article is reproduced from " China National Geographic BOOK"
Be careful of the light in the deep sea.
Two days ago, the British Mirror reported that fishermen in Arica, Chile recently caught a harbor of a 16-foot (about 4.9 meters) long. Because of its huge size, it was lifted ashore by a crane.
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Facing exceptions and unknowns, humans will always make up for some mysterious things, and this is especially true when facing the ocean, because humans really know very little about the ocean.
We conquered the highest peak of the earth, explored the underground, stepped onto the moon, approached Mars , and even the Weber telescope brought the most shining cosmic starry sea, but we almost didn't understand the oceans covering 70% of the earth.
is within our ability, and only 5% of the ocean is developed, and the remaining 95% is still full of mystery.
The two most important difficulties that hinder us from continuing to explore the depths of the ocean are - water pressure and low temperature .
is a difficult problem that humans cannot overcome, but for many fish living in the deep sea, they are all trivial matters. They live happily and even look willful. They probably just "I can't see it, so just grow up."
This random length is not as simple as ugly. As we go deeper and deeper, the terrifying faces hidden in the darkness of the ocean can definitely be called 's ugly and very "dangerous" . If there are really ghosts in the world, then probably they all find inspiration from these "demons".
Today, we dive into the deep sea and meet these strange creatures. to see which layer can you persist in seeing?
Bright red sausage mouth? Can you climb the big head? Alienated crab?
This flame red lips from the seabed - red lips batfish , is an unforgettable funny look when you look at it. It looks like a big brother with a wide head, flat head, and insists on applying big red lips to show his extraordinary personality.
is a large proportion of face and head, so it is more like a big head with four legs and crawling. Most red lips batfish live under the sea surface about 100 meters, or walk near a coral reef 120 meters deep.
This face looks really unmatched with the ocean. With such red lips, they probably scared away all the food before they moved, so the red-lipped batfish can only find another way.
The dorsal fin of an adult red-lipped batfish will turn into a spiny-like protrusion. Scientists speculate that there is a function of trapping prey here.
If you are extremely hungry, you will directly hunt with kiss tentacles. After all, such a strange look is even more funny when swimming, and it will indeed affect the speed.
So, what people see most is a bighead fish with red lips that is walking on the seabed of .
The above here are our common, warm and vibrant marine ecology, and the sunlight stops below 200 meters. Here, there is no photosynthesis belt , which is another world -
The temperature, salinity and density of seawater will change dramatically, and until it reaches a depth of 1,000 meters, it belongs to the ocean mid-layer zone.
A "Sea monster " is lurking in this dark area.
From a distance, this figure is an eel , but when you turn your head, these fangs are paired with uneven square heads, how is this an eel? It is simply a werewolf in the eel world, no wonder it is called wolf eel .
Each wolf eel has different markings, with body colors such as blue, green, red, and brown. It has pairs of gill slits and pectoral fins, and has no ventral fins. It is generally hidden in caves in coral reefs. It often exposes its head outside the cave to observe movement and still ambush prey. It is a cold-water carnivorous fish.
When you see this sea monster, you can't ignore its neat row of 8 front teeth, which can reach 2-5 cm in length. With the tough molars and strong double jaws, you can easily bite the crustaceans and thick lips on the jaws to protect them from being stabbed when eating sea urchins and shellfish.
So, sea urchin is stuffy in one bite, crab is crispy , conch and starfish are no problem. Even if the head is cut off, there is still extraordinary bite force.
has only 100 meters deep into the sea, and it has changed from a charming red lips to a fanged eel. What other terrifying things will be waiting for us in ?
Seabed 500-1000 meters
has arrived here, the transition layer has ended, and we have officially entered the deep sea layer.
is completely black here, and fish have evolved portable lighting equipment themselves. They hang small lanterns on their heads or install lights on their bodies, making the deep black ocean shine suddenly.
The one who meets here with a small lantern is not a cute little girl, but deep-sea squid .
