China has a very long history of building city walls. The ancient city wall is an important symbol of the development of Chinese nation's civilization and a powerful witness to the inheritance of Chinese civilization throughout the ages. The existing relatively complete Chinese city walls include Beijing City Wall, Xi'an City Wall, Nanjing City Wall, Jingzhou City Wall, Xiangyang City Wall, etc. They all witness indelible history. Let’s take a look at the ancient city walls in China. How many places have you been to?
The ancient city wall of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province was expanded on the basis of the city walls of the Tang and Yuan dynasties from the 3rd to the 11th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1370-1378 AD). The plane is rectangular, with a top width of 12-14 meters, a bottom width of 15-18 meters, and a circumference of about 13.7 kilometers.
There is a moat 20 meters wide and 10 meters deep outside the city wall. The walls are covered with blue bricks, which are thick and solid, and city gates are opened on all sides of the east, west, south and north. There are city towers, arrow towers, , gate towers, towers and majestic air, with a grand momentum. There is between the city tower and the arrow tower. There is an corner building in each corner of the city. This is the only complete ancient city wall in my country, and the city wall has now been turned into a city park.
The ancient city wall of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province was built in the 26th year of Zhizheng in the Yuan Dynasty (1366 AD) and was built in the 19th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1386 AD). The inner circumference of the city wall is 33 kilometers long, 21 kilometers high, 14-18 meters wide, and has a masonry structure.
There are 13 city gates in Nanjing city walls, and 4 are currently there. There are water gates, sluices or culverts at the intersection of the city wall and the waterway. There are 13,616 warheads built on the city wall, but some areas are damaged. The scale of Nanjing city walls is the world's number one, especially the Zhonghua Gate (Jubao Gate), which is the world's best.
The ancient city wall of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province was said to have been built by Guan Yu when he was guarding Jingzhou during the Three Kingdoms period. It was originally a earthen city wall, but was rebuilt into a brick wall in the Southern Song Dynasty. The current city wall was rebuilt in the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646 AD).
The overall shape of the city wall is irregularly elliptical. The city wall is 8.83 meters high, the bottom is 10 meters wide, the circumference is 11.3 kilometers, the city is 3.75 kilometers in the east and west, and the diameter is 1.2 kilometers in the north and south, and the total area is 4.6 square kilometers. The bottom is made of large strips of stones and glutinous rice lime mortar piled up. The city walls, city gates, balustrades, etc. are now well preserved, with antique flavor and a dragon-like appearance. Jingzhou moat, also known as the water area, is the first defense line of the ancient city. The moat is 10,500 meters long, 30 meters wide and 4 meters deep.
There are Zhongxuan Tower (commonly known as Huixian Tower) and Kuixing Tower in the southeast corner of Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, Lion Tower in the southwest corner, and Madam City in the northwest corner.
In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Duke of Wei Deng Yu guarded Xiangyang, expanded the northeast corner of the city wall to the riverside, and added two gates (Dabei Gate and Changmen), and together with the original four gates, each building was built. There is a urn city outside the six gates, and there is a Zicheng outside the urn city at the east, south and west gates. Suspension bridges (later changed to stone bridges) are set up outside the urn city and Zicheng. The city wall has a circumference of 7.6 kilometers, an average height of 8 meters and a width of about 10 meters. It is built with layers of soil and is built with large pieces of blue bricks on the outside. The Han River is the pond in the north of the city, and there are moats in the east, south and west sides. The moats are 130 meters wide to 250 meters and 2 to 3 meters deep. The water waves are rippling all year round, just like a flat lake, which is rare in the country.
The ancient city wall of Xingcheng City, Liaoning Province is the Ningyuan Acropolis of the Ming Dynasty. It was changed to Ningyuanzhou City in the Qing Dynasty. It was built in the third year of Xuande (1428) in the Ming Dynasty. In the fifth year of Xuande (1430), the outer city was built. It is 9 miles and 124 steps around the outer city, as high as an inner city. It is the most complete Ming Dynasty ancient city in my country. The city wall is square with a circumference of 3274 meters, more than 800 meters long from north to south and east to west, 10 meters high and 4.5 meters wide.
There are city gates in the middle of the four sides of the city wall. The east is called Yuan'an, the south is called Yongqing, the west is called Yingen, and the north is called Dading. Arrow towers are built on the city gates, which are two-story pavilions. The city wall is equipped with a platform at four corners, protruding from the city corner. A Kuixing Tower is built on the southeast corner of the city. There are two city gate towers in the west and south, and a moat between the city walls is a moat.
