In 2015, the key to promulgating the " Made in China 2025" is to promote my country's transformation from an industrial power to an industrial power. From 2016 to 2018, the four words "craftsman spirit" were written into the government work report three times, and promoting the craftsman spirit has become a broad consensus. So, how should we turn from a major industrial power to an industrial power? How to develop and promote the spirit of craftsmanship? Perhaps we can find the answers to the aforementioned questions from the industrial heritage conservation and utilization project. In view of this, based on a brief review of the relevant situations of international and domestic industrial heritage protection and utilization, we pointed out that the protection and utilization of industrial heritage can be one of the future transformation and upgrading directions of industrial cities, from traditional production industries to diversified industrial linkage, such as knowledge industry, tourism industry, production-oriented service industry, life-oriented service industry and cultural and creative industry. Summarize the financing channels for existing industrial heritage protection and utilization projects from a financial perspective. Taking the cradle of modern industry Tangshan City as an example, give strategic suggestions for the government to take industrial heritage protection and utilization as the direction of transformation and upgrading development, such as improving government positioning, expanding brand publicity, integrating funds from multiple parties, and improving operational capabilities.
Development Overview: Direction of industrial city transformation
The term industrial heritage originated from "industrial archaeology". It first appeared in the UK, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. It was in the late 19th century. It was not until the 1950s that British scholars promoted the concept of "industrial archaeology" that the theory and systematic practice of the protection and utilization of industrial heritage were truly developed. In 1978, the International Industrial Heritage Protection Committee was established in Sweden and became the first international organization dedicated to the protection of industrial heritage. Subsequently, a series of protection measures and practices such as the Iron Bridge Canyon in London, the "Now Tagil Charter on Industrial Heritage", and the renovation of the Ruhr Industrial Zone in Germany also promoted the development of industrial heritage protection. Other successful international industrial heritage protection and utilization cases include: the protection system of the United States National Park, the protection and regeneration of industrial heritage in France, the Tate Modern Art Museum in the UK and its surrounding areas, and the Baochuan Art Valley Industrial Heritage in South Korea. The paths for industrial heritage protection include three items: overall improvement, creative display and industrial upgrading. The protection model is nothing more than four types: museum model, landscape park model, comprehensive development model and creative industry cluster model. Each model has its own targeted and highly protective effect. Only by applying specific protection modes within its scope of application can protection work be truly scientific and effective. Among them, the adaptive reuse of the museum model is based on its significant advantages in heritage protection, its extensive application in current practice and its diverse forms in specific operations. Among them, the "live" museum (Hagen LWL open-air museum) in Ruhr, the comprehensive museum (Essen Customs Union coal mine industrial zone), the industrial museum (Germany Mining Museum) that displays the industry production, and the modern museum (Auberhausen's gas tank) that operates modern art or modern themes (Auberhausen's gas tank).
Domestic, with the promulgation of a series of documents and programs such as the Wuxi Proposal, the Notice on Strengthening the Protection of Industrial Heritage (2006), the Guidelines for the Protection and Utilization of Industrial Heritage (Draft for Comments) (2014), the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Industrial Culture (2016), the Interim Measures for the Management of National Industrial Heritage (2018), and the Su-18 Art Zone, Qijiang Park, the Shanghai Trademark Spark Collection Museum, the Shanghai Urban Sculpture Art Center and the Suhe Modern Art Museum, China's industrial heritage protection and utilization have made phased progress. The "National Adjustment and Renovation Plan for Old Industrial Bases (2013-2022)" approved by the State Council in 2013 defines 120 old industrial cities, including 95 prefecture-level cities, 25 municipalities directly under the Central Government, municipalities with independent planning status, and provincial capital cities, which clearly state that the transformation of old industrial areas should focus on protecting industrial heritage with regional characteristics. However, in these cities, a large number of valuable industrial heritage is still on the brink of "bulldozers", and it is urgent to rescue industrial heritage that is in crisis due to its lack of widespread attention.In view of this, we believe that one of the directions of transformation and development of resource-based cities is the protection and utilization of industrial heritage. On the one hand, it is to fully combine the resource endowment of resource-based cities and shift from traditional production industries to diversified industrial linkage, such as knowledge industry, tourism industry, production-based services industry, life-based services industry and cultural and creative industries; on the other hand, it is to integrate new industries and high-end services in the transformation process to create a sample or highland for the protection and utilization of domestic industrial heritage, and integrate the relevant contents of the Tagil Charter under Industrial Heritage, such as the appraisal, recording and research of industrial heritage; maintenance and preservation of industrial heritage; education and training related to industrial heritage, etc., which compete in the transformation direction of other cities, because in the practice of existing industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, most projects appear unknown, and relatively well-known projects such as Hongfang also face difficulties. One of the important and objective reasons that cannot be ignored is the insufficient source of funds or the poor commercial operation of a single source of funds. In view of this, we sort out the financing source issues regarding the protection and utilization of industrial heritage in the second part of this article for reference by resource-based cities.
