A few days ago, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage reported the archaeological achievements that the large tomb of Jiangcun, Bailuyuan, Xi'an was the Baling of Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng (also known as Baling). This corrected the misunderstanding of the location of Baling in the 700 years since the Yuan Dynasty, and truly restored the specific historical space of the "Baling" and "Baqiao Liu" chanted in the poem.
information transmission interruption caused misidentification of location
Yuan Dynasty Luo Tianxiang recorded in the compilation of "Chang'an Zhi" that "the tomb of Emperor Wen is under the mouth of the Phoenix in the north of the White Deer Plain forty miles east of Tonghua Gate in Jingzhao." Since then, descendants have continued to use this statement and have always believed that the tomb of Emperor Wen is in the mouth of the Phoenix.
The imperial tomb is generally large in scale, and various signs are often very eye-catching. So, how could the specific location of the Baling be misidentified?
Baling has its own special features.
Emperor Wen of Han had his own clear proposals and arrangements for his subsequent events. According to historical records, Emperor Wen advocated frugality throughout his life, and specifically mentioned in his will, "In today's world, Xian Jia was born and hates death. He buried a grand karma to destroy his karma, and took a heavy meal to hurt his life. I didn't take it very much." He clearly opposed a grand karma. The will also clearly require that "the mountains and rivers of Baling have not changed because of the reason." Regarding the meaning of this sentence, the Eastern Han writer Ying Shao explained that Emperor Wen's proposition was "Because the mountain is hidden, no tombs will be raised, and the rivers at the foot of the mountain will not be stopped, and the water name is considered a tomb." In other words, Emperor Wen of Han requires that his tomb be built according to the natural form of the mountain terrain, and there is no need to build a high-rise soil. As for the tomb, because there is a nearby Ba River, it is okay to dominate the tomb. This "low-key" makes Baling lack some of the striking objects commonly used in imperial tombs. Under certain historical conditions, it leads to vague identification of later generations, and thus misidentification and misrepresentation of specific locations.
The famous historical blogger "Yongzhou Jiedushi" believes that the location of Baling was generally determined during the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, because history clearly records that the Baling excavation incident occurred during the Western Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty and Western Jin Dynasty. "The turning point of the matter occurred in the Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms. After a hundred years of social unrest, the ground buildings of the Baling Mausoleum were completely destroyed, and the specific location of Baling was out of examination." Later, some scholars or local chronicles only mentioned that Baling was on the White Deer Plain, until Luo Tianxiang, a Yuan Dynasty man, had a relatively clear position. This view continued to the later Ming and Qing dynasties. Bi Yuan of the Qing Dynasty erected the tombstone of the Bald Mausoleum under the mouth of the Phoenix, which was "confirm" to this statement. Therefore, Baling has been misidentified for seven hundred years.
In history, errors occur due to interruption of information transmission are obviously not an isolated case. The blogger certified as the Henan Provincial Archaeology Research Institute believes that the exploration of the location of Cao Cao’s tomb is similar to this. The location of Cao Cao's tomb was originally clear, "It is very likely that the war brought by the Jin people interrupted the transmission of information." The "respecting Liu and demoting Cao" in the Southern Song Dynasty added another fire, and even the saying "seventy-two doubted tombs" suddenly appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, the later circulating of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", later generations firmly believed in the theory of "doubting tombs".
How could Emperor Wen open up a prosperous era
Emperor Wen of Han worked hard to govern and opened up a prosperous era of "Wenjing's governance", which was highly praised by future generations. Liu Heng was called Emperor Wen. According to the posthumous law, "benevolence and kindness of the people is called Wen"; when the ministers of the court planned to support Liu Heng as the emperor, he was still the King of Dian. Lieutenant Deng Chang also praised him as "a wise, sage, benevolence and filial piety, and was known to the world", which shows Emperor Wen's style of handling affairs and administration. Emperor Wen straightened out the political path internally, avoided war externally, opened up the road of speech, appointed talents to develop agriculture, reduced rent and taxes, and took the lead in advocating the style of frugality. From some of the subtleties, we can understand how he could successfully open the door to a prosperous era.
such as frugality. At present, most of the items discovered in Baling archaeology are pottery, seals, etc., as well as some chariots and horses, which are very simple and not many "value" things. Archaeological experts said that the current excavation of the pit is still an external hidden pit, and the main tomb has not been excavated. However, judging from Emperor Wen's requirement that "the Baling Mausoleum was all pottery and no gold, silver, copper and tin were allowed to be decorated with gold, silver, copper and tin", this is very consistent with his always-recommended frugality.
There are many stories about Emperor Wen’s frugality.According to the records in Ban Gu's "Book of Han", Emperor Wen of Han reigned for 23 years. During this period, no additional facilities such as palaces, courtyards and gardens were built, nor the scale of chariots, riding and uniforms were increased. He had planned to build a terrace, but when he summoned the craftsmen and summed them up, he learned that the cost would be a hundred gold, he immediately gave up his thoughts, because such a cost was equivalent to spending ten medium-sized families' property. Emperor Wen believed, "I inherited the palace of such a large scale in the late emperor, and I often worry about being defiled and damaged. Why spend so much money to build this terrace now!"