The Pingyao ancient city wall in Pingyao County, central Shanxi Province was built in the 3rd year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1370 AD).The circumference is 6 kilometers, 8-10 meters high, 8-12 meters wide, and the top width is 3-6 meters wide. The wall is rammed in plain earth, and the outer wall is bricked and covered with white gray. There are 6 city gates around the city. There are suspension bridges outside the city gate. The urn city is built outside the gate. There is a double-eaved hip-top city tower on the urn city, and there is a corner tower around each. There is a building that observes the enemy every 60 meters. There are 72 buildings that observe the enemy on the city wall. Since there are 6 urns, forming the shape of a turtle, there is a saying that turtle city is.
Pingyao City Wall has many horse surfaces, beautiful shapes and complete defensive facilities. It is the only one in China's history of construction, and is famous for its ancient and clever city building techniques. The city walls on the north, east and south and the Kuixing Tower in the east and west corners have been repaired and become more intact.
There are still several remains in the city wall in Beijing:
(1) City wall near the southeast corner building: Located east of Chongwenmen, Chongwen District, , Chongwen District, , there is a section of the most complete and longest-preserved inner city wall in Beijing, plus an arrow tower - the southeast corner building in the inner city.
(2) City wall near the southwest city corner: Located near the Xibianmen Bridge on the West Second Ring Road, Xicheng District, it is the earliest city wall site in Beijing that was listed as a municipal key cultural relic protection unit. There is a "Eight Stare" arrow tower inside.
(3) Deshengmen Archery Tower: Located north of Deshengmen Bridge on the North Second Ring Road, Xicheng District.
(4) Zhengyang Gate City Tower and Arrow Tower: Zhengyang Gate is commonly known as the front gate. It is the most complete city gate in Beijing, located on the south side of Tiananmen .
Deshengmen Arrow Tower
The previous Beijing city gates included: city tower, arrow tower, and wall city. Only Zhengyang Gate maintained the city tower and arrow tower. Unfortunately, due to the construction of the Second Ring Road, most of the city walls were demolished.
The Langzhong ancient city wall in Langzhong City, Sichuan Province is an ancient city wall of the Ming Dynasty. It is located in the new Lane of Nancheng, the ancient city district. It is 100 meters long, 5.3 meters high and 4 meters thick. It is a city built completely according to the astronomical Fengshui theory of the Tang Dynasty and is known as the Fengshui ancient city. The main buildings of Langzhong Ancient City include seven aspects: ancient city walls, ancient city gates, ancient archways, ancient cultural blocks, ancient trees, ancient temples and other ancient ruins. The still-surviving ancient city wall of the Song Dynasty in Langzhong City is only 50 meters long, and there are grass and trees on the top and sides of the wall.
The ancient city of Langzhong was the capital of Ba State during the Warring States Period. It now has ancient folk houses, streets, temples and pavilions from various historical periods of the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Its historical and cultural ranks first among the five current ancient cities in my country.
The ancient city wall of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, is the largest city wall building preserved in Henan Province. The current Kaifeng city wall is a building from the Qing Dynasty. It is 14 kilometers long, 11.3 meters high, 6.66 meters wide at the bottom and more than 5 meters wide at the top. It is made of large pieces of blue bricks inside and outside. On the outside of the city wall are neatly arranged battlements and forts.
According to literature records, the earliest city building in Kaifeng was in the Warring States Period. There were 12 city gates in Daliang City , of which the east gate was famous Yimen, which was about near today's Iron Tower; the west gate was famous Gaomen, which was in Dongchenzhuang, west of today's city. Before the Ming Dynasty, except for the imperial city built with bricks, the other city walls were all built with earth, and only the city towers and gates were built with bricks. Outside the ancient city, there is a moat with a width of 16.66 meters and a depth of 3.33 meters, and a suspension bridge is built on the moat at the gate of the city. Five city gates were opened, Nanxun Gate in the south, Anyuan Gate in the north, Daliang Gate in the west, Renhe Gate in the northeast, also known as Cao Gate in the southeast, Lijing Gate in the southeast, also known as Song Gate in the city gate, and a corner tower was built on each of the four city corners.
The Dali City in Yunnan, referred to as Ye Yu, also known as Zicheng, has a history that can be traced back to the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty. Yangzhumei City (near the Santa Tower to the west of the city) built by the Nanzhao Wanggeluofeng was the new capital. The current ancient city was built in the 15th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1382 AD). According to literature, it is "magnificent" with a radius of 12 miles, with a wall of 2 zhang high and 2 zhang thick; there is a city gate from east, west, south and north, with a city tower above, called Tonghai, Cangshan, Cheng'en, and Anyuan; there are corner towers in the four corners of the city, and each has its own names: Yingchuan, Xiping, Kongming, and Changqing.The exterior wall of the city wall is brick, with a column of spies on the top and a ditches on the bottom.
The city is in a chessboard shape, with 5 streets from south to north and 8 alleys from east to west. Of course, most of these buildings have disappeared today, and some are still vaguely visible. Now, some of the walls of the North and South cities have been preserved. In 1982, the South City Gate was rebuilt, and the two words "Dali" at the gate were compiled into Guo Moruo's calligraphy.