(The picture may cause discomfort, please watch it with caution)
The same deep sea style has a huge and flat head, a flat and wide mouth, and a row of sharp teeth with tips facing inward around the edge of the mouth, just open the mouth and bare the teeth, the eyes grow on the back of the head, the field of view is wider, the cheek hole is relatively large, and the whole body has no scales.
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is an ugly fish and an old fish, but he is carrying an small lantern that is incompatible with this appearance. This thing that gradually extends upward from the first dorsal fin of the horny fish is its hunting artifact .
The front section of the small lantern is like a fishing rod, and the ends are enlarged to form "bait" . There are gland cells in the lantern, which can secrete the vitin. The vitin acts slowly with oxygen and emits light under the catalysis of the vitinase.
and There are many fish in the deep sea with phototaxis , so the small lanterns have become a favorable weapon for squid fish to attract food.
(the picture may cause discomfort, please watch with caution)
from top to bottom are: yellow horn mandibular teeth are 2 rows, white in the mouth, and 8 to 11 arm fin strips; black horn horn mandibular teeth are 3 rows, black and white round marks in the mouth, and 6 to 7 arm fin strips; cryptic spines are 3 first dorsal fin spines, shoulder spines are well developed, and are only distributed in the deep sea area above 5,600 meters in the South China Sea.
Among the bright "killers" in the deep sea area, there is only a small lantern that is considered a simple shape. This one has the "starfish" that has a row of lights.
Don't be fooled by this name. Look at this face, I almost died on the spot.
(the picture may cause discomfort, watch it with caution)
deep sea horror movie!
's big eyes, big mouth, and fangs are even more scary under the starlight. Fortunately, it can grow to about 10 cm at the largest time. Although this little meat-eating player is too scary, at least humans will not be too fatal to encounter it, but they are just scared away.
in deep kelp, don't believe in any light, there may be a killer with fangs hidden there.
The killer of the seabed is about 1500 meters
, a shark with an eel-like appearance, but actually has 300 sharp teeth with more than 25 rows of sharp teeth - fold shark , is the oldest killer;
is the most primitive shark, without subspecies differentiation, and is known as "living fossil" . There are six gill slits on both sides of the body. The gills are long and wrinkled, and they cover each other, so they are named the wrinkled shark. The reason why
wrinkled sharks have more gill slits than other sharks is probably because most of them live in deep-sea environments, and the concentration of oxygen in the deep-sea environment is relatively low, so requires more gill slits to exchange gases .
(pictures may cause discomfort, watch with caution)
Fold sharks use the side lines and touch of their bodies to navigate and perceive the contours of the seabed. They are very sensitive to sound and long-distance vibrations and can release electrical pulses through their muscles. At the same time, the up and down changes are distinguished by detecting the pressure of water.
The pleated shark eel-shaped body has strong muscles that can launch sudden attacks like snakes, and the long body can hold more food.
Folded Shark can dominate the deep sea and become a top predator, relying on the body's perception and agile attack. With this ability, also adds deep sea arowana with light buff, which is obviously more open than it can eat.
Look at this big mouth, it is also called giant mouth fish . It has a large number of long and sharp fangs in its mouth. It has a luminous bait growing on the jaw, constantly flickering and swinging back and forth to seduce prey. When the prey is approaching, it will use sharp teeth to hold on with its fingers.
(the picture may cause discomfort, watch with caution)
There are also two rows of luminescents on both sides of its body. These luminescents can signal other giant fish during mating, or imitate the rippling waves shot from the sea, thus misleading those predatory fish from deep below.
The biggest difference between the black giant fish and other species is that its eyes are specialized into a cylinder, with photosensitive cells densely spreading under large crystals. Under the eyes, there is also a pair of luminescent . When searching for prey in the deep ocean, it can function as an searchlight .
can prey and illuminate, and the deep-sea arowana really understands the light.
If there is hell at the bottom of the sea, then what should Satan the God of Death look like?
is probably the look of Styx jellyfish . It is also known as the "dementor" in the deep sea. Look at the tentacles of , which is nearly 11 meters long, which looks like the dementor's tattered clothes. It is considered to be one of the largest invertebrate carnivores in the deep sea ecosystem.