financing source: government-oriented, other auxiliary
industrial heritage protection and utilization projects mainly involve multiple participation mechanisms of government, non-governmental organizations, social groups, charities and individuals (volunteers), among which the government plays a leading role. The main source of funding for the protection and utilization of industrial heritage projects in the UK is national and local financial appropriations, supplemented by multi-party cooperation between social groups, charities and individuals, as well as tax reductions and exemptions, loans, utility appropriations, issuance of prize tickets or self-raised funds. The United States mainly provides financial guarantees for heritage protection through legal means. For example, the National Historical Protection Law has established direct subsidy projects for the Historical Protection Fund and engineering financing guarantee projects. In addition, donations can be used to implement heritage protection projects. In addition, various foundations have joined the army of protection and utilization of industrial heritage. Japan has gradually formed a multi-party cooperation with national investment to drive local government investment funds through cooperation, supplemented by social groups, charities and individuals. Below, we will briefly analyze the financing issues of industrial heritage protection and utilization based on specific cases.
first, government investment or tax incentive guidance. The government’s contribution to the protection and utilization of industrial heritage is nothing more than two sources of funding. One is investment, such as full investment of public welfare industrial heritage projects. For non-public welfare projects, differentiated financial support policies can be formulated. For example, all approved general projects in the Ruhr district of Germany can obtain 28% of the investment amount, and projects that promote local infrastructure construction and waste factory utilization can obtain 80% of the investment amount. North Rhine-Westphalia stipulates that "when enterprises in emerging industries such as information technology settle in the place of industrial heritage project renovation, they will give large enterprise investors 28% and small enterprise investors 18% economic subsidies." The second is tax incentives. For example, in 1976, the US government promulgated the Tax Reform Act to encourage the renovation and reuse of historical buildings. The key point is that the government implements tax reductions and exemptions of different levels of renovation through the assessment of renovation buildings, which not only inspires developers to transform historical buildings, but also supervises the design and construction quality of renovation projects. The most important thing is to not occupy the government's budget. Third, other methods such as funds. Other measures by the government to help protect and utilize industrial heritage include setting up special funds, relaxing bank credit or simplifying approval procedures, etc. to stimulate development and protection. For example, the German government's real estate fund model, the government buys the Ames Industrial Park through real estate funds, renovates and rents it to private companies to establish science and technology innovation centers, or develops tertiary industries such as trade services, or establishes scientific research centers, and then invests the income in new projects. The above financial support and operation models can not only obtain basic funds, but also encourage and increase the development of environmental protection, science and technology and emerging industries.
second, PP and PPP+BOT modes.In Europe and the United States, the PPP model is considered a good way to deal with many social problems in the context of declining industrial competitiveness and declining manufacturing employment, because it can give full play to the strengths of all parties and coordinate the interests of various stakeholders such as governments, owners, investors and communities. A model of the application of the PPP model in the protection and utilization of industrial heritage is Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. In 1958, the Philadelphia City Government and the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce jointly established PPP, and jointly with public institutions such as the Philadelphia Industrial Bureau, professional building energy conservation institutions such as the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster, developers with rich experience in real estate and green buildings, as well as high-quality cooperative institutions in energy and property management, successfully building the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard project into a sample to promote urban rejuvenation, enhance the economy, increase employment and environmental sustainable development. The model of application of the PPP+BOT model is the Songshan Tobacco Factory Cultural Park in Taipei. According to the plan, the space operation of Songshan Tobacco Factory is divided into two parts. Area A is a historical site and historical building area. It is divided into three phases and is entrusted by Taipei City Cultural Bureau after completing the restoration project. Area B is handled by the government in PPP+BOT. Taipei City signed a PPP contract with Yuanxiong Enterprise Group and Taipei Cultural and Creative Development Co., Ltd. respectively. The latter will build a large dome and a cultural and creative industry base for the park, and will operate for 50 years. After the expiration, the operating rights of Songshan Cultural and Creative Park will be transferred back to the Taipei Municipal Government, that is, the BOT model.