The ancient city of She County, Anhui Province is composed of two parts: the walls of the Fucheng and the county town. The city was built in the late Sui Dynasty (around 617 AD). At first, the city was slightly smaller, but expanded to its later scale in the second year of Zhonghe in the Tang Dynasty (882). After the Fang La Uprising at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Peasant War at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, they were both overhauled. The existing city wall is about 1,500 meters, and Ximen Yuecheng.
The two watchtowers in the east and south, Yinggong Well, Toad Well, and the hoop well before the Song Dynasty. Dabei Street, Doushan Street, , Zhongshan Lane and other streets basically maintain the Ming and Qing styles. The county town is on the east side of the city, and the city wall was built in the 34th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (155), after the Japanese pirates invaded the territory. The city wall is built along the ridge, and there are still remains, but Xin'anmen and Wenzhengmen are relatively intact. The ancient sites include the ancient Ziyang Academy, the Confucian Temple, etc. There are 16 Ming and Qing archways in Fucheng and County.
The ancient Chaozhou city wall in Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province was built in the Song Dynasty, but it was a low-short earth city; it actually took only 8 months to rebuilt in the fifth year of the imperial world (1053). During the Shaoding period (1228-1233), the outer city was converted into stone, and the city walls of Chaozhou were divided into sub-city and outer city. From the south of Sanyang Gate, it surrounds the west and north and extends to the back of Jinshan. It is 951 meters long and has four city gates: "Gongying", "Huping", "Fengxiao" and "Hefu". After 6 years of Qiandao, the newly built Dongcheng was built, starting from Jinshan in the north, along the Han River embankment, connecting with the old city at the southern end, 550 meters long and 2 meters high, all made of stone.
There are 4 city gates in the east city, and together with the original old city, there are 11 city gates in the city, namely: Sanyang Gate, Xiaonan Gate, Xiashui Gate, Fuqiao Gate, Zhumu Gate, Shangshui Gate, Zhouxue Gate, Fengxiao Gate, Hefu Gate, Huping Gate and Gong Gate. More than 4,000 saw-shaped low walls were built on the city. At present, four city towers are still dotted on the eight-mile city embankment: the Xiashuimen Tower, the Guangji Gate Tower, the bamboo and wood gate tower, and the Shangshuimen Tower.
The ancient Phoenix wall in Phoenix City, Hunan Province was built in the 43rd year of Kangxi (1704). It currently has the North Gate City Wall. It was restored later. The entire city wall connects the North Gate City Tower and the East Gate City Tower, and is facing the clear Tuojiang River in front.
The bluestone streets in the city, the wooden structure stilt houses by the river, as well as the Chaoyang Palace, the Tianwang Temple , the Dacheng Palace, and the Wanshou Palace, all have the characteristics of the ancient city. The ancient city of Fenghuang is divided into two urban areas: the old and new city. The old city is surrounded by mountains and waters. The shallow Tuojiang River passes through the city. The city walls made of red sandstone stand on the shore. The ancient city tower is lined with the ancient city tower. The city tower was built during the Qing Dynasty and the rusty iron gate. There is a narrow wooden bridge across the wide river surface under the North City Gate, with stones as piers. Both of them have to cross the sideways, which was once the only passage to leave the city.
The Tingzhou ancient city wall in Tingzhou, Fujian was built in the Tang Dynasty and is about 4 kilometers long. It winds down the mountain from the two wings of Jinsha Temple on the top of Wolong Mountain, and circles half of the Wolong Mountain capital into the city, forming the unique characteristics of Tingzhou ancient city with mountains and cities in the mountains, just like a Buddhist bead hanging on the neck of Guanyin Bodhisattva, so it is known as "Guanyin hanging beads".
In October 2003, the ancient city walls from Ziyang Temple to Chaotianmen 186 meters, the ancient city walls from Ziyang Temple to Yunxiang Pavilion Small Gate, and the ancient city walls from Yunxiang Pavilion to Song Citing were restored in stages, and a new "Yongjin" city gate was built. At this point, the ancient city wall of Tingzhou has been renovated and the majestic and magnificent, from Chaotianmen to Ziyang Temple, then up the slope, climbed over Yunxiang Pavilion, lingered down the steep mountain, passed Shangguan Zhouting, and went straight to Song Citing, connecting with the ancient city wall restored in 1993, crossed the Ting River through Lichun Gate, and led to Wutong Gate, with a total length of 671 meters.
The Jianshui ancient city wall in Jianshui County, Yunnan Province is located 220 kilometers south of Kunming. It was called Butou in ancient times, also known as Badian. It was built during the Yuanhe period of the Tang Dynasty (around 810). Jianshui City was first built in Nanzhao, and was expanded into a brick city in the 22nd year of Hongwu (1389 AD). Although Chaoyang Tower in the East Gate has experienced many wars and earthquakes, it has stood tall for nearly 600 years.
