The Paper has a number of test results. I think there are two indicators, which can reflect to a certain extent which scholars missed the Nobel Prize, or to be more precise, the Nobel Prize missed them.

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There are numbers to hide

I think there are two indicators that can reflect to a certain extent which scholars missed the Nobel Prize, or to be more precise, the Nobel Prize missed them.

The first is the total number of times scientists are nominated (nominee) Nominee awards

The second is the number of times scientists are running with them, that is, the number of times they fail to win the award after being nominated (Haruki Murakami: Hum?)

Nominee awards are not something that everyone can do, they need to have certain qualifications, and generally they are insiders in the industry. Therefore, these two indicators reflect the academic community's recognition of a scholar. The

problem is here. Where can I find these two indicators?

Open the official website of Nobel Prize , and you will find a page called "Nomination Archive", which is the official Nobel Prize nomination database. After clicking in, you can see

focusing on physics awards, with a total of 2,777 nomination letters from 1901 to 1966.

Huh? Why only until 1966?

This is a special provision of Nobel Foundation , and the annual list of nominees and nominees must be kept confidential for 50 years. Only after the list of winners was announced this year can we see the nominations for each award in 1967.

Now we can check the nomination status of each award from 1901 to 1966 (specific awards are slightly different, such as the Medical Awards only lasted until 1953), and we can also enter the scientist's name to check his nomination status before 1966. Although

is not all, it is still more than 60 years of data, which is enough to cause trouble.

It is also very "chicken" to talk about it. There is no "nomination ranking" that the people who eat melons like. Maybe they don't want to be so easily found. For example, "Wow! No, that person, who has obviously nominated so many times and has been with them for so many years, but you don't! Give it! Award!"

But just a few days ago, the official Nobel Prize posted a Twitter:

Someone abroad has started the excavator and visualized the data. We are the people who eat melons are naturally happy:

Let's talk about the overview first. From 1901 to 1966, a total of 495 people were nominated for the physics prize, of which 109 scholars finally won the prize, less than a quarter, which already includes 66 A scholar who won the award before the year but won the award in the end. More than one-third of scholars (169) were nominated only once. The size of the circle of

indicates the number of times the scholar was nominated. I believe that visual inspection can also be found that there is almost the largest gray circle in the whole field. I will say this scholar at the end, let’s take a look at the other four “Nobel Prize Beads”. (Time is limited, so you can only sort out the Top 5)

Friedrich Paxing

5 nominations 16 times (1922~1933 for 12 consecutive years)

He is the Paxing system of the Paxing system of the hydrogen atom spectrum, which looks like this:

In the year when he was nominated the most (1926), the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics was Jean Baptiste Perrin, a French physicist nominated by 11 people that year. The reason for winning is: studying the discontinuous structure of matter and discovering sedimentary equilibrium.

George Urenbeck

7 nominations 12 runners (1951~1958 for 8 consecutive years)

Samuel Goodsmit

8 nominations 13 runners (1951~1958 for 8 consecutive years)

These two scholars are academic CPs, let's talk together.

even the nomination rules are almost the same.

(Wulenbeck left, Goodsmit right, shooting time was about 1928)

The most important academic achievement of the two was the discovery of electronic spins in 1925, which was completely a Nobel Prize-level job, but until the two died, they were unable to get their wish.

PS: There are two winners of the 1955 Physics Award - Willis Lamb (fine structure of hydrogen spectrum) and Polykarp Kusch (precise measurement of electron magnetic moment); the 1956 Physics Award was awarded to William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, commending their research on semiconductors and the discovery of transistor effects

. It should be noted that the database is only 66 years old, and they both died in 1978 and 1988 respectively, so the final nominations and number of accompanying runs will be more or less. It should not be a problem to surpass the one below.

Henry Poincaré

1 nominations 7 times running with the run (1909~1912 for 4 consecutive years)

At first glance, it seems not that "miserable", it is just 7 times running with the run, for 4 consecutive years... Wait, what is the situation 51 times!

