philosophy, first used in Chinese at the end of the 19th century, its original meaning is to love wisdom and pursue truth, which is translated in Japanese Chinese. The meaning of the word is "a kind of knowledge that makes people smart and inspires wisdom in a dialectical way." What is philosophy a certain way to explore the relationship between man and nature?
Philosophy can be regarded as a standard, which can be compared to the 'scale' - starting from the rational existence itself, to find the essence (originality) of reason and the relationship between this self-existence and other existences in the world. In the academic world, there is no universally accepted definition of the term philosophy, and there is little possibility of reaching a consensus definition. Western academic history is defined as the research, involvement, and other concepts of some issues. Philosophy is the study of universal and basic issues, and these issues are mostly related to "rationality, knowledge that describes the world, actual existence, value, soul, language, etc.
science is meta-knowledge and meta-Neo-Confucianism, which is the so-called simplicity of the great way. After proof, complex rules are simplified into simple and unified principles. For example, the principle of "no matter, no spirit" can negate the plausible conclusions and so-called "laws" such as "God", "Devil" and "The universe was created by God". The task of studying philosophy is to grasp the same laws of things at the level of the real world at the level of the meta-reason (i.e., mysterious principles, and mysterious principles) and integrate the "many" into one. Or interpreting "one" as more, one and more are both true and original principles. The essence must be clear. Systematic. This can avoid the deduction of "what the axe cuts and destroys what it is" and draws many wrong conclusions. Only by explaining the world and guiding practical work (practice). The essence of philosophy is the ultimate truth, which can guide advanced mankind's efforts and judge right and wrong. Part of the content is relative truth, which needs to be developed to the ultimate truth. The primordial theory, including principles, methods, real facts (not magician illusions)
primordial theory has the following similarities with the concepts of principle. The practical basis for dividing them can be: the primordial theory is the instantly available Yuanchu theory that humans need to remember and is equivalent to "the only justice judge in the world's truth"; and the principle is a practical theory that people who seek truth can use to guide their efforts.
The three laws of materialistic dialectics:
1. The law of unity of opposition (the law of contradiction between things), the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation are the law of unity of opposition (also known as the law of contradiction; the unity of opposites; the law of struggle.)
It reveals that, whether in nature, society, or in the field of human thinking, there are contradictions inside and between things. (For example, the common prosperity of socialism with public ownership is a contradiction between the inconsistent trend of the theory of polarization of private ownership; the contradiction between materialism and idealism)
Due to the unity and struggle between the two sides of the contradictions of things, it always promotes the movement, change and development of things. Everything in the universe is always moving and developing continuously. Everyone has life and death, without exception. The basic connotation of the law of unity of opposition can be summarized as the 'three pairs' of contradictions' is:
The universality of contradictions, and contradictions are everywhere. Contradictions exist in the development of all things.
The particularity of contradictions; the struggle of contradictions, the imbalance of contradictions, that is, the main contradiction and secondary contradictions, the main and secondary aspects of contradictions. Contradiction resolution is diverse in form. There are contradictions in the same thing or process.
The relationship between universality and particularity of contradictions: the contradictions of different things and each side have their own characteristics.
"The law of unity of opposition" is the fundamental law of dialectics of materialism, and contradiction analysis method is the fundamental method of understanding and transforming the world. "The combination of conditional relative unity and unconditional absolute struggle constitutes the contradictory movement of all things."
Contradictory universality and particularity are dialectical unity. The universality of contradiction is the commonality of contradiction, and the particularity of contradiction is the individuality of contradiction. The commonality of contradictions is unconditional and absolute, while the personality of contradictions is conditional and relative.Any real thing is an organic unity of commonality and personality. Commonality is contained in personality, and it does not leave the commonality of personality. (For example, no leaf on earth is exactly the same) nor does it leave the commonality (all humans, but each person has different appearances. Everyone walks on two legs, has language, but has different tones) commonality and personality of contradictions (every country has contradictions, such as class struggle; court coups; wrong theorems; debates; absolute truth is the Pythagorean theorem, etc.; relative truth is equivalent to experience and lessons. It has a certain scope of application and cannot be infinitely expanded to any range to obtain many unreliable conclusions) is the essence of the issue of contradictions in things, and is the key to correctly understanding the theory of contradiction. If you do not understand it, you cannot truly master the dialectics of materialism.
