2100 years ago, Emperor Wen of Han, Liu Heng, died and was buried beside the Ba River. He took the name of the cemetery: Baling (also known as Baling).
1200 years ago, Li Bai wrote "The moon in Qin Tower, the willows are in love every year, and the Baling is sad for farewell."
Is the "Ba Ling" in Li Bai's poems the Ba Ling of Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng?
△ Exterior location of Baling Mausoleum District
In the past two days, the news that the large tomb of Jiangcun in Xi'an was the Bausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han has become a hot search. While netizens were talking about it, they also asked questions. Li Bai was really saying goodbye to the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han? Nabaling was a popular check-in place more than 1,200 years ago!
In addition to Baling, netizens also found that Bai Luyuan where Baling is located has the same name as Chen Zhongshi's novel "White Luyuan". Is this the same place? Are “Jiangcun” the same as “Jiangcun” written by Fei Xiaotong?
Modern Express reporter interviewed relevant experts to uncover the answer to the public.
Han Wendi Baling vs. Li Bai's "Baling": It is the same
Among the many poems left by Li Bai, there are still many people mentioning "Baling". In "Ba Ling Farewell" he wrote: "Send you to the Ba Ling Pavilion, the Ba water flows vastly." He also wrote in "Remembering Qin E: The sound of the flute is swallowing, Qin E's dream of breaking the moon of Qin Tower. The moon of Qin Tower, the willows are colored every year, and Ba Ling is sad. The Qing Autumn Festival on the Qing Dynasty, the ancient road of Xianyang is gone. The sound of the dust is gone, the west wind is gone, and the Han family's tombs are gone."
Did Li Bai really bid farewell to Emperor Wen of Han? The answer is: Li Bai's Ba Ling and Emperor Wen of Han are indeed the same.
Cao Long, associate researcher at Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and deputy captain of the Hanling Archaeology Team, told Modern Express reporters that Emperor Wen of Han’s Baling and Li Bai’s Baling are the same. Emperor Wen of Han also wrote Baling. Why is it called Baling? It is because the Emperor's Tomb is located on the plateau, also known as Balingyuan. In fact, Balingyuan is very large, and the specific scope is still unknown. The Baling in Li Bai's works is a regional area and does not specifically refer to the emperor's tomb.
"Baling has been a major transportation route since ancient times, and people often bid farewell here." Cao Long introduced that when Emperor Wen of Han inspected the construction project of Baling, he pointed to the road north of Baling and said to the accompanying Mrs. Shen, "This is to go to Handan Road." Because Mrs. Shen is from Handan. Emperor Wen of Han told her that this was the way to her hometown.
Zhou Xiaolu, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Archaeology of Nanjing University, also said that the Baling Mausoleum written by Li Bai and the Baling Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han are in the same region. He explained that Baling has been very famous since ancient times. "Baling is a major transportation route in the Han and Tang Dynasties. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, from Chang'an to Luoyang east, they all bid farewell here." Willows were planted here in the Sui Dynasty, and post stations were set up in the Tang Dynasty, so it became a "check-in destination" for farewell.
Li Bai's "Baling Biling's farewell" later became an idiom, a metaphor for sending guests on the way and feeling sad.
"Because it is by the Ba River, the area of Baling was once called Bashang, and there were Baqiao, etc.." Zhou Xiaolu said that the place where the "Hongmen Banquet" story took place in history was near "Ba Shang", and it was actually not far from Baling Cemetery.
, and Ba Bridge has allusions such as "Ba Bridge Broken Willows" and "Ba Bridge Wind and Snow". Ba Bridge comes from the Ba River, and it turns out to be called Baling Bridge. "Broken willow" has the meaning of farewell, because "willion" and "liu" are homophonic; "wind and snow" are not real wind and snow, but refer to the willow catkins blowing in piles of wind.
Some netizens also asked, is Baling related to Domineering? Zhou Xiaolu said that it really matters. The Ba River was originally called Zishui, and it was renamed during the reign of Duke Mu of Qin to demonstrate hegemony. The original "Ba" in the Ba River did not have three points of water, and three points of water were added later. This place name has been used to this day, and there is still Baqiao District in Xi'an.
The Jiangcun Tomb is located in Bailuyuan vs. Bailuyuan written by Chen Zhongshi: It is the same
This ancient tomb, which was previously known as the "Jiangcun Tomb", is located on the east side of Jiangcun on Bailuyuan east of Xi'an, Shaanxi.
According to the "Xi'an City Chronicles", the Bailu Plain is located between the Ba River and the Wu River. It is named after the legend that King Ping of Zhou moved the capital to Luoyang on the way, and he saw white deer cruising on the land. Bailu Plain is 25 kilometers long, 6 to 9 kilometers wide, and has an area of 263 square kilometers. It is the largest loess plateau in Xi'an.
Zhou Xiaolu explained that "Plateau" is also called "Plain", which is a special geographical landform related to the Loess Plateau. It is mainly based on the Guanzhong region of Shaanxi, and there are also parts in Gansu and western Henan. The characteristic of this landform is that a towering cliff is formed near the river. From a distance, it looks like a stretch of mountains, but after climbing the cliff, the surface is very flat. "There are several square kilometers in the original size, and there are hundreds of square kilometers. Bailu Plain is considered to be of medium scale."