Jianshui County started to build temple studies in the Yuan Dynasty, built Lin'an Prefecture School during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, and built Shuizhou Confucianism during the Wanli period. In the Qing Dynasty, four academies were established, namely Chongzheng, Huanwen, Chongwen and Qujiang and . At that time, it was known as the "Lin Half List", that is, among the Yunnan imperial examinations, Lin'an Prefecture accounted for about half of the people, which was the highest in Yunnan and was rare in the country. Jianshui Ancient City has been built for 12 centuries and has preserved more than 50 ancient buildings to this day, and is known as the "Ancient Architecture Museum" and the "Folk House Museum".
The Linhai City Wall of Taizhou City, Zhejiang , Taizhou City, is known as the "Great Wall of Jiangnan" and "Jiangnan Badaling ". Since the founding of the Jin Dynasty, it has been more than 1,600 years since it was established. It has been continuously built, expanded and expanded by the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and its main part has been preserved to this day.
The ancient city wall is built along the river, facing the mountain, winding and twisting, and magnificent. Especially the section of Beigu Mountain, built on the top of a dangerous cliff, flying and hovering, with enemy platforms standing in a row, with swaying clouds and high towers. Compared with Beijing Badaling, it can be called a double master, and it is called "Badaling in Jiangnan", which is not worthy of. What's more unique is that on both sides of the ancient city wall in Linhai, ancient trees are towering and green all year round, and the city walls are hidden in the green bushes, adding a bit of spiritual beauty.
Shou County, Anhui Province, was known as Shouchun in ancient times. It moved its capital here since the 22nd year of King Kaoli of Chu (241 BC). It has been a county 10 times and has been a prefecture and county seat. The ancient city walls of Shou County are solid and majestic, and have been well preserved so far. The current city wall was rebuilt by Xu Jun, the chief commander of Jiankang in the 12th year of Ningzong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1206), and the words "made by Xu Jun, the chief commander of Jiankang" are also commonly found on the brick surface of the wall. The plane of the city is slightly square, with a circumference of 7141 meters, a height of 8.3 meters, a bottom width of 18-22 meters, and a top width of 4-10 meters. The wall is rammed with earth, bricks are placed on the outside, and a 2-meter-high stone foundation is built at the bottom of the outer wall. The whole body is tilted inward and is divided into layers.
The southeast of the city is a moat, about 60 meters wide, surrounded by Feishui in the north and connected to shou West Lake in the west. There is a stone embankment about 8 meters wide at the outer wall. The city has four gates, Binyang in the east, Tongfei in the south, Dinghu in the west, and Jinghuai in the north. All four gates have a gate guard city, the outer door of the west gate faces north, the outer door of the north gate faces west, and the two doors inside and outside the east gate are parallel and erratic, with dual functions of military defense and flood control.
The ancient city wall of Kuizhou in Fengjie County, Chongqing City has an area of 1,700 square meters. The total length of the city wall is 182 meters and 7.37 meters high, maintaining the historical style of the original "Kuizhou Ancient City Wall". The "Kuizhou Ancient City Wall" belongs to the longest ancient city wall in the ground cultural relics relocation project of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Among them, Yidoumen, also known as Dananmen, was built in the 10th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1474), and was named after Du Fu's poem "Everything to look at the Beijing City by Beidou." The city gate is well preserved and built with stones, 13.7 meters high, 27 meters long and 13 meters thick. After the Three Gorges Project, the overall movement was moved to Baotaping. Fengjie belonged to Kuizhou in ancient times.
Here, it was originally the Kuizi Kingdom and was one of the main settlements of the Ba people. During the Warring States Period, this place was under the jurisdiction of the Chu State and was changed to Yufu County during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Regarding the name of "Yufu County", the legend is related to the patriotic poet Qu Yuan of the Warring States Period. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (649 AD), it was renamed Fengjie County and was affiliated to Kuizhou Prefecture . Because Fengjie is the capital of Kuizhou Prefecture, people often ignore the name of Fengjie and call it "Kuizhou" or "Kuifu".
The old city of Yuci on the northeastern edge of the Jinzhong Basin in Shanxi Province is located in the southern part of Yuci City. It was built in the second year of Kaihuang in Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (582). When it was first built, it was a Tucheng. The city was "five miles, three meters high, four meters wide in base, two meters wide in roof, and half a depth."In the 20th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1541), all the earthen city walls were built into brick walls, and the wall foundation was widened by 1 zhang, reaching five zhang, reaching three zhang and five zhang. 20 enemy platforms, 4 corner buildings, and 16 police pavilions were added on the city wall. At the same time, the moat was cleaned up and cover buildings were set up outside the moat.
