11927, Mao Zedong founded the Officer's Training Team of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army in Jinggangshan , which set a precedent for education in our military colleges. From the hard exploration on Jinggangshan to the bloody persistence on the Long March of , from the deep enemy behind the anti-Japanese war to the regular construction in the War of Liberation, a military academies have always firmly obeyed the Party's command and adhered to the standards of educating both military and political. They not only continuously transported a large number of military and political talents to the army, but also fought while teaching, actively cooperated with the main force to fight bravely, and completed the combat mission excellently. In order to enable readers to better understand the history of the construction and development of our military academies, this edition will launch a series of manuscripts "Military Academies Education in the War" from now on. Please pay attention.
Old Site of the Officer's Training Team of the 1st Regiment of the 1st Division of the 1st Army of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army—Longjiang Academy .
11 In September 2019, Mao Zedong was sent to Hunan as a special commissioner of the CPC Central Committee and led the Autumn Harvest Uprising of the Hunan-Jiangxi border with . During this period, Mao Zedong keenly realized that officers and soldiers had problems such as low education and poor military technology. In October, after the rebel troops were transferred to Jinggangshan, the gap in the strength of the enemy and us intensified, and in addition, the frequent wars were caused, both cadres and soldiers urgently needed to strengthen military training to improve their military quality and combat capabilities. At the end of November of that year, Mao Zedong founded the Officer's Training Team of the 1st Regiment of the 1st Division of the 1st Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as the "Jinggangshan Teaching Team") at Longjiang Academy in Ninggang City, Jiangxi Province.
Jinggangshan Teaching Team is the first military education institution opened after our party independently led the armed struggle. Mao Zedong attached great importance to the construction of Jinggangshan teaching team, personally selected cadres, and selected graduates of the fourth phase of the Whampoa Military Academy and captain of the officers team of the First Regiment, Lu Chi, was appointed as the captain of the teaching team; Cai Zhong was transferred to serve as the party representative and party branch secretary. Mao Zedong also stipulated three tasks for the Jinggangshan teaching team: one is to train and transport cadres for the troops and local governments, the second is to transform prisoners, and the third is to investigate and study the situation of the enemy. The teaching team implements a strict "three exercises, two lectures, one-point name" work and rest system, and the learning content includes politics, military, culture and other aspects.
teaching is easy to understand and inspires the fighting spirit of officers and soldiers. After the Jinggangshan teaching team was launched, Mao Zedong often taught political classes to the students. Mao Zedong's lecture was easy to understand and guided by his guidance. He started with the things that everyone is most familiar with, chatting and laughing, plucking people's hearts, and giving people inspiration and inspiration. In a class, Mao Zedong used pounding rice as an example to vividly explain what "revolution" is. He said that from a person pounding rice with a stick, to pounding rice with a water wheel, to grinding rice with a machine, this is progress, this is revolution. He said: "What is the purpose of our revolution? One of the goals of the revolution is to turn all production with manpower into production with machines. Who should we rely on to achieve this goal? It depends on the masses themselves. So, how do the masses know the principles of the revolution? It depends on our Communist Party members to explain it. Therefore, wherever you want to go, you must pay attention to learning this issue. Red Army is a university."
Another time, Mao Zedong discovered that the student Xie Huaguang was scolded by the instructor for not being able to practice assassination. After asking the reason, Mao Zedong suddenly pointed to Xie Huaguang and shouted loudly, "Look, the bully brought the village head to your house to capture your mother. Why don't you stab him quickly!" After hearing this, Xie Huaguang's miserable scenes of the past home appeared in front of him, and he immediately became angry, picked up his gun and stabbed forward, fierce, steady and accurate. The instructors and students watching on the side cheered. Mao Zedong said: "When practicing assassination, you must bring class hatred in. This is called 'targeted'!" This incident quickly spread to various troops in Jinggangshan, greatly encouraging the revolutionary fighting spirit of officers and soldiers. After graduation, Xie Huaguang returned to his hometown Gucheng District to serve as the captain of Red Guards , leading the Red Guards to fight against local tyrants and divide the fields, and strongly cooperated with the main force in the battles of Xincheng and Litian, successfully covering the safe transfer of the large force.
three training contents are closely combined with actual combat. The military training of the Jinggangshan teaching team was also improved and improved under the direct guidance of Mao Zedong.In December 1927, Mao Zedong discovered that the military training of the teaching team only had individual courses such as queuing, shooting and bombing, and it was not closely integrated with actual combat. Therefore, he helped the teaching team summarize their experience and asked the teaching team to strengthen tactical training and night training, and specifically stipulated three training contents.
