In history, there were 12 Chinese (Chinese) who won the Nobel Prize in Natural Science. The following are as follows:
character profile: Yang Zhenning, born on October 1, 1922 in Hefei, Anhui Province, is a famous physicist, a professor of blog posts at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, honorary dean and professor of the Institute of Advanced Studies at Tsinghua University, retired professor at the Shixi School of State University of New York, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a foreign academician of the National Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Central Academy of Sciences, an honorary academician of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and a foreign member of the Royal Society of the United Kingdom. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
It is worth mentioning that he is the first Chinese scientist to visit China after Sino-US relations are loosened. He actively promotes Sino-US cultural exchanges and mutual understanding between the Chinese and American people, and has made great contributions to promoting diplomatic relations between China and the United States, talent exchanges and scientific and technological cooperation between China and the United States.
Yang Zhenning graduated from the National Southwest United University in 1942; received a master's degree from Tsinghua University in 1944; received a Mu Ouchu scholarship in 1945 and went to the United States to study; received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1948, and later served as a lecturer at the University of Chicago and a researcher at the Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies; in 1955, he served as a professor at the Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies; in 1966, he served as a chair professor at the State University of New York and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the State University of New York; in 1986, he served as a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong; in 1993, he served as a director of the Institute of Mathematics and Sciences at the Chinese University of Hong Kong; in 1998, he served as a professor at the Tsinghua University.
Scientific research achievements: Yang Zhenning made landmark contributions in the fields of particle physics, statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics. In the 1950s, Yang Zhenning and R.L. Mills collaborated to propose the non-Abelian gauge field theory; in 1956, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao jointly proposed the law of parity non-conservation in weak interactions; a lot of pioneering work was done in particle physics and statistical physics, proposing the Yang-Baxter equation, and opening up new directions for research on quantum integrable systems and multi-body problems.
Phase Transformation Theory: Statistical Mechanics is one of Yang Zhenning's main research directions. His characteristic in statistical mechanics is the strict solution and analysis of universal models rooted in physical reality, so as to beautifully grasp the essence and essence of the problem.
Boson multibody problem: Yang Zhenning published or completed a series of papers on thin boson multibody systems with his collaborators around 1957.
Yang-Baxter equation:In the 1960s, attempts to find models with non-diagonal long programs directed Yang Zhenning to the strict solution of quantum statistical models.
1 The strict solution of bosons in finite temperature in delta function repulsion potential: 1969, Yang Zhenning and Yang Zhenping advanced the boson problem in 1-dimensional delta function repulsion potential to finite temperature. This is the first time in history that a strict solution to the interacting quantum statistical model at finite temperature (T0). This model and results are also experimentally implemented and verified in cold atomic systems.
Theoretical explanation of superconductor flux quantization: In 1961, through close communication with the Fairbank experimental group, Yang Zhenning and Byers theoretically explained the superconductor flux quantization discovered by the experimental group, proving that electron pairing can lead to observed phenomena, clarifying the need to introduce new basic principles about electromagnetic fields, and correcting London's errors in reasoning.
Non-diagonal long program: In 1962, Yang Zhenning proposed the concept of "off-diagonal long program (off-diagonallong-rangeorder)", thereby unifying the essence of supercurrent and superconducting, and also deeply explored the root causes of magnetic flux quantization.
Parential non-conservation in weak interactions: Yang Zhenning's many contributions to particle physics show his expertise in symmetry analysis. Yang Zhenning is known as the "Lordof Symmetry". It is worth mentioning that Wu Jianxiong decided to do one of the several types of experiments they pointed out about 60Coβ decay.In January of the following year, the experimental group he led proved through this experiment that parity was indeed not conserved in weak interactions, causing great shocks in the entire physics community. Because of this work, Yang Zhenning and Lee Zhengdao won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
Three discrete symmetry: time inversion, charge conjugation and parity: The paper preprint questioning whether parity is conserved in weak interactions caused Oehme to write a letter to Yang Zhenning in August 1956 to raise the question of the relationship between the three discrete symmetry of parity (P), charge conjugation (C), and time inversion (T) in weak interactions.
Theoretical discussion on the high-energy neutrino experiment: In 1960, in order to obtain more weak interaction experimental information, using the ideas of experimental physicist Schwartz, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning theoretically explored the importance of high-energy neutrino experiments.
CP imaginary framework: 1964, after the experiment discovered that CP was not conserved, it caused many articles that randomly guessed its root cause.
Yang-Mills gauge field theory: 1954, Yang-Mills gauge field theory (i.e., non-Abelian gauge field theory). This theory, which was not valued by the physics community at that time, developed into today's standard model through the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking introduced by many scholars from the 1960s to the 1970s. This is generally considered to be the overall achievement of basic physics in the second half of the 20th century. Yang-Mills theory has the lofty status of "creating the world", and its success is a revolution in the history of physics.
Integral field theory: Yang-Mills theory also pushes the relationship between physics and mathematics to a new level. Around 1970, Yang Zhenning was committed to studying the integral form of gauge field theory, and discovered the importance of the non-integer phase factor, thus realizing that the gauge field has profound geometric significance.