The relationship between the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction:
The main contradiction and the secondary contradiction are mutually influencing and restricting each other, and can be transformed under certain conditions. (For example, private ownership can be transformed into corruption and flooding; the bloody cruelty of shooting death penalty can reduce the crime rate; the just war against aggression can make the invaders afraid of the cruelty of negative feedback and dare not invade other countries for a long time. The conclusions obtained by the induction are in line with statistics and can avoid the wrong conclusions of generalization. The class struggles around the world are still very fierce, especially in Middle East ... Philosophical content also includes using statistical methods to obtain laws based on analysis.)
First of all, the main contradiction stipulates and restricts the existence and development of secondary contradictions. Contradictions play a leading and decisive role in the development of things. If the main contradiction is resolved well, the secondary contradiction can be resolved smoothly; conversely, if the secondary contradiction is not resolved well, it will directly affect the main contradiction.
Secondly, the status of the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction is not static. Under certain conditions, they can transform each other, that is, the main contradiction becomes the secondary contradiction, causing the secondary contradiction to rise to the main contradiction. (For example, it is a greedy person who relies on opportunistic performances to gain trust in a certain party. However, the reform of the legal executives, corruption is always tickled for three years, resulting in the proliferation of corruption in the industry; and the 'punishment of punishment' has led to some high-connected artists who dare to take advantage of the loopholes in the law to evade taxes in large quantities) reveals that the source of the "one-self movement" lies in the contradictions within things, which fundamentally abandons the idea of seeking mysterious harmony. "Loving all people is the moral standard of human beings to help overwhelm the construction of the legal system" brain-dead view. It can prove the idealist view of "the movement and development of all things".
philosophy establishes the theory of development of dialectics on the basis of materialism, providing correct methods for scientifically describing the path, direction, form and other characteristics of the development of things, and comprehensively revealing the dialectical laws of the development of things. Therefore, dialectics of materialism is both a worldview and a methodology. The law of unity of opposition reveals the most fundamental method of this scientific methodology, namely the ‘contradictory analysis method’. Therefore, if we leave the view of "unity of opposition", we will not be able to understand the essence of dialectical understanding and dialectical methods.
Three laws of Marxist philosophy:
The law of unity of opposition: The inside and between things in the world contain two aspects of contradiction, and the two sides of the contradiction are both opposite and unified. The movement and development of things lies in the contradictory movement of themselves. The struggle and identity of contradictions, universality and particularity (commonity and individuality, absolute and relative, general and individual) are unified in objective facts. The law of unity of opposition reveals the source and driving force of the development and change of things. It runs through other laws and categories of dialectics of materialism and is the essence and core of the scientific system of dialectics of materialism.
The law of quantitative transformation: Any change of any thing is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. Quantity changes to a certain extent cause qualitative change, resulting in new quality, and then, on the basis of new quality, new quantitative change begins. Quantitative change is the basis and necessary preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change. The law of quantitative deterioration and change reveals the form and form of development of things.
Negative law: The development and change of any thing is the negation of old things by new things, the result of the contradiction and struggle between affirmation and negation within things, and the process of self-development of things, but negation is not a total abandonment, but "crossover", and the unity of overcoming and retaining. New things deny old things and then negate new things, everything is so "spiral" moving forward. The law of negation reveals the trend and path of development of things, that is, the development of things is manifested as the unity of progressiveness and tortuousness. (For example, the practitioners deny the "two whatevers", but it leads to polarization, and the "negation" is again "negative" by the people, "negative x negative is positive") Socialism has achieved common prosperity in the eradication system, and is established by the 18 major policies and regulations, which denies the "wealth first" forever, making it impossible for a very small number of people to become rich and common prosperity because it violates the law of material immortality and the law of class struggle)
Five principles in Marxist philosophy research
Content and form: Content determines the form, and form serves the content, and content must be expressed through form. Form has a counterproductive effect on the content, and content and form exist in a unified unity and are inseparable.
violates the truth of Marxism-Leninism's " market economy is incompatible with socialism" and shouts "Socialism can also be used to develop a market economy" and goes against the truth. If you tamper with the truth, you will experience huge polarization’. The market economy is a vicious private ownership that is specialized in polarization, with cyclical economic crises, economic downturns, and painful for workers.