third, public welfare or charity trust model. At present, the common international use of charitable trusts for industrial heritage protection and utilization include the British National Trust , the British Building Protection Trust, the American National Historical Heritage Protection Trust, and the American Art and Building Protection Fund, which focuses on the post-disaster reconstruction of historical and cultural cities. Among them, the UK's construction protection trusts are divided into two categories. One is to operate multiple projects on the basis of a revolving fund, such as the Scottish National Trust, the Architectural Heritage Foundation, the Citizen Trust Fund and the Scottish Citizen Trust; the other is a trust established to protect a specific building or place, such as the New Lanark World Industrial Heritage Protection Trust, with funds from the South Lanark Committee local government, local enterprise companies, heritage lottery funds and charities, etc. The National Historical Heritage Protection Trust is similar to the National Trust in the United Kingdom and is a model of public welfare trust organizations. We use the National Trust as a brief description of the operating model of this type of trust. National Trust was established in 1895. It is a public welfare organization in the UK that is separated from the government and operated independently. Its purpose is to protect beautiful or historically valuable land and buildings for the benefit of all citizens. There are three key points for the success of the National Trust: First, legislative guarantees. In 1907, the British National Trust Act stipulated that the assets entrusted cannot be transferred, and it also stipulated that all trust assets should be open to the public, and the charge of tickets is used as maintenance and management fees. Secondly, ideological foundation. Before the establishment of the National Trust, the UK had conducted several discussions on the restoration of historic heritage, and established the protection purpose of "not imitating, not subjectively fabricating, and respecting the cultural and historical itself". Finally, the operation model. National Trust has established an operating model of "protection + open to the public", with four main sources of income: one is membership fees, the current membership is about 3.8 million, with an annual income of about 200 million pounds; the second is ticket income and gift sales income, and even its own lottery sales agency; the third is rental income, such as renting farmland and grassland to farmers; the fourth is to reduce expenses, and use the enthusiasm of more than 60,000 volunteers to save a lot of costs.
In summary, in terms of the source of funds for industrial heritage protection, the main international practices include government investment or tax incentive guidance, PPP and PPP+BOT models, and public welfare/charity trust models. There are also some practices in the operation methods of industrial heritage protection, such as the government-led leadership of Wuxi Maoxin Flour Factory, company operation and enterprise management, the first acquisition and then leasing model of Beicangmen Silk Warehouse, and the supporting development model of Beiqiao Warehouse, etc., such as the public welfare and charity model of "Xiamen Trust-Chongqing Garden Chinese Traditional Culture Protection and Inheritance Charity Trust" and "China Resources Trust Heyuan Cultural Conservation Charity Trust Plan".
Domestic Inspiration: Tangshan Sample, the integration of government and business
Industrial heritage is the carrier of industrial culture, and industrial culture is the soul of industrial heritage. There is an interdependent and mutually promoting relationship between the two. The inheritance of industrial culture can enhance the value of heritage, continue social memory, shape regional characteristics, drive the development of related industries, thereby promoting the protection and renewal of industrial heritage; the renewal of industrial heritage can create material conditions for the inheritance of industrial culture through the protection of heritage sites, the transformation of industrial buildings and the restoration of environmental landscapes. Therefore, the protection and renewal of industrial heritage is also an opportunity for the inheritance of industrial culture. As we all know, in the process of renewing industrial heritage, the UK pays great attention to the excavation and expression of industrial culture, and realizes the coupling between industrial heritage renewal and industrial cultural heritage through a series of spatial models such as industrial museums, industrial sites, historical factories, workshops and heritage parks, making industrial heritage a "cultural product" with spiritual connotation.
Although my country's industrialization started late, it has also nurtured an industrial culture and industrial spirit with Chinese characteristics in exploration and practice. As the cradle of modern industry, Tangshan City has created many firsts, such as China's first mechanized coal mining mine, China's first standard Guizhou gauge railway, China's first steam locomotive, China's first barrel of mechanical cement, and China's first sanitary ceramic sanitary ware. In 2013, the "National Planning for Adjustment and Renovation of Old Industrial Bases (2013-2022)" was released, and Tangshan ranked among the prefecture-level cities. In January 2018, at the press conference of the " China Industrial Heritage Protection Directory " hosted by the China Science and Technology Coordination Propaganda Department and hosted by the China Association for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Research Institute and the China Urban Planning Society, 100 representative and outstanding value of the first batch of Chinese industrial heritage protection lists were released. Six enterprises or remains including Kailuan Coal Mine , Tangshan Railway Site, Tangxu Railway Repair Factory, Qixin Cement Company, Luanhe Iron Bridge, Tangshan Magnetic Factory, etc., were on the list, accounting for 6% of the total number of the first batch of lists. On November 15, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "Notice on the Announcement of the Second Batch of National Industrial Heritage List", and Qixin Cement Plant and Kailuan Tangshan Mine were successfully selected.