The correspondence between gauge field theory and fiber clump theory: In 1975, Yang Zhenning and Wu Dajun published a paper 75c, using the concept of non-integer phase factor to give the overall description of electromagnetic and Yang-Mills field theory, discuss the Aharonov-Bohm effect and magnetic monopole problem, revealing the geometrical correspondence of the gauge field on the fiber clump.
Character evaluation: Yang Zhenning's wonderful taste in mathematics shines on all his work. It makes his less important work a fine work of art, making his esoteric speculation a masterpiece. This made him see the mysterious structure of nature more profound than others. (Evaluation of the famous physicist Dyson)
Yang Zhenning is a man with a very mathematical mind, but due to his early education, he was very interested in experimental details. He likes to talk to experimentalists and appreciates beautiful experiments very much. (Former director of Brockhaven National Laboratory and evaluation by experimental physicist Saos)
Yang Zhenning is the third "physics omnipotent" who has comprehensive knowledge and talents after Einstein and Fermi in the 20th century. He is one of the most well-known contemporary scientists among the Chinese. "Yang Zhenning is a mathematical man, but because of his early education, he is very interested in experimental details. He likes to talk to experimentalists and appreciates beautiful experiments." American physicist and Nobel Prize winner E. Segre praised Yang Zhenning as "one of the three theoretical physicists in the world who can be regarded as versatile for decades." (NetEase Review)
As China's first Nobel Prize winner, Yang Zhenning has always been highly respected in China's political and academic circles. (Tencent Review). According to the evaluation: "As the first Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize, Yang Zhenning is known as one of the most important physics masters in contemporary times after Einstein and Dillac."
2. Li Zhengdao (Handling of weak effects in found that the parity is not conserved )
Character introduction : Li Zhengdao, November 24, 1926 Born in Shanghai, from Suzhou, Jiangsu, a school-level professor at Columbia University, Chinese-American physicist, and a Nobel Prize winner in Nobel Prize in Physics. He is famous for his contributions in the fields of parity non-conservation , Li's model, relativistic heavy ion collision (RHIC) physics, and non-topotopic isolating subfield theory.
Li Zhengdao won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Yang Zhenning in 1957 for discovering parity non-conservation in weak effects. In 1986, Li Zhengdao won the Nobel Prize in Physics, with the support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and served as the "CCAST" Director. Later, he established the Zhejiang Modern Physics Center at Zhejiang University and the Li Zhengdao Experimental Physics Center at Fudan University . He was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. On April 7, 2018, he served as the honorary director of the Li Zhengdao Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University .
Scientific Research Achievements: Li Zhengdao's research field is very wide, especially in quantum field theory, elementary particle theory, nuclear physics, statistical mechanics, fluid mechanics , and astrophysics. The key achievements are as follows:
1949 , Li Zhengdao cooperated with Rosenblas and Yang Zhenning to propose universal Femino action and the existence of intermediate bosons. In 1951, he proposed that there is no turbulence in two-dimensional space in hydraulics .
1952, Li Zhengdao and Paisius collaborated to study the structure of polarons in solid physics .
1954, Li Zhengdao published the famous "Li Model" theory in quantum field theory.
1957, Li Zhengdao cooperated with Ochmei and Yang Zhenning to propose the possibility of charge conjugation not conservation and time not inversion.
1959, Li Zhengdao cooperated with Yang Zhenning to study The molecular dynamic theory of hard ball boson gas was studied, and contributed to the study of the superfluidity of helium II.
1962, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning collaborated to study the non-reducible regularization of the electromagnetic interaction of charged vector mesons.
1964, Li Zhengdao and Naoenbo collaborated to study the infrared divergence that can completely offset the problem during the process of particles with no (static) mass participation. This work is also known as the Li-Naoenbo theorem. Field algebra theory was proposed in the late 1960s. Especially in the early 1970s, he studied the problem of spontaneous breakage of CP, discovered and studied non-topotopic isolators, and established the isolated sub-bag model theory of hasron structure. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, work continued to be carried out on path integral problems, grid point norm problems, and time as dynamic variables; later the foundation of discrete mechanics was established.
Character evaluation: Li Zhengdao's research field is very broad, and he has made many achievements in high-energy physics, particle physics, astrophysics, fluid mechanics, statistical physics, condensed matter physics, general relativity theory, etc. "Physics became his way of life" has made outstanding achievements in science to raise new questions and new ideas, and has made great contributions to the science and education of the motherland. (Sina.com Review)
It is worth mentioning that in 1959, British scientist C.P. Snow delivered a famous speech on "Two Cultures" at a lecture at Cambridge University. He said that the discovery of Lee Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning and Yang is one of the most amazing achievements in the history of science, and is completely comparable to the successful launch of artificial earth satellites in 1957. Snow commented: "This is an extremely beautiful and original achievement. People are so shocked by this that they forget how beautiful their thinking is. It makes us rethink some basic principles of the physical world."
3. Ding Zhaozhong ( discovered Ding particles and won the Nobel Prize in Physics )
character introduction: Ding Zhaozhong was born on January 27, 1936 in Ann Arbor City, Michigan, USA. His ancestral home is Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China, and is a famous experimental physicist. In 1959, he received a bachelor's degree in physics and a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Michigan in the United States, and in 1962, he received a doctorate in physics from the University of Michigan in the United States.
Professor Ding Zhaozhong has been engaged in high-energy physics experiments for a long time, accurately testing quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics and electroweak unified theories, looking for new particles and new physical phenomena, and achieving a series of major achievements.