Phenomenon and essence: Essence and phenomena are categories that reveal the mutual relationship between the internal connections and external manifestations of objective things. The two are both opposite and unified. Phenomenon - must be a concrete, external, individual, unique, rich and vivid phenomenon; rather than a one-sided appearance (like a blind man touching an elephant and the capitalist roader came to a generalization conclusion in this way.)
and the essence is - inner, simple, general, and deep. Often wrapped up by phenomena, for example, "capitalism appears to be high economic speed. The exploiting class gets rich quickly. The essence is to create polarization through the exploiting system, and greedy people transfer huge wealth into the pocket of the exploiting class." But the phenomenon and essence are unified. It can be said that "polarization is an indicator of capitalism"; common prosperity is an indicator of socialism. There is no phenomenon that can be separated from the essence; nor is it able to be separated from the essence of the phenomenon. Phenomenon and essence are inseparable from each other. Phenomenons are exposed and manifested. Behind the phenomenon is the essence of things, and the two are inseparable.
Cause and result:
opposition is manifested in: within a specific boundary and scope, the causes and results have certain boundaries and order, and information will also have logical content. The "law of cause and effect" of logic is the cause, and it cannot be confused or reversed with the results. The reason is equivalent to fire; the result is equivalent to water in the pot. Their unity is manifested in that the two are interdependent, interconnected, interacted, and transformed into each other under certain conditions. When the water boils, it can boil or flow down to extinguish the fire. Just like planting beans. The inevitability of the private ownership exploitation system leads to polarization; public ownership inevitably leads to common prosperity. They are incompatible with water and fire and transform each other under certain conditions.
Contingency and necessity :
is a pair of categories that reveal the different trends of the occurrence, development and demise of things. The possibility of accident is not equal to 1 but less than 1, which is often less than 50%; the possibility of necessity is equal to 100%. For example, life must be dead; local existence and the whole; cannibalism within the system will inevitably lead to polarization; people who do not study Marxism-Leninism do not know that class struggle theory is correct; people who do not study mathematics do not know how to settle accounts. etc.
The opposition between contingency and necessity is reflected in: the status and role of the two arise in the process of development of things according to different conditions. It is manifested in: the two are interdependent and permeable, and can transform and transition each other under certain conditions.For example: humans timely abolish fuel-fired cars and replace electric cars with electric cars can prolong the time they are killed by heat, and replacing the market economy with socialism can eliminate polarization.
As the information of the "negative law of negation" of one of the three major laws of dialectics, the process it has experienced in the history of dialectics is exactly consistent with the essence of this "negative law of negation" process, and truly reflects the characteristics of "consistent words and deeds, consistent inside and outside". The spirit of seeking truth from facts is more specific, "not only the best, not only the books, only the reality, exchange, comparison, and repetition". The following six words "exchange, compare, and repeat" have the connotation of the negative rule of negation. It means that for the same phenomenon, each person must observe from different angles. After 1,000 blind men touch the elephant, they will get different conclusions, and then scientifically integrate the local and different perceptual understandings of each person in the elephant through statistics to have a clearer and more rational understanding of the overall elephant. If you just rely on a few people to "touch the elephant" and then raise your hands to vote to draw a conclusion, it is often a wrong conclusion that is generalized.
In the history of philosophy, the characteristics of the negation law of its own development process are the negation of negation. Specifically, the entire development process has gone through the process of: Theory A - being denied - being denied again (the number of negatives is even, then A is affirmed because (-1)x (-1=1) is exactly consistent with the 'negation law of negation' itself.
Operational Editor Dunyuan
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-