The second year of his ascension, he issued an edict to reduce the soldiers guarding the capital. Emperor Wen said that because he was worried about external troubles, he did not dare to relax the border defense, but the capital did not need to send heavy troops to guard it. At the same time, "the Taifu saw that the horse was rich, and the rest was passed on to the public." This means that the Taifu should consider reducing the number of horses and, on the premise of meeting the basic needs of the court, transfer the rest to those stations for use in order to fully save manpower and material resources.
and what about him? Wearing a black dress. Mrs. Shen, whom he beloved, had "did not wear clothes on the ground, and had no embroidery on the curtains." She was not embroidered on the curtains, so simple. The purpose of Emperor Wen's request for this was to "be the first in the world to show simplicity."
Although he advocated frugality, Emperor Wen had a great view of the overall situation and was worth spending, and was not stingy. In addition, he often issued an edict to reduce the savings for taxes that may affect agricultural production. According to the situation of agricultural production and natural disasters, he issued several edicts to reduce rents and even exempt rents. It is recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian" and "Book of Han", and he issued several edicts to "give half of the land rent for the people of the world this year", "give half of the rent for the farmers this year", "replenish the people of Jinyang and Zhongdu for three years" and so on.
For example, he is good at opening up the road of speech. Emperor Wen of Han was quite enlightened in this regard. He once issued an edict saying, "In ancient times, the government had the flag of promoting good and slandering trees, so it was the one who came to advise through governance. The current law had the crime of slandering evil words, which made the ministers not dare to do their best, and the emperor had no way to hear the faults. Where will the virtuous and virtuous people from far away? They eliminated them." He believed that in ancient times, the sages and ancient kings were inseparable from the assistance and support of virtuous people and the advice of righteous ministers, so he established policies to make people speak freely. Now, because the Han Dynasty also had a charge of slandering evil words, many people were worried about breaking the law and did not dare to express their opinions in full, and the emperor could not understand his own mistakes in his governance. So he ordered the abolition. Previously, he also issued a special edict, requiring that "those who are virtuous and honest, who can speak out in a straightforward manner can correct my failure." All are to open up the road of speech, adopt positive suggestions from all parties, and correct the implementation of policies.
Emperor Wen also abolished many policy measures that are not conducive to social development. He once issued an edict to order "no need to pass off the pass", that is, to abolish the inspection system of the pass. In the past, when ordinary people passed the test, they had to hold the "passage", that is, the relevant certificate, in order to pass the level successfully. Emperor Wen of Han directly abolished this regulation. More importantly, these levels not only manage passes, but also often collect taxes and fees on part-time jobs. Therefore, after the abolition, it not only facilitates access for the people, but also greatly increases the enthusiasm of merchants to do business. Although the implementation of this decree has reduced the government's income, it has effectively promoted the recovery and development of the economy in various places.
The separations related to here
Baling and the related "Ba River" and "Baqiao Willow" are also often seen in poetry and essays. Taking the Tang Dynasty as an example alone, according to statistics, there are more than a hundred poems related to Baqiao in "Complete Tang Poems", many of which are related to farewell.
The name of Baling comes from the nearby Ba River. There is the Ba Bridge on the Ba River, and there is the Baling Pavilion near the Ba Bridge.
During the Tang Dynasty, people went out to the east gate of Chang'an City to see off their friends and guests, mostly to Baqiao or Baling Pavilion. There are many willows planted nearby, and willows are homophonic to "liu", so people break willows and give them to each other when they part, which means they are reluctant to leave. "Sanfu Huangtu" records: "Ba Bridge is in the east of Chang'an, and it crosses the water to make a bridge. The Han people sent guests to this bridge and broke willows to say goodbye."
Li Bai once wrote a poem "Sending off to Baling" and "Sending off the Baling Pavilion, the Ba River flows vastly. There are ancient trees without flowers above and sad spring grass below. I asked the Qin people about the road, and it said that it was the ancient road where Wang Can climbed south.The ancient road runs through the Western Capital, and the setting sun and floating clouds bloom. Just when I was heartbroken tonight, I couldn't bear to listen to the song. "
The famous classical literature expert Yu Shucheng believes that Li Bai's poem "revolves around separation, and the poet's pen also unfolds a vast space and time: the ancient Xijing, the endless ancient road, the floating clouds of the purple palace, the worry of leaving the country, and leaving footprints on the Baling Road... Because of his continuous thoughts, he expanded to history and reality in many aspects, he gave people a feeling of vast world. "He commented that the style of poetry is elegant, but the ideological content and art are full. "Written casually, it is naturally flowing, but it has a profound atmosphere and fulfilling content is difficult for others to reach. ”
In addition, there is also a small poem "Remembering Qin'e", which is also related to this scenery. The poem says: "The sound of the flute is swallowed, and Qin'e's dream is broken by the moon in Qin'e's building. The moon in Qin Tower, the willows are shining every year, and Baling is sad. The Qing Autumn Festival on the Leyouyuan, and the ancient roads in Xianyang are so loud. The sound is gone, the west wind is gone, and the Han Dynasty's tombs are shining. "From missing people from afar, to nostalgic about the past and the present, the realm of the world has been greatly expanded. Wang Guowei's "Cihua in the World" praised, and in the end, "The west wind shines in the lingering wind, the Han family's tombs" has only eight words, "Suiguan's mouth to climb for thousands of years." However, it has always been controversial whether this poem was written by Li Bai. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin's "Shaoshi Shanfang Bisong" believes that "the late Tang Dynasty poem is married to Taibai". Assuming it is indeed a lie to the name of Li Bai, with the level of this poem, it is also a regret in the history of literature.
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