So, is Bailu Plain where Baling is located the same place as Chen Zhongshi's novel "White Deer Plain"? Zhou Xiaolu said that Chen Zhongshi used the Bailu Plain on the east side of Baling Yuan as the novel background, and the incident may not have happened on the Bailu Plain, but the place name mentioned is Bailu Plain, which roughly takes the typical historical and geographical background of Guanzhong.
Cao Long also believes that the Bailu Plain mentioned by Chen Zhongshi refers to the Bailu Plain area where Baling is located.
Baling "Jiangcun" vs Fei Xiaotong's "Jiangcun": It is not the same
Jiangcun Tomb is located in the east of Jiangcun, Dizhai Street Office, Baqiao District, Xi'an City, so it is called. According to records in a local monograph "Bai Luyuan Spring and Autumn", which studies the culture of Bailuyuan, Jiangcun was originally named Jiangjiagou Village. According to legend, during the Jianning period of the Han Dynasty, it was named after the Jiang surname settled on the goupo.
Before this, the "Jiangcun" that people are most familiar with was in Suzhou, Jiangsu. In the 1930s, the famous sociologist Mr. Fei Xiaotong wrote the book "Jiangcun Economy" based on the survey data of Kaixiangong Village, Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province (now Kaixiangong Village, Wujiang District, Suzhou), and studied the "Jiangcun" located on the south bank of the Yangtze River from a professional perspective of sociology and economics. In the preface to "Jiangcun Economy", Fei Xiaotong explained that at that time, the data on the investigation of Kaixiangong Village was sorted into a piece and the village was given a scientific name "Jiangcun".
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Why did Emperor Wen of Han choose the Xianyang Plain of the ancestral tomb, but chose the Bailu Plain?
The 11 emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, 9 of them were buried on the Xianyang Plain on the north bank of the Wei River. Why did Emperor Wen of Han choose the Bailu Plain in the southeast of Chang'an City?
"The emperors of the Western Han Dynasty were basically cultivated during their lifetime. After Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng stabilized his status, he had to consider the issue of burial place." Ma Yongying, a researcher at the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and captain of the Han Tomb Archaeology Team, introduced that the depth of the emperor's tombs is relatively deep, usually around 30 meters, and has requirements for the natural geographical environment. You have to find a relatively high Taiyuan.
Why didn’t Emperor Wen of Han choose Xianyang Yuan? This starts with his mother, Empress Dowager Bo. Two kilometers south of the Jiangcun tomb, there is also a large tomb in shape, which is Queen Mother Bo's "Nanling". There is a saying in the local area that Empress Dowager Bo’s Nanling is called the “Wangzi Tomb”. It stands quietly in the south of Baling, and also looks at the Changling of Emperor Gaozu of Han in the direction of Xianyang. Archaeological team members conducted rescue excavations of three external pits on the west side of Nanling from south to north.
During the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han, Bo and Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng were not favored, and Liu Heng divided the remote Dai Kingdom. After Liu Heng became emperor, Bo was honored as the empress dowager. At that time, Empress Lu and Emperor Gaozu were already buried together in Changling. If Empress Dowager Bo wanted to be buried together, she could only be demoted to a concubine, which was unacceptable to the filial son Emperor Wen of Han. So he followed the old rules of the previous dynasty, learned from King Zhaoxiang of Qin, Yingji, and left the ancestral tomb area with his mother, and buried elsewhere.
Then why did he choose Bailuyuan? Considering the political situation at that time, the political threats in the early Han Dynasty mainly came from the Huns in the north and the old nobles of the six countries in the east and the princes of different surnames in the east. The location selection of the imperial tombs was an effective preventive measure at that time, because the attached tombs could play a role in monitoring and prevention. "When Emperor Wen of Han ascended the throne, his father and brother had already built a buffer zone on the north side of the capital in the form of a tomb, but there was no barrier east of Chang'an except Hangu Pass in the eastern part of Guanzhong and Wu Pass in the southeast. Once the pass fell, the capital was in danger." Ma Yongying preached, so Baling must be chosen at the throat of the east and west transportation route east of Chang'an. Let’s take a look at where the White Deer Plain is? Hangu Road and Wuguan Road pass by, and the Ba and Wuhe Rivers are opposite each other, facing each other, and are a place where military strategists must fight for.
Emperor Wen of Han considered personal emotional factors.First, Liu Heng had a distant relationship with his father Liu Bang and was unwilling to be buried by Liu Bang; second, he also missed his early fief Dai Kingdom, and the great road next to the Batuling Mausoleum could help him "return his soul to Dai Kingdom."
Ma Yongying's view that Baling's site selection is a comprehensive consideration under the influence of Empress Dowager Bo's funeral rituals, defense against the political needs of the Eastern princes and personal emotional factors.
Modern Express+Reporter Cai Mengying Liu Jingyan Ma Zhuangzhuang Hu Yumei
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