Due to his contribution to physics, Ting Zhaozhong was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the Lorentz Medal by the U.S. government, and the Tecasperi Science Prize by the Italian government in 1988. He is an academician of the National Academy of Sciences, an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a foreign academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Taipei Institute of Central Studies, and an academician of the Pakistani Academy of Sciences. He has been awarded honorary doctoral degrees by the University of Michigan (1978), the Chinese University of Hong Kong (1987), the University of Polrogna (1988) in Italy and Columbia (1990). He is an honorary professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University, East China Normal University and Beijing Normal University in China, and is the honorary president of Qufu Normal University and Rizhao Vocational and Technical College.
1977 won the Elling Gold Medal from the American Society of Engineering Science. In 1988, he won the Golden Leopard Excellence Award in Taormina, Italy and the Science Gold Medal in Brescia, Italy.
2005 The World Physics Annual Conference was launched in Europe a few days ago. He led 581 physicists from 43 first-class universities and research institutes in 14 countries, including the United States, France, Germany, and China, to explore new matter and antimatter in the universe on the world's largest positive and negative proton collider built in Geneva.
Scientific research achievements: Ding Zhaozhong's main scientific research achievements: 1. Ding particles were discovered and won the Nobel Prize in Physics; 2. Ding Zhaozhong's research work centers on experimental particle physics, quantum electrodynamics and the interaction between light and matter. His main academic contributions are: (1) the discovery of antideuterate; (2) a series of experiments testing quantum electrodynamics over the past 25 years, showing that electrons, muons and tauons are point particles with radius less than 10-16 cm; (3) experiments to accurately study vector meons; (4) study photogenerated vector meons, confirming the similarity between photons and vector meons; (5) discovery of J particles; (6) study of muon pair generation; (7) discovery of gluon injection; (8) systematic study of gluon physics; (9) accurate measurement of muon charge asymmetry, indicating the correctness of the standard electric weakness model for the first time; (10) In the framework of the standard model, it is confirmed that only three generations of neutrinos exist in the universe.
3. Enthusiastic training of high-energy physics talents: Since 1981, Ding Zhaozhong has organized and led an international cooperation group, the L3 group, to prepare for high-energy physics experiments on the high-energy positive and negative electron collider LEP, which is expected to be built in 1988 by the CNR. Group L3 currently has nearly 400 physicists from about 13 countries, including China.
4. Lead the "Arafa Magnetic Spectrometer" experiment to explore antimatter: On June 2, 1998, at 6:09 am Eastern Time, the space shuttle Discovery took off, carrying the "Arafa Magnetic Spectrometer" jointly developed by China, the United States and other countries for operation experiments. This move opened the prelude to the first time that humans went to space to find antimatter and dark matter. It is worth mentioning that the Arafa Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment is a large international cooperative scientific experimental project. The experiment is led by Professor Ting Zhaozhong, including physicists and engineers from 37 research institutions in countries and regions such as the United States, China, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Finland. There are no less than 200 scientists and engineers participating in China alone. The purpose is to find antimatter and dark matter in space.
Character evaluation: Jamie Wesson, Dean of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, said: "Professor Ding Zhaozhong's research has opened up unknown fields for mankind and brought elementary particle physics to a new realm." In the field of international science, Mr. Ding Zhaozhong is almost as famous as Yang Zhenning's physics master.US President Ford also wrote a letter to Ting Zhaozhong in person to congratulate him on his brilliant achievements
4. Li Yuanzhe ( has made outstanding contributions to chemical dynamics, dynamics, molecular beams and photochemistry )
Character introduction: Li Yuanzhe was born on November 29, 1936 in Hsinchu, Taiwan Province, China. He is famous for chemical science. Home, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, National Medal of Science, , Harrison Hot Prize of the American Chemical Society, Peter Debai Physical Chemistry Award, Lawrence Prize of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Prize of Science, , Royal Chemistry Faraday Prize, winner of the National Academy of Sciences, Academician of the American Academy of Humanities and Sciences, Academician of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Taiwan Institute of Central Studies, Academician of the Pontifical Academy, and Honorary Professor of the University of California, Berkeley.
Li Yuanzhe graduated from the Department of Chemistry, Taiwan University, China in 1959, received a bachelor's degree in science, and a master's degree in 1961 from the Institute of Atomic Science, Tsinghua University, Taiwan, China, China. The following year, he went to the United States to study further and graduated from the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1965 with a Ph.D. in Science. He later taught at the University of Chicago in the United States. In 1974, he became a U.S. nationality and returned to his alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley, to teach. He also served as a researcher at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States.
1986, Li Yuanzhe, Hardwife, Dudley Hirschbach of Hardwife, and Hardwife, Hardwife, Hardwife, Hardwife, Hardwife, Hardwife, Canada, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to recognize their research results in reaction kinetics using cross-molecular beam experimental methods. Among them, Li Yuanzhe studied: applying the cross-molecular beam experimental method to general chemical reactions, especially studying the chemical reactions of larger molecules, using lasers to excite molecules or atoms that have been accelerated but have not yet collided, in order to control the type of chemical reactions. On January 15, 1994, Li Yuanzhe gave up his American nationality and returned to Taiwan, China. Li Yuanzhe has won the Harrisonhao Prize of the American Chemical Society, the Peter Debye Prize of Physical Chemistry, the Lawrence Prize of Meiyuandu, the National Science Prize of the United Kingdom, the Royal Chemistry Faraday Prize and the 1986 Nobel Prize of Chemistry.