There are four gates in Yuci City, and towers are built. The east gate of the city is called Yingxi Gate, the south gate is called Guanlan Gate, the west gate is called Daifen Gate, and the north gate is called Wangyue Gate.
The Longli Ancient City Wall in Jinping County, Guizhou Province is a Ming Dynasty military trest with a history of more than 600 years. The ancient city still preserves rich ancient cultural relics such as ancient city walls, ancient streets, ancient wells, and ancient buildings. Most of the ancient houses were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The city wall is one meter or two feet high, the moat is one meter deep, and it is three miles and three minutes around the city. There are four forts in the east, west, south and north. Later, it was changed to the Drum Tower to worship the gods. The fourth artillery tower is well preserved. The ancient city of Longli is not big, with a circumference of about 1,500 meters and was more than 2 meters high in ancient times. This small circle of stone was built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty.
Qingyan Ancient Town , in the southern suburbs of Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, is about 29 kilometers away from the city. It has been more than 620 years since the establishment of Qingyan Fort in the eleventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1378 AD). From the 4th to the 7th year of the Tianqi period (1624-1627 AD), Tucheng was built on the "Sizhaiba" (place name) about 1 kilometer away from Qingyan Fort. It was called "Wingcheng" by people at that time, which means "Mingcheng" or "yingpan", which is the prototype of Qingyan City today.
The three words "Dingguang Gate" are written on the city gate. There are winding city walls on both sides of the city gate, with enemy towers, stents and turrets built on them. All of them were built with huge squares and huge stones, and they were all blue and gray. The ancient town once had nine temples, eight temples, three palaces, three pavilions, one courtyard, and one floor, as well as ancient buildings such as stone archways and city walls. It was originally a Tucheng. After hundreds of years of history and many renovations and expansions, it gradually became a stone city with intricate streets and alleys.
The Ming Ancient City city wall in the hometown of Confucius in Qufu City, Shandong Province was built from 1512 to 1522 (the first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty). This is the southern wall of the Ming Dynasty Ancient City of Qufu. The ancient city of Qufu Ming was built to protect the Confucius Temple. "Moving the city to defend the temple" is also extremely rare in the history of world urban architecture. The city wall is about 9 meters high, the bottom is about 8 meters wide, and the city circumference is about 4.8 kilometers.
The city wall is the old city area of Qufu, with an area of about 1.41 square kilometers. The moat outside the city is about 3.3 meters wide and deep, and the distance between the city and the river ranges from 7 to 10 meters. There are 5 gates in the ancient city, and all of them have urns. In the late 1970s, most of the ancient city of Ming in Qufu was demolished due to historical reasons, leaving only the south gate, the north gate, and the northwest and northeast corners.
Xinjiang Panlu City , also known as Banchao Memorial Park, is located south of Dolaitibag Road, the southeastern suburb of Kashgar City. From 74 to 91 AD, it was the castle ruins that Banchao, a famous Eastern Han general, was stationed here for 17 years. Ban Chao used Panwu City as the base to fight against Western slaves, support the Western Regions, restored the central government's rule over the Western Regions, and reopened the Silk Road.
At present, Panwu City has been built on the original ancient city ruins, covering an area of 14.5 acres, centered on the Ban Chao statue, the 36 warrior statues are symmetrical along the left and right along the Shinto, with a back lining 36 meters long and a large semicircular relief screen wall of 9 meters high.
Yunnan Province Dali Prefecture Southern Weishan County was built in the Yuan Dynasty and expanded in the 23rd year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1390 AD). There are four city gates in the east, west, south and north. Star arch towers are built in the center of the city, and the ancient city is square and like a seal. The city has a chessboard-style street layout. There are 25 streets and 18 alleys, and the streets are crisscrossed.
The north city tower of Weishan is called Gongchen Tower, built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. On the tall city walls, there are five old buildings with double-eaved and rest-topped roofs. The "Kuixiong Liuzhao" is hung on the south side of the city tower, and the horizontal plaque "Thousand Miles of Heaven" is hung on the north side. Majestic and powerful. The ancient building is 23.5 meters high and the lower tongue city wall is 8.3 meters high. The building is supported by 28 large pillars and is ranked up from two small gates in the east and west. Go up to the top of the stairs and look around. Four streets, east, west, south, north and north, extend in all directions, and the houses are as beautiful as the houses.The entire Weishan Dam is in sight, which is very spectacular.
