine river basins, and they had conflicts with the Roman Empire.
In 9 AD, the German tribes defeated the then powerful Roman Empire in the Battle of Teutonic Forest.
Historists roughly divided these moving Germanic tribes into three major categories: Western Germans, Eastern Germans and Northern Germans.
For a period of time since 407, the Germanic tribes along the Rhine crossed the Rhine and established a series of short-lived kingdoms in parts of today’s France and Spain.
76, the Germans united with the lower people of the Roman Empire and overthrew the prominent Roman Empire.
Great ethnic migration
76-568, the "barbarian" tribes scattered outside the Roman Empire, mainly Germanic people, moved to the empire forcibly. The original commune system of the Germans dissolved, and tribal prominent men, military leaders and personal soldiers were eager to plunder new land and wealth from the outside;
The natural population growth puts pressure on productivity, and the Germans generally had to migrate to other places.
The crisis of Roman slavery and the decline of the empire have led to the armed migration of the "barbarians" deep into the empire's hinterland.
Frank time
09, the Franks were divided into three tribes: Salian, Ripuarian and Chatti (Hessian).In the period 428-480, the Salian Franks occupied most of the Gaul north of the Royal River.
Riprians and Katis remained in Germany and northeastern Gaul.
The Salians believed in Catholicism under the rule of King Clovis (481/482-511), and Clovis expanded his rule to other Franks and conquered most other parts of Gaul.
Merovianga dynasty ruled the land of the Franks, and was replaced by the Carolingian family in the 28th century.
Callorinian Emperor Charlemagne (reigned from 768 to 814) cooperated with the Pope (Pope) to restore the Western Roman Empire and spread Catholicism to central and northern Germany. The
empire disintegrated in the mid-9th century.
Germany founded
html At the end of the 25th century, the Frankish kingdom continued for centuries, including the glorious period of the Molovin dynasty and the Carolingian dynasty.Under the rule of Charlemagne (Crown in 800), the kingdom expanded to almost most of today's France and Germany, called the Charlemagne Empire.
After the death of Charlemagne, the empire quickly began to split.
In 843 AD, the territory of the Frank Kingdom was divided into three parts according to the Treaty of Verdun. The part on the west side of
, that is, the West Frank Kingdom on the left bank of the Rhine, became the foundation of later France; the part on the east side of
, that is, the East Frank Kingdom on the right bank of the Rhine, which speaks German, became the foundation of the later German kingdom, became the Holy Roman Empire, and was also the prototype of today's Germany; the part on the middle of
became the root of the later French-German struggles.
In 919 AD, Henry I, Duke of Saxony, was elected as king of the Eastern Frank Kingdom and established the Saxony dynasty.
The Saxony dynasty is roughly located in the Netherlands, western Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
The history of Germany in the strict sense begins here.
Mid-term development
Holy Roman Empire
Germans believed that tracing back to inherit the Roman Empire, so they called it the Holy Roman Empire.
After Charlemagne's death, the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was always taken turns to own by the Carolingian monarchs of the Eastern Frank Kingdom and the West Frank Kingdom.
After the fat Charlie was deposed in 887, the Carolingian Empire has since collapsed.
Since the Fat Charles, the title owners of the Roman Emperor are mostly Italian kings crowned by the Pope.
The actual scope of Italian kings is extremely limited, limited to northeastern Italy, and the last local king is Berengal I.
About 900, local forces in the East Frank Kingdom rose and formed four major priests, namely: Saxony, Franknia, Swabian and Bavaria.
When Louis, the last king of the Carolingian family, died in 911, the East Frank nobles did not choose the Carolingian family in the West Frank Kingdom as Louis' successor, but instead elected Conrad, Duke of Frank, as the new king.
When Conrad died, he appointed his old enemy, Henry, the bird-catcher, as his successor.
19, Duke Henry of Saxony was elected as King of the East Frank Kingdom among the many dukes of the East Frank Kingdom. After Henry's death, his son Otto succeeded to the throne as King of the East Frank Kingdom.
62, King of the Eastern Frank and Otto I of the Otto dynasty was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope John XII. By 973, he became the guardian of Rome and the emperor and the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world.
157, this empire was awarded the title of " Holy Empire ".
254, the empire began to use the title "Holy Roman Empire". After the Cologne Empire Conference in
512, it issued an edict to use the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation". was then used as the official name until 1806.
Reformation
Martin Luther In 1517 he initiated the Reformation of Germany.
519 Charles V of the Habsburg family ascended the throne. The status of the empire was weakened and unable to stop the Reformation.