Scientific research achievements: Li Yuanzhe is mainly engaged in the research of chemical dynamics, and has made outstanding contributions to chemical dynamics, dynamics, molecular beams and photochemistry. The molecular beam method is a new technology. It was only successfully tested in 1960. The cross-molecular beam method was originally only suitable for the reaction of alkali metal . Later, Li Yuanzhe studied and created it with Professor Heshubach in 1967, and developed it into a universal and powerful tool for studying chemical reactions. In the past ten years, Li Yuanzhe has continuously improved and innovated this technology to study important reactions of larger molecules. The "molecular beam collider" and "ion beam collider" designed by him have a deep understanding of each stage of various chemical reactions, allowing people to study each stage of chemical reactions at the molecular level, allowing people to study the various states of chemical reactions at the molecular level, and providing new prospects for artificially controlling the direction and process of chemical reactions.
Character evaluation: Li Ao Achievement in the new book "The True Face of Li Yuanzhe" published in 2005, evaluating Li Yuanzhe as "a good person, but also doing bad things". "Without a leader's style, he can only do science", and he (Li Yuanzhe) should not be "praised to heaven".
Character introduction: Cui Qi, from Baofeng County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, is the sixth Chinese to win the Nobel Prize. He has served as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, an academician of the founding Academy of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences, and a Chinese American scientist.
1957 graduated from Hong Kong Peizheng Middle School . In 1958, he went to the United States to study and studied at Augustana College, Illinois; in 1967, he received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago, USA. Since 1982, he has served as a professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering at Princeton University.In 1984, he won the Barkley Prize in Concentrated Substance Physics. In 1998, it explained the special phenomenon of electron quantum fluid and won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2000, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2004, he was elected as an academician of the National Academy of Engineering . In 2005, he was appointed as an honorary professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Professor Cui Qi has made a series of pioneering major achievements in the physics of low-dimensional electronic system, integer and fractional quantum Hall effect (IQHE,;FQHE) and other strong correlation electronic system physics research and quantum devices.
Scientific research achievements: On October 13, 1998, Chinese-American scientist Cui Qi discovered that Xun electrons interact under strong magnetic fields and ultra-low temperature conditions, and can form quantum fluids of certain specific properties (many electrochemical processes occur at the solid-electrolyte interface, while corrosion often occurs at the solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, so interface physics has great practical significance as well as surface physics).
The discovery of the phenomenon of electron quantum fluid is a major breakthrough in the field of quantum physics , and it has made important contributions to the development of new theories in many branches of modern physics. Cui Qi won the famous Franklin Award in the United States for this. Cui Qi believes that his main academic interest is to study the properties of electrons in metals and semiconductors. His research will be applied to the development of more powerful computers and more advanced communication devices.
Professor Cui Qi is very concerned about the development of China's science and technology undertakings. In the early days of reform and opening up, he visited China to give lectures, introduced the latest research hotspots of international science and technology, and suggested that China carry out research on two-dimensional electronic system physics and low-dimensional quantum system physics, and actively promote the implementation of the "Memorandum of Cooperation Plan for the Research of Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter Physics in China and the United States".
Character evaluation: Cui Qi is rigorous in his academic research and devoted himself to his favorite physics research career. He likes to do physics experiments and often devotes himself to research when needed. Sometimes, for the needs of experimental research, he does not hesitate to travel around, traveling around Boston and Florida , find a strong magnetic field to conduct his "quantum liquid experiments", and rarely pays attention to other things around him when working, so his research work is excellent and efficient. (Dahe.com Review)
Character introduction: Pearl Buck, an American writer, human rights and feminist activist. In October 1892, four months after his birth, Pearl Buck was brought to China by his parents as a missionary. He spent his childhood and youth in Zhenjiang, and entered his youth, which lasted for 18 years. Pearl Buck has lived in China for nearly 40 years. She calls Chinese the "first language" and Zhenjiang the "hometown of China". Especially on Fengmiao Mountain in Zhenjiang, she studied in Chongshi Girls' Middle School, which still exists now. At the same time, under the west wall of the North Park of the Gulou Campus of Nanjing University, a three-story Western-style building stands. It is also where Pearl Buck lived and worked. As an American female writer with Chinese language, she wrote a novel "The Good Earth" describing the life of Chinese farmers here. In 1932, she won the Pulitzer Novel Award for Novel for her novel, and in 1938, she won the third Nobel Prize for Literature in American history. In 1934, Pearl Buck bid farewell to China and returned to settle in China.
Pearl Buck calls Zhenjiang her "hometown of China". She spent most of her childhood there, first learning Chinese and getting used to Chinese customs, and then her mother taught her English. In 1900, due to the Boxer Movement in northern China, Pearl Buck returned to his hometown in the United States for the first time. Returned to Zhenjiang, China in 1902. On May 13, 1917, he married John Losing Booker, an American young agronomist. After marriage, he moved to Suzhou, Anhui.
