1. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure ? That the evidence was inconclusive , the science uncertain ?
structure:
- Do you [main] remember [predicate] all those years [object]
- attributive clause: when scientists [main] argued [predicate]
- object clause: that smoking [main] would kill [predicate] us [object] but the doubters [main] insisted [predicate]
- object clause: that we [main] didn’t know [predicate] for sure [predicate] ?
- That the evidence [main] was [inclusive] inconclusive [table] , the science [main] uncertain ? [table]
words:
conclusive a. Confirm Determined
parsing:
- when guided attributive clause, modify all those years
- attributive clause contains two object clauses, both of which are guided by that
- In the last sentence, the verb was omitted, the science was uncertain ?
literal translation: Do you still remember those years? Scientists point out that smoking will kill us, but skeptics insist that we don’t know if that is true, that the evidence is uncertain, and science is also uncertain
Translation: Do you remember when scientists think that smoking will kill us, while skeptics insist that we cannot be sure of this view? Remember when skeptics insisted that the evidence was not conclusive and science was not sure about it?
Key points:
- when guided attributive clause, modify all those years
- attributive clause contains two object clauses, both of which are guided by that
- In the last sentence, the verb was omitted, the science was uncertain ?
2. That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way ? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense , and over three decades , some 10 million smokers went to early graves .
structure:
- That the antismoking lobby [main] was [system] out [table] to destroy our way of life [system]
- and the government [main] should stay out of [denoted] the way [business] ?
- Lots of Americans [main] buy [denoted] that nonsense [business] ,
- and over three decades [main] , some 10 million smokers [main] went to early [predicate] graves [object]
words:
Lobby n. Lobby
Buy/bought vt. Buy in exchange to believe
Nonsense n. nonsense silly meaningless
Grave n. Grave cemetery
phrase:
Out to try
Stay out of being outside...
Lots of Many
literal translation: Remember when skeptics firmly believe that those anti-smoking lobbying attempts to ruin the way we live, should the government be outside of anti-smoking? Most Americans believe in that nonsense, so 30 years later, about 10 million smokers entered the grave early
Translation: Remember when skeptics insisted that anti-smoking lobby groups were meant to undermine our way of life, and that the government should be out of the matter? Many Americans believe this unreasonable statement. Over the past 30 years, about 10 million smokers have died prematurely
Points:
- Out to try
- Stay out of
3. There are upsetting parallels today , as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming .
Structure:
- There are upsetting parallels today ,
- as scientists in one wave after another [main] try to awaken [predicate] us [object] to the growing threat of global warming [supplement]
words:
Parallels n. Similar parallel
phrases:
Try to Trying to
literal translation: Now, there is a frustrating similar thing, when scientists try to remind us of the growing threats brought by global warming
Translation: Now, worrying similar situations are back, scientists continue to try to wake us up to face up to the growing threats brought by global warming
4. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences , enlisted by the White House , to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made .
structure:
- The latest [main] was [system] a panel [table] from the National Academy of Sciences [counter]
- insertion, enlisted by the White House ,
- to tell us [character]
- object clause: that the Earth’s atmosphere [main] is [system] definitely warming [table]
- object clause: and that the problem [main] is [system] largely man-made [table] .
words:
Panel n. Group Panel
enlist vt. Enlist to the army Win Fight to support Help
Definitely ad. Sure certainty of course Indeed,
parsing:
- There is an insertion between two commas, truncating the adverbial of purpose
- There are two object clauses in the adverbial of purpose, both guided by that
literal translation: The latest news from a White House-sponsored research group of the National Academy of Sciences tells us that the earth's atmosphere is indeed constantly warming, and this problem is mainly caused by man-made
Translation: Recent situation is that a team of the National Academy of Sciences convened by the White House tells us that the atmosphere of the earth is definitely warming, and this problem is mainly about
key points:
- There is an insertion between two commas, which cuts off the adverbial of purpose
- There are two object clauses in the adverbial of purpose, both guided by that
5. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves . The president of the National Academy , Bruce Alberts , added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report : “Science never has all the answer . But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future , and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions . "
structure:
- The clear message [main] is [system]
- Preface clause: that we [main] should get [predicate] moving to protect ourselves [object] .
- The president of the National Academy [main]
- insertion: , Bruce Alberts ,
- added [predicate] this key point [object] in the preface to the panel’s report [main] :
- Science [main] never has [predicate] all the answer [object] .
- But science [main] does provide [predicate] us [object] with the best available guide to the future [supplement] ,
- and it [formal subject] is critical
- real subject: that our nation and the world [main] base important policies on [predicate] the best judgments [object]
- Attribution clause: that science [main] can provide [predicate] concerning the future consequences of present actions [Definition]
Word:
Preface n. Preface Preface
Critical a. Important Key
Concerning vt. About
parsing:
- The first that leads the table clause, the table clause of is made
- between the two commas is an insertion, truncated the subject and predicate
- colon represents supplementary explanation
- It is critical that...it in the form subject, the real subject is the following that clause
- The real subject contains an attributive clause, which is guided by that, modify the best judgments
literal translation: This clear message is that we should take action to protect ourselves.Bruce, director of the National Academy of Sciences, added this key point to the foreword of the group report: "Science will not have all answers, but science does provide our most likely guide to the future, and it is also very critical for our country and the world to develop important policies based on the best judgment of the impact of current behavior on the future provided by science."
Translation: The clear message is that we should act to protect ourselves. Bruce Alberts, President of the National Academy of Sciences, attached this key point to the group's report: "Science will not answer all questions, but science does provide us with the most useful guidance to the future. The key is that when making the most important decisions, our country and the world should use the best judgment that science can provide about the impact of human behavior on the future."
key points:
- The first that guides the predicate clause, the table of is
- is an insertion between the two commas, truncating the subject and predicate
- colon to indicate supplementary instructions
- It is critical That...it is the formal subject, the real subject is the following that clause
- The real subject contains an attribution clause, which is guided by that, modifying the best judgments
Translation: The clear message is that we should act to protect ourselves. Bruce Alberts, President of the National Academy of Sciences, attached this key point to the group's report: "Science will not answer all questions, but science does provide us with the most useful guidance to the future. The key is that when making the most important decisions, our country and the world should use the best judgment that science can provide about the impact of human behavior on the future."
key points:
- The first that guides the predicate clause, the table of is
- is an insertion between the two commas, truncating the subject and predicate
- colon to indicate supplementary instructions
- It is critical That...it is the formal subject, the real subject is the following that clause
- The real subject contains an attribution clause, which is guided by that, modifying the best judgments
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-