The ancient city of the Ming Zhongduhuang in Fengyang County, Anhui Province was built in the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369 AD). It occupies an important position in the history of the development of ancient capital architecture in China. It is the blueprint for the later construction of the Nanjing Forbidden City and the Beijing Forbidden City. More than 600 years ago, a generation of peasant founding emperor in Chinese history - Zhu Yuanzhang , founded the Ming Dynasty, built the first capital of the Ming Dynasty, and enjoyed the title of "Eastern Babylon". Zhongducheng has three inner, second and outer walls: the "outer city" has a circumference of 30.36 kilometers; the second city is called "forbidden city", with a circumference of 7.67 kilometers and a height of 2 meters; the inner city is called " Forbidden City ", with a circumference of 3.68 kilometers, approximately square, 15.15 meters high, 6.9 meters wide at the bottom of the wall and 6.4 meters wide at the top.
▲The west gate of the Zhongdu City Wall of Fengyangming, Anhui Photo: Zhang Zhigang
Zhongdu Imperial City is the innermost city with a circumference of 3.68 kilometers, a nearly square plane, and a scale of more than 10,000 square meters larger than the Forbidden City in Beijing. Zhongdu City (after the strike) has 9 gates, 28th Street, 104th Street, 3 cities, 4th Battalion, 2nd Pass, and 18th Water Pass. Its layout strictly follows the traditional principle of symmetry, and the focus is on the architectural layout of the palace on the central axis.
The ancient city wall of the Ming Guide Mansion in Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province was built in the Tang Dynasty. Suiyang City was flooded in the Ming Dynasty in 815 (1502), and the following year, the soil was built to siege the city. In the 6th year of Zhengde (1511), the new city was rebuilt in the north of the old city, with the Yuan Dynasty wall as the south wall. The bricks were built in the 37th year of Jiajing (1558). The south wall is 950.6 meters long, the north wall is 993.4 meters long, the east wall is 1210 meters long, the west wall is 1201 meters long, and the circumference is 4355 meters. It is 6 meters high, 6 meters wide on the top and 9 meters wide on the site. The south is Gongyang Gate, an arch-style building with a total length of 21 meters and a platform height of 8 meters. The north is Gongchen Gate, the east is Binyang Gate, and the west is 号号号 . There were city gate towers on the gates, which were destroyed by artillery fire in 1943. Both the North City Gate Tower and the South City Gate Tower have been restored.
There were originally urns outside the four gates, with one urn on each urn on the city, which was demolished during the Republic of China. There are 9 enemy platforms on all four sides of the city wall, with different shapes and sizes. The first horse face facing south of the west gate is a semicircular building, and the rest are all in the shape of a horse head protruding outside the wall. There is a corner platform at each corner of the city wall, with the same shape and different sizes. There are 3,600 battlements on the city wall. 3.5 meters outside the city wall is a moat, 500 meters wide, 25 meters narrow, 1-5 meters deep, and a circle around the city. The moat earth embankment 550 meters outside the moat has a circumference of 9 kilometers, a base width of 20 meters, a top width of 7 meters, and a height of 5 meters. It was built in the 19th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1540), and the fragrance of fruit trees on the current embankment is wafting.
There are two ancient cities in Luoyang in Luoyang City, Henan Province: the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties is on the north bank of the east Baima Temple in today's Luoyang City; the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties is on the north bank of the Luoshui River in today's Luoyang city at 18 miles west of Seoul. Luoyang is one of the seven ancient capitals in my country, and is most famous for its three. First, the capital was built the earliest, the second was the longest history, and the third was the most dynasties. It is said that there were 13 dynasties and more than 100 emperors that built the capital here, which lasted for more than 1,600 years.
The city site of Luoyang City, Han and Wei dynasties is adjacent to Yanshi and Mengjin , 15 kilometers east of Luoyang City, Henan Province. Luoyi was built at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the city was built here, which was called Chengzhou. Because the city is north of the Luoshui River, it was called Luoyang during the Warring States Period. Because the place was the most prosperous in the Han and Wei dynasties, it is known in history as the ancient city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei dynasties. The existing plane is rectangular, and the southern city wall is washed away by water due to the northward movement of the Luo River. The city walls on the north, east and west are well preserved. Some areas are about 5-7 meters above the ground. Including the northwest corner of Jinyong City, the north wall is about 3,700 meters long and about 25-30 meters wide; the west wall is about 4,290 meters long and about 20 meters wide; the east wall is about 3,895 meters long and 14 meters wide. The city has a circumference of 14 kilometers. Five city gates are poked out from the west city wall. Except for the second gate starting from the north, which is one gate and two holes, they are all one gate and one hole. In the northwest corner of the city is Jinyong City built during the Cao Wei period. It consists of three small towns connected to the north and south. The plane is in the shape of a "me" shape, about 1,048 meters long from north to south and 255 meters wide from east to west. There are doorways between the three cities, with the city walls about 12-13 meters wide and the remaining height is about 6 meters.