, a large jellyfish , mainly lives in the deep sea about 500 to 2,000 meters, and is widely distributed. It has been found in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Arctic Ocean , but our research on the living habits of this jellyfish is very lacking.
Because Styx jellyfish is very rare . Since its discovery more than a hundred years ago, humans have only seen it 114 times in the ocean. The most recent time was in November 2021, when American scientists took a photo in the deep sea in Monterey Bay, California.
The largest individual umbrella found in the River Styx jellyfish currently is about 1.4 meters in diameter, and there are four very developed wrists around the mouth. There are many folds on the edge of the umbrella, and the longitudinal muscles under the umbrella are very developed, so humans only know about it.
Therefore, through the English name of the Styx Jellyfish, it is not difficult to see that people are full of fantasies about this mysterious creature.
Stygiomedusa gigantea is composed of two words. The former stygio has the meaning of "underground world surrounded by water" in ancient Greek . Its etymology is translated as Styx, which is one of the nine rivers leading to the underworld in Greek . It is also the name of the goddess who controls Stygian. In English, stygian is translated literally as Styx.
The second half of the genus medusa refers to the famous snake-haired banshee medusa in Greek mythology, but in English this word can also refer to jellyfish.
The Styx jellyfish was originally the deepest creature on the seabed that we thought we could survive, and this image was already the most terrifying and mysterious existence we could bear. never expected that the great life was still taking us to dive.
. The creatures that can live in such an environment can even dive into the deeper seabed - welcome the Mariana lionfish from 8143 meters deep to debut.
This is a new species of fish discovered by humans in 2014. It also refreshed the record of fish survival in the deepest sea area . The origin of the name of this fish is related to Mariana Trench . This is the deepest known trench in the world. The maximum depth is 11,000 meters below the sea, which is equivalent to being able to install the entire upside down Mount Everest .
According to National Geographic, the small translucent, scaleless fish discovered by scientists are highly adapted to the deep-sea environment where other organisms cannot survive.
Mariana Trench Schematic diagram.
Picture\Wikimedia Commons
Because you walk deeper into the trench, there will be no fish. About 8,200 meters below the sea is the limit that fish can withstand pressure.
University of Washington expert Mackenzie Gerringer said that in the trench, life is limited, but Mariana lionfish can withstand the weight of 1,600 elephants and they have evolved the ability to adapt to this environment. The unusual thing about this fish is that it can not only bear the pressure that others cannot bear, but also looks really -
is so pretty!
It has no scales, no teeth, and it does not bioluminescence like many deep-sea creatures. Its petite body, eel-like tail, and stretched fins are like a girl's skirt when swimming.
You can see the appearance of this deep-sea elf in the Museum of Aquatic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Is this still the deep-sea law "Anyway, no one can see anyone, just grow as you like" fish world?
A Mariana lionfish on display at the Museum of Aquatic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The method of Mariana lionfish to fight against the harsh environment of the deep sea is not only because it is beautiful, but also has magical physical functions.
It reduces the body density in and has smaller bones, less muscle tissue, and a high body moisture content, so the flesh is as soft as jelly. These are all to provide buoyancy for it to swim in the deep sea.
is of course not enough. In the study of the Mariana lionfish genome, the Abyss Science Expedition Team of my country found that the calcification process of its bones terminated early due to mutations in the related gene, resulting in the absence of a closed cavity in the skull;
At the same time, some genes related to the stability of cell membranes, protein, also undergo specific mutations, and further enhances the lionfish's compressive resistance at the molecular level.
Incompleteness of Mariana lionfish skull is associated with premature termination of related genes.
is able to persist in seeing this, which shows that your love and curiosity for the deep sea has helped you overcome your fear of ugly creatures.
What exactly is there for the real seabed 10,000 meters?
is probably...SpongeBob SquarePants.
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does not represent the position of the Institute of Geology and Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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