Pearl Buck teaches in the Department of Foreign Languages, Jinling University, and has successively taught education, English and other classes in universities such as National Central University.Xu Zhimo, Mei Lanfang , Hu Shi , Lin Yutang , Lao She and others were all guests of her family. Since Pearl Buck had both Chinese and American nationality when he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, according to the internationally common "Nationality Law of Place of Birth", Pearl Buck can indeed be regarded as a Chinese.
Literary Achievement: Pearl Buck once won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938. She is a lady. The winning works are the Chinese themes of "The Earth Trilogy", "Singular Fire" and "East Wind·West Wind". The Nobel Prize Committee commented on her: "There is a rich and authentic epic description of the lives of Chinese farmers and has outstanding works in biographies."
Character evaluation: Among the Western writers who have had a huge impact on describing Chinese themes, Marco Polo ranked first, and Pearl Buck. In 1938, Pearl Buck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for writing a novel about the Chinese (and two biographies). The Nobel Prize Awards praised: "For its rich and realistic epic description of the lives of Chinese farmers... it opens a way for the Western world, allowing Westerners to use deeper humanity and insight to understand a strange and distant world." She is Pearl Buck, the first female writer in the United States to win this honor.
Pearl Buck has been in China for nearly 35 years, and has personally experienced the tremendous changes in Chinese society at the beginning of the last century. She was the first to translate "Water Margin" to the West, and also promoted a group of Chinese writers such as Lin Yutang and Lao She to the Western world. The themes of her life's writing are closely related to China. According to commenters, in the 1930s and 1940s, the "Chinese image" she created profoundly influenced a generation of Americans.
Pearl Buck became the youngest winner in history at that time. Pearl Buck's thanks at the Royal Swedish Academy was full of affection: "The life of the Chinese people has been my life for many years." As the Japanese invaders rage on the land of China, she did not forget to emphasize: "I know China is inconquering!"
Pearl Buck also translated "Water Margin" into the English version of "Brothers in the World" and is famous all over the world. During the Chinese anti-Japanese period, it publicly published the famous political commentary "Japan Will Defeat". At the invitation of Soong Ching Ling, she served as an honorary committee member of the "All to Defend China", called on the American cultural and press circles to establish the "American China Relief Federation", and persuaded the President's wife Roosevelt to serve as the honorary chairman of the association and raised a large amount of funds for aiding China.
character introduction: Zhu Diwen, born on February 28, 1948 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. He is the 12th Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics, a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and currently professor of physics at Stanford University.
Zhu Diwen graduated from Hong Kong University of Rochester in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a bachelor's degree in physics, and in 1976 with a doctorate in physics from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1978, he served as a director of the American Physical Society; in 1993, he was awarded the King Fessel International Science Award; in 1994, he won the Arthur Slow Prize and the William Meggs Prize; in 1997, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. On June 5, 1998, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2004 to 2008, Zhu Wen served as director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States, and also served as professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. On December 15, 2008, he was nominated for the 12th Secretary of Energy by Obama, the 44th President of the United States.
Scientific research achievements: Zhu Diwen's research fields include basic atomic physics, laser, biophysics, etc. In 1997, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for "inventing the method of cooling and capturing atoms with lasers". He won the award with American scientist William Phillips and a French scholar. Zhu Diwen Zhu also won the King Faisal International Science Award.
Zhu Diwen is also a Nobel-level "chef".In his spare time, he likes to cook the most. He has excellent skills. Whether it is Chinese and Western cuisine, it has made relatives and friends praise it. Especially Chinese cuisine and Mexican cuisine are the best. He said: "Because my wife likes the color, fragrance and flavor of Chinese cuisine; the two little ghosts at home prefer the spicy Mexican cuisine." This "Nobel-level" chef even learned the truth of making knowledge by cooking by himself. He even compared experiments to cooking. He believes that "seeking change in limited resources" is the similarity between cooking and experimentation, and it is also one of his secrets to create scientific miracles.
Character evaluation: Zhu Diwen grew up under the joint immersion of Chinese and Western cultures. He inherited the essence of Chinese and Western cultures. Deep in his heart, he has both the straightforwardness and humor of Western people, as well as the humility and subtlety of Eastern people. He is not the dull scientist, but a person with a lively and cheerful personality and full of fun. Zhu Diwen subverts the stereotype given by scientists. He is lively and cheerful, humane and full of charm. (Sina.com review)
Character introduction : Mo Yan, born on February 17, 1955 in Shandong Gaomi , a famous contemporary Chinese writer. He was once classified as a writer of " root search literature ".
In 2000, Mo Yan's " Red Sorghum " was selected as the "
0th Century Chinese Novels " selected by Asia Weekly. In 2005, Mo Yan's " Sandalwood Penalty " was shortlisted for the Mao Dun Literature Award primary election. In 2011, Mo Yan won the Mao Dun Literature Award for his work "Frog". In 2012, Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The reason for winning is to integrate folk stories, history and contemporary society through hallucination realism. On July 30, 2019, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the Catholic University of Peru.
In early 1985, Mo Yan became famous by publishing " Transparent Carrot " in the magazine "Chinese Writers". In the same year, Feng Mu hosted a seminar on Mo Yan's creation at the Overseas Chinese Building in Beijing. Wang Zengqi , Shi Tiesheng , Li Tuo , radar, and Zeng Zhennan all highly praised "Transparent Carrot".
