In history, we can propose to show off our pride era of strong military power, perhaps only Mongol Empire . It is not an exaggeration to describe the Mongolian cavalry at that time as "horse-racing and land grabbing". In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire only took 20 years to conquer more than 40,000 kilometers, which was a distance around the equator of the earth. The Mongolian Iron Cavalry had three Western Expeditions, and Eurasian Continent became their racetrack. The great powers of the times, such as the British Empire, Arab Empire, , were frightened, especially Russian Empire, which instantly evaporated half of the population under the Mongolian iron hooves. The terrifying Mongol Empire almost destroyed Europe as a whole.
In the 12th century AD, the Liao Kingdom and Jin Kingdom in the history of my country competed for each other north of the Great Wall . The Southern Song Dynasty regimes were all in the world and were greedy for temporary peace. Xixia could only survive in the cracks. At this moment, nomadic tribes such as Xiongnu , Donghu, Turkic , and Xianbei in the northern border have begun to sharpen their swords in a low-key manner.
In 1206 AD, the leader of the Borjijin tribe, Temujin , suddenly unified the nomadic tribes in the northern desert, and a Mongolian cavalry led by " Genghis Khan " was born.
We talked about the reason for the first expedition of the Mongolian Empire in the last issue, which was a revenge mentality that was aroused by the blockage of seeking trade with the Huashuzimo Kingdom.
Huazhao Zimo Kingdom is a major country that guards the important trade routes between China and the West, covering an area of more than 4 million square kilometers, which is as much as twice the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time. This country has a developed economy and strong national strength. It has long dominated Central Asia. It has never taken the sudden rise of the Mongolian Empire seriously. It actually destroyed the caravans sent by the Mongolian Empire. The root of the disaster was buried deeply in Genghis Khan's heart.
In 1219 AD, Genghis Khan personally led 200,000 cavalry and divided his troops into four groups to start the Western Expedition. This is the famous "first Western Expedition of the Mongol Empire" in history. Under the powerful offensive of the Mongolian Iron Cavalry, the Huatshu Mo Kingdom collapsed rapidly, and its territory was enfeoffed by Genghis Khan and gave it to his eldest son, Shuchi .
The Mongol Empire's desire to fight and revenge was realized, but the pace of the Western Expedition did not stop. This was just the beginning of "horse-race land".
In order to kill all the people, Genghis Khan ordered his generals Zhebei and Subutai to chase the king and remnants of Huashuzimo Guo who fled in a hurry, and to kill all the way to Caspian , wherever he went, wailing everywhere. Europe's wealth increased the national strength of the Mongol Empire, which further aroused the desire of the Mongol Empire to expedition to west. They quickly took over the eastern part of Europe, and the Volga River basin and the northwest coast of Italy were encircled, and the Black Sea port also became the territory of the Mongol Empire.
In 1226 AD, Genghis Khan suddenly passed away on his way to conquer the Western Xia. All the Mongolian cavalry who fought outside were recalled. The first Western Expedition ended. In this expedition, the Mongolian legion traveled more than 18,000 kilometers.
In 1229 AD, the position of the Khan of the Mongolian Empire was inherited by Genghis Khan's third son Ogedei . In addition to the throne, Ogedei also inherited the courage of his father and the blood of the Mongols, and first joined forces with the Southern Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Kingdom. Then, the Goryeo Dynasty, which occupied the Korean Peninsula, was also subjugated. In order to strengthen national strength and strengthen his rule, his eyes once again set their sights on Europe. Therefore, the second Western Expedition of the Mongol Empire kicked off.
The way the Mongols wanted to obtain wealth and territory was so primitive and direct. Those who could be solved by force would never be verbal or scheming. This time they were optimistic about Russia's land. At that time, this place was called the "Ross Region", and lived with the Principality of Kiev (now Ukraine) and other Russian priests.
In 1240 AD, the Mongolian Iron Cavalry was unstoppable and took down Vladimir all the way, then captured Moscow , and finally occupied Kiev . After the iron hooves trampled on, Ross' population was directly reduced by half. It's not over yet. The Mongolian Legion continued to enter the Qincha area to the Hungarian border.
At the end of 1240 AD, the Mongolian army divided into three groups, approaching Polish and Syria , and Austria and Bohemia urgently sent troops to provide assistance. However, the Mongolian cavalry was too powerful and the pace of the Western Expedition was unstoppable. In , the Battle of Rignitz, all the Polish and German coalition forces were destroyed.
After capturing Syria, the Mongolian legion continued westward to the sacred Roman territory. King of Prussia Frederick II realized that the situation was not good, so he quickly asked France and England for help. Even the Italian Kingdom, far away on the Italian Peninsula, began to strengthen the city.
However, at this time, Mongolian grassland sent a message that Khan Wang Ogedei was seriously ill, the Mongolian army temporarily stopped, and a new round of competition for the Mongolian regime began. As a result, the second Western Expedition of the Mongol Empire ended, and the mileage of the Mongols this time was more than 16,000 kilometers.
The third western expedition of the Mongolian Empire focused its attention in Central Asia. Soon, The Persian Empire and the Arab Empire were encircled into the territory of the Mongolian Empire. In this expedition, the Mongolian army ran 8,500 kilometers.
While expeditioning the west "horse-crossing land", the Mongolian Empire never forgot the Central Plains. In 1253, Kublai Khan led a Mongolian cavalry to fight against the Song Dynasty. In 1271, it established the first unified dynasty in Chinese history with ethnic minorities in power---the Yuan Dynasty.
Looking at the rise and fall of the Mongolian Empire, we finally found that the Mongolians "running and land grabbing" were their strengths, and their business management was their weaknesses. In the end, they still failed to escape the curse of returning to the Mobei Grassland.
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