Dingdingmen of Luoyang City, Sui and Tang Dynasties, is the main gate of Luoyang City, Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was built in the first year of Daye in the Sui Dynasty (605 AD). It was called Jianguo Gate in the Sui Dynasty. It continued to be used by the Tang Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty. It is a landmark building on the central axis of Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Excavation shows that the Dingdingmen site consists of a rectangular pier platform with a rectangular plane, three doorways, east-west flying corridors, east-west and west tiles and left and right horse paths. The east-west flying corridor and the east-west arch are located on both sides of the pier, respectively, and are distributed parallel and symmetrically with the pier. This type of gate is only seen at the Dingdingmen site and has not been found in other places in the country. As the main gate of the outer city of Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Dingding Gate lasted for 530 years, and is currently the longest known city gate in ancient my country. In 2007, staff discovered camel hoof prints in the Dingdingmen site area, which are important archaeological evidence in Luoyang as one of the starting points of the Silk Road. After more than 1,000 years, the ruins of Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties have been well preserved.
The ancient city wall of Cantonese is located in Yongnian, Handan, surrounded by water, in the center of Yongnian depression, and Fuyang River is also circling the city, which is known as "double water circling the city". Its houses are simple and elegant, with the style of Ming and Qing dynasties, with beautiful natural scenery and profound cultural heritage, just like a shining pearl embedded in the southern Hebei Plain. It is a typical example of an ancient town that integrates ancient city, water city and Tai Chi city in the country. Guangzhou was called Quliang in ancient times. Since the Western Han Dynasty, it has been the seat of county, prefecture, prefecture and county in history. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was a Tucheng with a circumference of six miles and twenty-four steps.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, King Xia Dou Jiande once established the capital here. When Wang Wei, the Minister of the Yuan Dynasty, became the county magistrate, he expanded Tucheng to 9 miles and 13 steps (4522 meters). In the 21st year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1542), the prefect Chen Zu mobilized migrant workers in nine counties. It took 13 years to transform the earth city into a brick city. The city was 12 meters high and 8 meters wide, and 1,752 briquet entrances were built. In the 43rd year of Jiajing (1564), the prefect Cui Dade built another four-arm city. There are many historical relics and remains inside and outside the ancient city, including more than 20 national, provincial and municipal cultural relics protection units such as the Ancient City of Guangzhou, Hongji Bridge, Yang Luchan and Wu Yuxiang’s former residence, Maosui’s tomb, and Zangbing Cave. Every step is full of ancient sites and there is a charm everywhere. Walking deep in the ancient city, neat blue-gray houses are arranged on both sides of the street. Surrounding the ancient city wall is a moat about 5 kilometers long.
The ancient city wall of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province can be traced back to 2,500 years ago. The rammed earth besieged more than two thousand years ago was changed to brickwork as early as the Five Dynasties. Before the 1950s, Suzhou's city walls were still continuous. However, after the nationwide wave of city destruction, Suzhou's city walls became as incomplete as they are now.
Today, Suzhou still owns city gates or places that are used include (clockwise from the north): Pingmen, Qimen , Loumen , Xiangmen, Fengmen, Nanmen, Panmen, Xumen , Kinmen, Changmen , etc. The more complete city walls are Panmen to Xumen sections; those who can see the ruins of the city walls (with earth walls, but no city bricks) are the Nanmen sections, Xiangmen to Loumen sections, and Kinmen to Changmen sections; those who have ancient city gates are: Panmen and Xumen; those who have remaining city gates are Changmen; those who have Roman-style city gates are newly built after the Republic of China: Kinmen; those who have restored and rebuilt city gates and towers are Changmen; those who have complete urn city or ruins: Panmen and Changmen; those who can visit the city gates: Panmen (ancient building), Changmen (reconstruction) and Guanmen (reconstruction); those who have no remains to be found: Xiangmen, Qimen, Loumen, Pingmen, etc.
Historically, the earliest city wall in Suzhou was 8 Land Gate and 8 Water Gate. Suzhou was the big city of that time and a water town. Suzhou, which has geographical convenience, even the moat is built so wide. Most of the Suzhou city walls have two waterways, called the inner city river and the outer city river, which are two ravines for military defense.
The ancient city wall of Ganzhou was built in the Han Dynasty and has a history of two thousand years. Later, after the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, it took more than 900 years to continuously repair and reinforce, making Ganzhou City a tall and majestic city wall with a circumference of 13 miles, reflecting the intelligence and wisdom of the working people of the ancient Chinese Han people.
The ancient city wall that is now relatively well preserved was built during the Jiayou period of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is the largest existing ancient city wall in Jiangnan and one of the few Northern Song Dynasty brick walls in the country. The average height of the city wall is 7 meters, and it is 3.6 kilometers long from the east gate to the west gate. The battlement wall, artillery city, horse face and city gate are all well preserved.
The ancient city of Xichang is located in the central part of Liangshan Prefecture, with a total area of more than 2,600 square kilometers and a total population of more than 500,000. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the autonomous prefecture. Xichang has been an important town in the southwestern border of the motherland since ancient times. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, all regimes have established counties, prefectures, officials, and appointed officials here.