1986, Mo Yan graduated from the Department of Literature of the People's Liberation Army Academy of Arts. In the same year, the novella "Red Sorghum" published in the magazine "People's Literature" caused a great sensation in the literary world.
In February 1988, the movie of the same name adapted from "Red Sorghum" won the Golden Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival, becoming the first Chinese film to win the highest honor of in the International Class A Film Festival.
famous American sinologist Ge Haowen After seeing this novel, he was very shocked and decided to start translating Mo Yan's novels. Ge Haowen also became a hero for Mo Yan's works to the world in the future.
Literary Achievements: The heavyweight American literary review magazine World Literature Today commented: "Like Faulkner, Mo Yan led readers into a world with fresh and rich imagination, perfect and self-sufficiency." In 1993, the English translation of "Red Sorghum" translated by Ge Haowen was published in Europe and the United States, causing a warm resounding response and was selected as "The Best World Novel in 1993" by "World Literature Today". " New York Times " commented: "Through the novel "Red Sorghum", Mo Yan placed Gaomi Northeast Township on the map of world literature.
In 2001, Mo Yan's "Red Sorghum" became the only Chinese novel in 40 world-leading literary masterpieces in 75 years (1927-2001) selected by World Literature Today.
2003, Mo Yan's short story collection "Master Becoming Humor" was published in the United States, and the American Times magazine commented: "Mo Yan is the remains of the Nobel Prize in Literature. ”
In 2005, "Sandalwood Punishment" was shortlisted for the Mao Dun Literature Award with unanimous votes. At that time, he was very popular. In the end, he lost the election by one vote and missed the award. The failure of "Sandalwood Punishment" also once again caused controversy in the literary world about the Mao Dun Literature Award. In the same year, Mo Yan won the Italian Nonino International Literature Award, and the jury praised his works for "very passionate language and infinitely rich imagination space."
In 2006, Mo Yan won the Japanese Fukuoka Asian Culture Award, becoming the second Chinese writer to win the award after Ba Jin.
In 2008, Mo Yan won the Dream of the Red Chamber Award and the Newman Chinese Literature Award for "Life and Death Fatigue".
In 2011, Mo Yan won the Wanhai Literature Award in Korea, becoming the first Chinese writer to win the award, and won the Mao Dun Literature Award for "Frog".
On October 11, 2012, the Swedish Academy of Literature announced that Chinese writer Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature. The reason for winning is: integrating folk stories, history and contemporary society through hallucinatory realism. After Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the official website of the Nobel Prize extracted the chapter "Song of Garlic Sprouts in Paradise" as an introduction to Mo Yan's works.
In December 2016, he was elected as Vice Chairman of the Ninth National Committee of the Chinese Writers Association. In November 2017, Mo Yan received an honorary doctorate in literature from Hong Kong Baptist University in China.
On June 12, 2019, the Regent Park College of Oxford University in the UK awarded the title of honorary academician of Chinese writer Mo Yan and announced the establishment of an international writing center named after Mo Yan.
On July 30, 2019, Mo Yan was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the Catholic University of Peru in Lima, the capital of Peru.
Character evaluation: To be honest, I have never read most of Mo Yan's novels, but I clearly remember that in 1985, Mo Yan published a novella called "Explosion" in the magazine "People's Literature". I was very excited after reading it. I told people everywhere that I was just over 50 years old at that time, and I never felt that I had been old, but after reading this novel by Mo Yan, I had to admit that I was old. ——The award speech given to Mo Yan by the famous writer Wang Meng
The Nobel Prize in Literature is the most inappropriate thing in history. The word "magic" eliminates half of Mo Yan's achievements! The most suitable positioning should be called "calling". The praise given to Mo Yan by the West is actually not the same as the achievements. ——Yan Lianke
Character profile: Qian Yongjian, February 1, 1952-August 24, 2016), was born in New York, USA, and his ancestral home is Lin'an District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. He is a Chinese-American biochemist and one of the 2008 Nobel Prize winners of the Year. He is an academician of the National Academy of Sciences, an academician of the National Academy of Medicine, an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the cousin of Qian Xuesen, the father of Chinese missiles. He has taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Diego.
On August 24, 2016, Qian Yongjian died in Oregon, USA at the age of 64.
Scientific research achievements: Qian Yongjian won the 2008 Nobel Prize for his outstanding achievements in the research of green fluorescent proteins.
Character evaluation: Qian Yongjian's work has attracted attention since the 1980s. He may be the scientist in the world who has been invited to give the most academic reports, because both chemistry and biology have to listen to his reports, both technological applications and some interesting phenomena.
10. Gao Xingjian (won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000)
character introduction: Gao Xingjian, a French Chinese playwright, novelist, translator, painter, director, and critic. Gao Xingjian's ancestral home is Taizhou, Jiangsu Province. He was born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province in 1940. He graduated from the French major of Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1962, moved to France in 1987, and obtained French nationality in 1997.
Literary Achievement: won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000 and became the first Chinese writer to win the award. Until 2010, his works had been translated into 36 languages. His representative works include the novels "Lingshan", "One Man's Bible", the drama "Absolute Signal", "Station", etc.