At first I didn't expect Poincaré to appear on the list, and it was so high, because traditionally we think it has a greater relationship with mathematics. Later, when I turned to Wiki, I found that he had also won two astronomy awards (1900 Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal, 1911 Blues Award).

The other 34 nominations were really terrifying (there were only 58 nominations in total that year). If nothing unexpected happens, it should be the candidate with the most nominations in a single year in history. I took a brief look at the nominees, including Marie Curie, Hendrik Lorentz, Guglielmo Marconi, Albert A Michelson, Pieter Zeeman, Gabriel Lippmann and other Nobel Prize winners. But in the end, Poincaré was still out of the election, probably because the Nobel Prize judges thought his work was too math.

PS: The winner of that year was Johannes van der Waals (a study on gas and liquid equations). Van der Waals knows it, it's him.

is now about to reveal who the big gray circle is. He is indeed the scholar with the most nominations in the audience. I believe some classmates have guessed who it is.

Arnold Somofi

4 nominations, 25 runners (1922~1937 for 16 consecutive years)

(Murakami Haruki: emmmmm)

We know that Somofi's students, even students, are not short of Nobel Prize winners, but the ancestor himself is always a little short of a breath.

Ashley Smart once wrote an article that Somofe lacks an achievement that even if he takes it alone, he has enough to make the jury decide to present him, although his overall academic achievements are enough to surpass the Nobel Prize winners of his contemporary era.

(The data in the article comes from the official website of the Nobel Prize)

Later I found that someone else did a similar review of the Chemistry Prize, so I also went to watch.

hmmmm... I found something interesting.

In the first four years, a total of 17 scholars were nominated, and scholars with final nominations of more than 10 times became Nobel Prize winners. It can be seen that the attitudes of the academic community and the Nobel Prize judges were quite consistent at this time. The only exception to

is the French chemist

Marcellin Berthelot (1827~1907) who was nominated for the Nobel Prize.

Introduction to Wikipedia:

The famous French chemist has studied the properties of fats and sugars and synthesized a variety of organic matter. His research on the thermal effects of chemical reactions has promoted the development of physical chemistry and is also a pioneer in the research of explosion mechanisms and explosive waves. He discovered the nitrogen fixation effect of microorganisms and wrote a large number of monographs on chemical history. Betterot also actively participated in political and social activities, serving as the French Minister of Education and Arts (1885-1886) and the Foreign Minister (1895-1896).

Berthelot's last nomination was in 1907, and he died on March 18 of the same year. Because the Nobel Prize has always been a practice of not presenting awards to deceased people, he missed it like this. Judging from the situation of others, if Berthelot could stay in the world for a few more years, the probability of winning is quite high.

1905 Nomination List Some new faces appeared:

I don’t know the first one, I feel like four years of chemistry has been wasted... But I believe everyone can guess the last two.

One is Mendelev (periodic table of elements), and the other is Lechatre (Lechatre Principle).

The three of them have one thing in common, that is, they didn’t win the Nobel Prize.

Let’s first take a look at Mendelev, who everyone cares about the most.

has been nominated for 9 consecutive years, and the two Nobel Prize winners are endorsed, and they are still in a state of grudge.

If you are careful, you may find that Mendeleev also died in 1907... Hey, isn't this very similar to Berthelot's situation? It seems that God is trying to mess with people! The result may be different if you live for a few more years!

However, if we put the other two in to see it, we will find that things may not be that simple.

Le Chatele's nomination status:

31 nominations, 16 runs with him, Haruki Murakami is very good.

Then Giacomo Ciamician:

16 nominations, 9 runs with you.

This is actually an Italian photochemist and one of the first scholars to conduct photochemical reaction research. He is known as the father of photochemistry.

In short, the so-called "rule" of "nominated ten times will win the prize" will not work after 1905.

PS: In 1905, Mendeleev won a Copley medal (then at that time) that may be heavier than the Nobel Prize.

Intern editor of this issue Zhou Yuhua