Tangshan has made many attempts in the protection and utilization of industrial heritage (see Table 1 for details), such as building museums and carrying out industrial tourism. For example, the "Hebei Province Tourism Industry "13th Five-Year Plan" clearly positioned Tangshan as a characteristic tourist city - a famous industrial tourism city. However, in the protection and utilization of industrial heritage, there are still the following problems: First, the government's positioning needs to be improved. Although industrial tourism is built as a direction for transformation and upgrading in public reports, the connotation of industrial heritage protection and utilization is far more than that; Second, brand promotion still needs to be improved. At present, the domestic awareness of industrial heritage protection and utilization is relatively low, so brand promotion is a consensus issue; Third, financing channels must be expanded. From Table 1, we can see that in the current industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, most of the funds are funded by state-owned enterprises, which is relatively single. At the same time, we also understand that due to the influence of macro-control such as "three cuts, one reduction and one supplement", commercial banks in Tangshan area still have insufficient effective credit supply; Fourth, commercial operations must be strengthened, ticket revenue and souvenir sales revenue should be the main source of income for Tangshan's existing industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, and the scale is estimated to be not too high.
Table 1 Development of some industrial heritage in Tangshan
Source: Author compiled
In view of this, we can position the protection and utilization of industrial heritage as the direction of industrial cities transformation and upgrading, improve the government positioning and brand influence, expand the connotation of industrial heritage protection and utilization, government fund guidance, commerce and social capital integration sources, improve the commercial operation capabilities of industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, and ensure long-term sustainability. Specifically:
First, positioning the protection and utilization of industrial heritage as the transformation and upgrading direction of the industrial city Tangshan, and improving the government's positioning while developing staggeredly. combines the Tagil Charter and the "Interim Measures for the Management of National Industrial Heritage" and successful cases of international industrial heritage protection and utilization, and builds the protection and utilization of industrial heritage into a multi-industry alliance that integrates knowledge industry, tourism industry, production service industry, life service industry and cultural and creative industries, such as developing industrial tourism projects with functions such as production process experience, historical humanities and popular science education, and characteristic product promotion; for example, building industrial cultural industry parks, characteristic towns (blocks), innovation and entrepreneurship bases, etc., and cultivating industrial design, arts and crafts, industrial creativity and other formats. When conditions are ripe, you can apply to the state for the "Industrial Heritage Protection and Utilization" pilot or demonstration city to expand your brand influence.
Second, create a financing model for the protection and utilization of industrial heritage with "government guidance, business and social capital participation". In combination with the financing sources for the protection and utilization of international and domestic industrial heritage, we believe that the Tangshan Municipal Government can establish government-guided funds. For example, establish an industrial heritage protection fund or industrial cultural development funds, which can accept funds from commercial banks in Tangshan area and guide the development of related industries through tax preferential policies and subsidy policies. At the same time, we should make more use of social resources. For example, expand the aforementioned charitable trust model to the "charitable trust + consumer trust" model. The principal (such as local tourism companies in Tangshan) entrusts a standardized fund of 1,000 yuan. For a certain period of time, if you can lead a group to participate in designated industrial heritage projects or related theme activities for a certain number of times, such as special lectures.
Third, based on actual economic conditions and resource endowments, upgrade and transform existing industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, create new industrial heritage protection and utilization projects, and explore the path of industrial heritage protection and utilization with Chinese characteristics. As mentioned earlier, the operation of the National Trust in the UK is a model. In addition, the operating model of Tate Art Museum is also worth learning from. For example, in the north entrance hall with the most crowded traffic (including the first floor and the underground floor), a comprehensive store, a bookstore, a souvenir and derivatives retail store, and an original design exhibition store, Tate Edit, was respectively opened. It has naming and exhibition cooperation with B&B, and has an independent entrance and display window next to the main entrance. Combined with the daily scattered donations from tourists and the public welfare and charitable donations from high-end people, plus several cafes, theme restaurants and bars, Tate can be completely "self-sufficiency, even "gathering fame and fortune".
Author unit: Institute of Finance of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,
National Finance and Development Laboratory
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