The first item: "Eighteen Character Tactics", that is, "use terrain and land, promote firepower, eliminate enemies, and save yourself." Specifically, we use favorable geographical conditions to hide ourselves, keep a close eye on the enemy's actions, aim at the enemy and shoot, increase enemy casualties and reduce our unnecessary sacrifices. The second item: "Twelve-word guerrilla tactics", that is, "the enemy comes and goes, the enemy stops and disturbs me, and the enemy retreats and chases me." When the enemy comes and goes, it is not passively fleeing, but retreats in a planned manner, finding the right opportunity to kill and hurt the enemy, disrupt and delay the enemy's actions, and weaken the enemy's superiority; when the enemy is stationed, it means disturbing the garrisoned enemy, and the military and civilians jointly adopt various methods and means to sneak into the enemy camp, explore the enemy's situation, destroy the enemy's military facilities, make them restless day and night, and wait for an opportunity to eliminate them; when the enemy retreats, it means to take advantage of the momentum to pursue the retreating enemy, focus on attacking the enemy's burden, capture the enemy's wounded, seize the enemy's guns and ammunition, and make the enemy's retreat unhappy and uneasy. The third item: Strengthen night training. Learn to walk on the night road, especially on the mountain road at night. The vanguard squad and platoon leader should pay attention to the enemy situation in all directions of each road, and immediately find out the situation when they are on the way and report it to the company commander for handling in a timely manner. At the same time, you must learn to touch the enemy's whistle at night, observe the targets at night, and convey passwords and orders. On the basis of enriching guerrilla tactics and night training courses, the teaching team also added classes for field drills.
divided the troops and mobilized the masses to concentrate on fighting the enemy bravely. The Jinggangshan teaching team is both a training team, a working team and a combat team. Under Mao Zedong's leadership, the students went deep into ancient cities, Maoping, Xincheng and other places to do mass work, investigate the rural class and land possession, understand the situation and voice of poor peasants, and master the working methods of propaganda, mobilize and organize the masses in practice. The Jinggangshan teaching team often follows the troops to carry out combat operations. In February 1928, the Jinggangshan teaching team followed the troops to participate in the battle in Xincheng. New City, Xilian Longshi, Nantong Maoping, Beizhan Ninggang to Yongxin . Mao Zedong decided to concentrate his superior forces and besiege the enemy defending Xincheng. The Jinggangshan teaching team was responsible for attacking the North Gate. After the battle started, the students of the teaching team fought hard to block the enemy and defeated the enemy who tried to escape from the north gate. Then they broke through the north gate and rushed into the city. They cooperated with the main force of the first regiment to force the defending enemy to retreat to the ambush circle of the second regiment outside the west gate, making outstanding contributions to the victory of the new city's battle.
11928, Zhu De led the remaining troops of the Nanchang Uprising Army and the southern Hunan peasant army to transfer to Jinggangshan, and met with the Autumn Harvest Uprising troops led by Mao Zedong, and combined it into The Fourth Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army. The 1st Regiment of the 1st Division of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army was renamed the 31st Regiment of the 11th Division, and its officer teaching team was renamed the 31st Regiment of the Officers' Training Team. Due to the tense struggle situation, Jinggangshan teaching team only opened one period. After more than half a year of training by the Jinggangshan teaching team, more than 150 students have grown up healthily, providing a cadre team with great fighting skills for the establishment of the Jinggangshan Red regime. Some of them later grew into excellent military and political commanders, such as Tan Zhenlin, He Minxue, Tan Furen, etc.; some returned to the local area to work after graduation, and were respected by the local people, and played the role of the "seed" of the armed revolution of workers and peasants, such as Xie Huaguang, Liu Renkan, Cai Dehua, etc.; and many students sacrificed their lives for the revolution, such as Lu Chi and Wang Liang.
Jinggangshan's school management practice is of great milestone significance in the history of our party and army education. It is a vivid embodiment and profound interpretation of Mao Zedong's military education thought. At the same time, it also provided valuable experience for our army to later establish various military training classes and military academies.
Source: China Military Network
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