Character evaluation : Gao Xingjian reveals another side of Chinese culture that is little-known - Liu Zaifu (Chinese writer)
Gao Xingjian is very amazing, because in addition to Chinese, Gao Xingjian can also use foreign languages (French) - Wang Shuo (Mainland Chinese writer)
Gao Xingjian is a "all-round writer" and the "most energetic soul - Wang Xiaohua (Chinese scholar)
A writer has a reader in his mind when he writes. He writes for the needs and interests of readers. Such a writer is not a truly excellent writer; only that Only those writers who write for themselves and are not influenced by readers have more unique value. Readers begin to know him and accept him, and even conquered him. In this way, writers who are "no readers" will create their own readership group, which can reflect the intrinsic value of literature. --Horas (Academician and Executive Secretary of the Swedish Academy of Literature)
Gao Xingjian's plays in the 1980s played a great role in promoting the modern transformation of Chinese drama. Gao Xingjian's award is a good thing, and he should be congratulated on him, which shows the close connection between Chinese culture and world culture. "-Yu Qiuyu (Chinese writer)
Gao Xingjian is a postmodern writer in the true sense. While most Chinese writers are still busy reflecting on China's political culture from the perspective of human relationships, he has begun to look at problems from an ecological perspective. In his works "The Wild Man" and "Lingshan", he shows his efforts to unify humanistic care with life care, ecological care, and cosmic care. This made him far surpass Bei Dao in terms of ideological height. --Wang Yao (Professor of Peking University)
Character introduction: Tu Youyou, female, Han nationality, pharmacist. He is from Ningbo, Zhejiang. In 1951, he was admitted to the Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy, Peking University School of Medicine. He graduated from Beijing Medical College (now the School of Medicine, Peking University) in 1955. After graduation, he received training in traditional Chinese medicine for two and a half years and has been working at the China Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (renamed the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2005). During this period, he was promoted to a master's supervisor and doctoral supervisor. He is currently the chief scientist of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, a lifelong researcher and chief researcher, director of the Artemisinin Research and Development Center, doctoral supervisor, and recipient of the Medal of the Republic.
won the 2016 National Highest Science and Technology Award on January 9, 2017. On December 18, 2018, the Party Central Committee and the State Council awarded Comrade Tu Youyou the title of Pioneer in Reform and the Reform Pioneer Medal. In May 2019, it was selected into the Forbes China Tech 50 Women's List. In March 2020, he was selected as the 100 most influential female figures in Time magazine.
Scientific research achievements: Tu Youyou has been engaged in the research on the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and her outstanding contribution is to create new antimalarial drugs artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. In 1972, the colorless crystal with the molecular formula C15H22O5 was successfully extracted and named Artemisinin was named. In September 2011, the Lask Award and the GlaxoSmithKline China R&D Center "Outstanding Achievement Award" for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria, saved the lives of millions of people in the world, especially in developing countries. In October 2015, she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, citing her discovery of artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate in malaria patients. She became the first Chinese to win the Nobel Prize in Science.
The first Chinese local scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science. The Nobel Prize in Science is the highest award to the Chinese medical community so far and the highest award to traditional Chinese medicine achievements.
1969, the China Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine accepted the task of antimalarial drugs. Tu Youyou led the research team to systematically collect and organize medical records, herbal medicines, and folk prescriptions of all dynasties. Based on the collection of more than 2,000 prescriptions, it compiled a "Single Test Prescription Collection of Antimalarial Prescriptions" mainly based on 640 drugs. It conducted experimental research on more than 200 of them. After more than 380 failures, it used modern medicine and methods to analyze and research, and continuously improved the extraction methods. Finally, it was successfully excavated against Artemisia annua in 1971.
1972, an antimalarial effective monomer was isolated from this effective part and named artemisinin.Artemisinin is a new structural type antimalarial drug with the advantages of "high efficiency, quick effect and low toxicity", and is particularly effective for various types of malaria, especially resistant malaria.
1973, in order to confirm the carbonyl group in the artemisinin structure, dihydroartemisinin was synthesized.
1978, the research project on artemisinin antimalarialism won the "National Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Award" of the National Science and Technology Conference;
1979, the research results of artemisinin won the second prize of the National Invention Award award awarded by the National Science and Technology Commission;
1984, the development of artemisinin was successfully rated as one of the "20 Major Medical Scientific and Technological Achievements in the 35th Year of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" by the Chinese Medical Association;
1986, "Artemisinin" won the first-class new drug certificate (86 Health Medicine Certificate No. X-01);
1992, dihydroartemisinin was rated as the "National Top Ten Science and Technology Achievement Award" by the National Science and Technology Commission;
1992, "Dihydroartemisinin and its tablets" won the first-class new drug certificate (92 Health Medicine Certificate No. X-66, 67).
In 2003, "Dihydroartemisinin Suppository" and oral tablets made of artemisinin obtained the "New Drug Certificate", which are the Sinopharm Certificates H20030341 and H20030144 respectively.
1997, dihydroartemisinin was rated as "Top Ten Health Achievements of New China" by the Ministry of Health;
In September 2011, artemisinin research results won the Lask Clinical Medicine Award. The award was "because of the discovery of artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria, saved millions of lives around the world, especially in developing countries."
won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.