522 to 1526, Luther's theory was circulated in certain cities and regions of the empire. Reformation was carried out by the monarch.
html In the 214th century, farmers broke out in an uprising because of their hardships in life.
525 Under the leadership of Minzeer, the landlord system of Frankenhaus was abolished.
Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War In the period of internal struggle in Germany, it finally ended with the victory of the Habsburg dynasty.
Religious conflicts within Germany have evolved into religious conflicts across Europe.
Catholic power expanded to the Baltic region.
Sweden was quite dissatisfied with the expansion of the Habsburg dynasty. So he joined forces with Brandenburg and Saxony to occupy southwestern Germany.
This is actually another counterattack by the Protestant forces within Germany.
Prussia Rises
701 On January 18, 1701, Frederick III, the Elector of Brandenburg, declared war on the Bourbon dynasty of France, because he supported the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg dynasty of the French. Prussia officially existed as a kingdom. Prussian King Frederick William III participated in the anti-French war again in October 1806, and was immediately defeated by Napoleon in Jena and was forced to flee to Konesburg.
807 Prussia and France concluded a peace treaty in Tilsit, Neman River. Prussia ceded 160,000 square kilometers of land, including most of the territory of Prussia Poland, and all territory west of the Elbe River, and paid 130 million francs of compensation.
806 On October 1, 1806, Prussia declared war on France again, but the French completely defeated Prussia in just 27 days. On October 27, Napoleon entered Berlin from the Brandenburg Gate, and the bronze chariot and horse on the Brandenburg Gate and the goddess of peace were brought back to France by Napoleon as trophy. After the crushing defeat in
806, Prussian Prime Minister Carl Stein began to implement reforms, including allowing citizens to participate in politics to awaken their nationalist feelings; freeing serfs; implementing local autonomy; reorganizing central government agencies, etc.
809 founded Frederick William University (University of Berlin), and Gerhard von Schánhorst began to reform the Prussian army. Patriotism has since risen.
812 In the winter of 1812, Napoleon's army retreated from Russia. Prussia joined the anti-French alliance again the following year and declared war on France on March 17, 1813. On October 24, the Prussian, Austrian and Russian coalition forces defeated the French army in Leipzig under the command of Blüchel and Gneisenau.
815, the Prussian army and the British army defeated the French army again in Waterloo. According to the territorial adjustment of the Vienna Conference, the Prussian territory extended from the Mermayer River to the Rhine, becoming the only powerful country with the dominance of German-speaking residents in the German Confederacy. After the demise of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederacy was established in 1815, with Prussia and Austria the most powerful.
Prussia and Austria both wanted to lead Germany to unify, and later Prussia gradually gained leadership.
In 1834, Prussia established the German Customs Alliance in the German region. All German states except Austria and Hamburg joined the alliance.
1848 Revolution
848 February Revolution in Paris promoted the March Revolution in the German city-state. Prussian Emperor Frederick William IV, under pressure from the people, amended the Constitution and recognized the freedom of the people.
849 On March 28, 1849, after a long discussion, the constitution of the Church of Peter was finally passed.
German Unification
861 Frederick William IV of Prussia passed away, and William I ascended the throne. On September 22, 1862, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister.
Bismar as prime minister, which marked the beginning of German reunification.
864, Prussia united with Austria to launch a war against its neighbor Denmark. In 1866, the Prussian army won a decisive victory in the Battle of Sardova, forcing Austria and Hungary to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire;
formed the Confederacy of North Germany, completing most of the cause of unification.
French-Prussian War broke out in 1870, and several states in southern Germany, Bavaria, Baden, Vuldenburg, and Hessen-Damstad broke out from France's control and Germany announced the completion of reunification in 1871.
The German Empire was founded, also known as the "Second Empire of Germany".
"Iron Blood Prime Minister" Bismarck
led the establishment of the world's first social welfare system.
1871 The first constitution of the German Empire stipulated that the prime minister was the one who monopolized the power under the emperor.
The prime minister is only responsible to the emperor and does not bow to the two houses of the parliament. The parliament cannot propose a resolution on trust or distrust of the prime minister. The ministers of each ministries are actually appointed by the prime minister.
Prime Minister is not only the highest chief executive of the empire under the emperor, but also the leader of the parliament.
In March 1889, 30-year-old William II succeeded to the throne. After William II came to power, the two had a serious conflict.
Bismarck was forced to resign in 1890 when he despised each other. He died on July 30, 1898.
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