Penglai Water City, its history will be traced to the Song Dynasty. In the second year of the Qingli period of the Song Dynasty, Daoyu Village was built here for the truce ships. In the ninth year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the water city was built on the basis of the original Daoyu Village. The total area was 270,000 square meters, wide in the south and narrow in the north, and irregular rectangular in shape, with mountains and sea control, and the situation was steep. Its water gate, breaking wave embankment, flat wave platform, wharf, lighthouse, city wall, enemy platform, fort, moat and other harbor buildings and coastal defense buildings were well preserved, and it is the most complete ancient naval base in the country.
The Datong City Wall is located in the central area of Datong City . It is a relatively complete ancient city wall building in my country. The city of Datong has a long history. As early as when it was the capital of the Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a large city had been built.
The existing city wall was built by Xu Da, a general of the Ming Dynasty, in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, based on the old cities of Han, Wei, Tang, Liao, Jin and Yuan. There are four main city gates, Heyang, Yongtai, Qingyuan, and Wuding. At the same time, a series of military facilities such as moats, suspension bridges, city towers, arrow towers, moon towers, Qianlou, Wanglou, Corner Tower, and Military Control Station are also built. Since 2008, the rammed earth wall of the ancient city wall was restored well, and 70% of the rammed earth wall was repaired in an overall brick. Since Liang Sicheng has complete surveying and mapping materials for the Datong city tower, the photos and documents are detailed, and the stone foundation of the city wall and the horse-face foundation are all preserved, providing a detailed basis for restoration, so it ensures the authenticity of the building and protects the restored Datong city walls to be spectacular.
The Shenyang Forbidden City, namely the Forbidden City of the Later Jin, is located in Shenhe District, Shenyang City. It was built in 1625 AD. It was a palace built by Nurhaci, the Taizu of the Qing Dynasty and Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty before entering the pass. It is also known as the Shengjing Palace. It is the palace of the Later Jin and the early Qing Dynasty. It covers an area of about 60,000 square meters, with 114 buildings and more than 300 rooms. Compared with the Forbidden City in Beijing, the architectural style of the Shenyang Forbidden City has unique Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan characteristics.
The layout of the Dazheng Hall and Shiwangting Building Complex on the East Road is modeled after the layout of the Eight Banners Martial Hall (Daweishi). The characteristic of the middle road is that the palace is high and the hall is low. The living part is located on the high platform, overlooking the main hall area of the government. This is due to the living habits of the Manchus who like to live on the Taigang. The East and West Palaces on the West and Middle Roads are completely Han-style buildings.
Beijing Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City, is located in the center of Beijing. The Forbidden City is China's highest power center in more than five centuries. It has garden landscapes and a huge building complex that houses furniture and handicrafts. It has 9999 rooms and a half of palaces and rooms. It is called the "Sea of Temples", and has become a priceless historical witness to Chinese civilization in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The palace buildings of the Forbidden City are the largest and most complete ancient buildings in China. Today people call it the Forbidden City, which means the imperial palace of the past.The Forbidden City is 750 meters wide from east to west and 960 meters long from north to south, with an area of 720,000 square meters, the largest in the world. The entire building of the Forbidden City is surrounded by two solid lines of defense, and the outer periphery is surrounded by a moat of 52 meters wide and 6 meters deep; followed by a 3-kilometer-long wall with a wall height of nearly 10 meters and a bottom width of 8.62 meters. There are 4 gates on the city wall, the Meridian Gate in the south, the Shenwu Gate in the north, the Donghua Gate in the east, and the Xihua Gate in the west. There are four corner buildings on the four corners of the city wall. The corner buildings have 3 floors of eaves and 72 roofs, which are exquisite and transparent, and have unique shapes. They are masterpieces in ancient Chinese architecture.
The Forbidden City once lived in 24 emperors. It was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911 AD). It is now the "Palace Museum". The entire building of the Forbidden City is magnificent and solemn. It is known as one of the five major palaces in the world (Beijing Palace, France Palace, Buckingham Palace, the United States White House, and the Russian Kremlin), and is listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO.
The Great Wall is located in the northern part of China. It starts from Shanhaiguan in the Bohai Bay in Hebei Province in the east and reaches Jiayuguan in Gansu Province in the inland area in the west. It runs across seven provinces, cities and autonomous regions including Hebei, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu. It is about 6,700 kilometers long and about 13,300 miles long. It is known as the "Great Wall" in the world.
The Great Wall is a miracle created by the working people in ancient my country. Since the Qin Dynasty, building the Great Wall has always been a major project. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for 1/20 of the national population. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to defend against invasions from other countries, the princes and countries built beacon towers and connected them with city walls to form the earliest Great Wall. Afterwards, most of the kings of all dynasties strengthened and repaired.
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