Character evaluation: "Your award is the pride of the Chinese scientific community. I believe that this will inspire more Chinese scientists to continue to climb the peak of world science and make more and greater contributions to human civilization and the welfare of the people." (Bai Chunli, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
"We should learn from the hard work, devote ourselves to research, perseverance and perseverance of Researcher Tu Youyou With a constant work style, we will get rid of impetuousness and indifference, and always work hard around scientific goals." (Zhang Boli, President of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
In his congratulatory speech, the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine said that Tu Youyou's award shows the deep concern of the international medical community for Chinese medical research, the profound significance of traditional Chinese medicine in safeguarding human health, the academic spirit and innovative ability of Chinese scientists, and the pride of the Chinese medical and health community.
character introduction: Kao, November 4, 1933 - September 23, 2018), was born in Jinshan County, Jiangsu Province (now Jinshan District, Shanghai), a Chinese physicist, educator, an expert in fiber communication and electrical engineering, and former president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He has British and American nationalities and holds resident of Hong Kong, China. He is known as the "father of fiber optics", the "father of fiber optics communications" and the "godfather of broadband".
Kuo moved to Hong Kong, China in 1949, went to the UK to study electrical engineering in 1954, and received a bachelor's and doctoral degree from University College London in 1957 and 1965. He joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1970, preparing for the Department of Electronics, and served as the head of the department; he served as the third president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1990. He was elected as a member of the Central Academy of Sciences in 1992. He was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1996. He was elected as a member of the Royal Society of the United Kingdom in 1997. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. He was awarded the Great Bauhinia Medal in 2010. He was elected as an honorary academician of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences in 2015. He died in Hong Kong on September 23, 2018 at the age of 84.
Scientific research achievements: Since 1957, Kao has been engaged in research on the use of optical fibers in the field of communications. In 1964, he proposed to replace current with light and fiberglass in telephone networks. In 1965, Kao and Hawkham concluded that the basic limit of glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (dB/km) which is a method of measuring signal attenuation over distances), which is the key threshold for optical communication. However, when this determination, the optical fibers usually exhibit optical loss up to 1000 decibels per kilometer or even more. This conclusion opens the mileage of finding low-loss materials and suitable fibers to achieve this standard.
1966, Kao published a paper entitled "Optical Frequency Dielectric Fiber Surface Waveguide", pioneeringly put forward the basic principles for the application of optical guide fibers in communication, describing the structural and material characteristics of insulating fibers required for long-range and high-information optical communication. As Kao's idea gradually became a reality, that is, optical fibers made of quartz glass are becoming more and more widely used, a revolution in optical fiber communication has been launched around the world.
Kao played a leading role in the early stages of optical communication engineering and commercial implementation. In 1969, Kao measured the inherent loss of molten silica at 4 decibels per kilometer, the first evidence of the effectiveness of ultra-transparent glass in transmission signals. Driven by his efforts, in 1971, the world's first 1-kilometer-long fiber was launched, and the first fiber optic communication system was also launched in 1981.
It is worth mentioning that in the mid-1970s, Kao conducted a pioneering study on the fatigue strength of glass fibers. When he was appointed as the first executive scientist of the International Telecommunications Corporation, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" ("terabit Technology") program to solve the high-frequency limitations of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the "father of Terabit Technology's philosophy".
Character evaluation: "Your research has completely changed the world and promoted the development of the United States and the world economy. I am proud of you. The world owes you a great favor." (Reviewed by US President Obama)
"Your invention has changed the world's communication model and laid the foundation for the information highway. After combining light with glass, image transmission, telephone and computer have made great progress..." (Reviewed by Yale University President of the United States)
It is worth mentioning that Kao also invented a variety of methods to combine glass fiber and laser to transmit digital data. This technology laid the foundation for the development of the Internet. He used fiber optic technology to create a new era of human information and was known as the "godfather of broadband", "father of fiber optic" and "father of fiber optic communication". (Review of Science and Technology Daily)
Professor Kao’s scientific achievements have the common characteristics of all the greatest scientific discoveries: First, his fiber optic technology changed the world. Without his great discoveries, I think the world would be completely different from now; Second, his innovation is something that ordinary people would not imagine. 40 years ago, the fastest media for communication were metal wires. Kao’s amazing imagination is incredible to many people. (Information scientist and Turing Award winner Yao Qizhi review)
optical fiber can truly transmit signals from a long distance, and he is one of the founders. The original optical fiber transmission signal had a large loss and a short transmission distance. At that time, Kao proved in theory that the loss of optical fiber could be reduced very low, thereby realizing long-distance transmission signals. This is a pioneering task, and all technologies related to fiber optic communications are now inseparable from Kao's research work. (Liu Xu, Director of the Department of Information Science, Zhejiang University)
Professor Kao deserves his reputation, which is a testament to the world's praise for his contribution. His research is the crystallization of vision, creativity and precise calculations, and is a model for the world and inspiring. Professor Gao is easy-going and humble, and it is a great pleasure to be able to congratulate him with everyone. (Commentary by Morris, Nobel Prize winner in Economics)
Professor Gao is noble and kind, and is very serious in his work. During his tenure as President of CUHK, he emphasized the pursuit of "excellence" and strives to develop CUHK into a "local university in the world". "Pursuing excellence" has since become the goal direction of CUHK to carry forward the past and open up the future. (Justrated by Kim Yaoji, former president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong)
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